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PubMed1982

The immune response in humans and rabbits to monomeric and polymeric grass allergens.

The antigenicity of polymerized grass (PG) and monomer grass (MG) was studied. As compared with MG, PG produces a similar immunologic response in rabbits as demonstrated by a tanned red blood cell (TRBC) passive hemagglutination assay or by total serum binding of perennial rye grass Group I antigens (RGGI). Six patients with allergic rhinitis sensitive to several grass pollens received an average of 60,000 protein nitrogen units (PNU) or PG. The initial dose was 100 PNU ans a maintenance dosage of 8500 PNU was obtained after six injections without systemic reactions in any of the patients. Serum binding of RGGI increased significantly in the PG-treated patients and this increase was quantitatively similar to that measured in a second group of six atopic patients previously treated for 1 year with a total of 100,000 PNU of a standard grass extract mixture. PG, like polymerized ragweed (PRW), has a reduced allergenicity while retaining immunogenicity. These data suggest that PG as compared to standard aqueous grass extract mixtures represents an improved form of immunotherapy for the atopic patients.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Grass hay and Acacia fruits: a local feeding system for improved calf performance in semi-arid Ethiopia.

A 90-day growth trial was designed to compare the performance of calves on 3 dry-season diets composed of local resources from the Borana pastoral system. The control group received the traditional diet of cut-and-carry, standing-brown grass while the other diets consisted of grass hay stored since the previous wet season with or without Acacia tortilis fruits as a protein supplement. All calves had access to water once every 3 days as traditional. The objective was to see whether modest changes in traditional feeding management could enhance nutrient intake and growth of calves under conditions of restricted water access. The hay had a higher nitrogen content and in vitro digestibility than the standing grass, and the Acacia fruits had higher nutrient concentrations than the hay (both at P < or = 0.05). Calves on hay plus Acacia fruits had higher nitrogen intakes than those on hay only, and those on hay only had higher nitrogen intakes than those on standing grass (both at P < or = 0.05). Calves on standing grass lost weight and condition, those on hay only maintained weight but lost condition, and those on hay plus Acacia fruits gained weight and maintained condition (all at P < or = 0.05). Calves consumed the most feed on day 2 of the watering cycle, regardless of treatment. Water intake increased 27% for animals on both hay diets compared to those on standing grass (P < or = 0.01). Feeding packages based on hay making and collection of browse legumes are appropriate options for extension to these semi-settled pastoralists.

Acacia↗
PubMed1978

The effects of a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio.

Duplicate static bioassays were conducted using a simulated refinery effluent on the grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio, Hippolyte sp.) with the LC-50 values recorded at 4-, 8-, 24-, 48-, and 96-hr intervals. The stimulated refinery effluent contained phenol (0.10 mg/L), sulfide (0.17 mg/L), chromium (0.25 mg/L), ammonia (10 mg/L), No. 2 fuel oil (10 mg/L), and kaolinite (20 mg/L). This arbitrary reference mixture (ARM) contains approximately the concentration of compounds recommended by EPA for 1977. Of the six ARM components, No. 2 fuel oil was the most toxic followed in decreasing order by sulfide, ammonia, phenol, chromium, and kaolinite. Temperature was the most important environmental variable affecting short term toxicity of the ARM to the grass shrimp. Light intensity, photo-period, and salinity had no significant effect. There was no difference in sensitivity of grass shrimp collected from five locations along the gulf and eastern coasts of the United States. Similarly, there was no difference in the response of two grass shrimp genera, Palaemonetes and Hippolyte to the ARM and there was no differences among the three species of Palaemonetes tested. In comparing the sensitivities of the two genera of grass shrimp and the pinfish (Lagodon rhombroides) to the ARM, the grass shrimp were more sensitive.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of the C(4) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase gene diversity in grasses (Poaceae).

C(4) phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is a key enzyme in the C(4) photosynthetic pathway. To analyze the diversity of the corresponding gene in grasses, we designed PCR primers to specifically amplify C(4) PEPC cDNA fragments. Using RT-PCR, we generated partial PEPC cDNA sequences in several grasses displaying a C(4) photosynthetic pathway. All these sequences displayed a high homology (78-99%) with known grass C(4) PEPCs. PCR amplification did not occur in two grasses that display the C(3) photosynthetic pathway, and therefore we assumed that all generated sequences corresponded to C(4) PEPC transcripts. Based on one large cDNA segment, phylogenetic reconstruction enabled us to assess the relationships between 22 grass species belonging to the subfamilies Panicoideae, Arundinoideae and Chloridoideae. The phylogenetic relationships between species deduced from C(4) PEPC sequences were similar to those deduced from other molecular data. The sequence evolution of the C(4) PEPC isoform was faster than in the other PEPC isoforms. Finally, the utility of the C(4) PEPC gene phylogeny to study the evolution of C(4) photosynthesis in grasses is discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Establishment and growth of experimental grass species mixtures on coal mine sites reclaimed with municipal biosolids.

The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 requires that coal mine sites in the United States be reclaimed to establish vegetative cover that is diverse, native, and capable of plant succession. However, there is a question as to whether vegetation established on coal mine sites reclaimed with biosolids is diverse and capable of plant succession. The influx of nutrients with the addition of biosolids leads to long-term dominance by early-successional species, most notably grasses, and consequently, a low establishment of woody and volunteer species. Additionally, many grass species commonly planted in reclamation have aggressive growth habits that lead to their dominance in coal mine plant communities. The establishment and growth of selected grass mixes was evaluated to determine whether alternative grass mixes would be less competitive with woody and volunteer species as compared to commonly used grass mixes. Percent vegetative cover, species richness, and the survival of direct-seeded woody species were assessed for each treatment grass mixture. It was found that Poa compressa and a mixture of P. compressa, Panicum virgatum, and Trifolium repens provided adequate coverage while still allowing the highest species richness and survival of woody species. Use of these species mixtures in coal mine reclamation with biosolids in the eastern United States would likely lead to establishment of a more species-rich plant community with a greater woody species component while still providing erosion control and site protection.

Coal Mining↗
PubMed2006

Population and clonal level responses of a perennial grass following fire in the northern Chihuahuan Desert.

Relationships involving fire and perennial grasses are controversial in Chihuahuan Desert grasslands of southern New Mexico, USA. Research suggests that fire delays the resprouting of perennial grasses well after two growing seasons. However, such results are confounded by livestock grazing, soil erosion, and drought. Additionally, post-fire grass responses may depend on initial clone size. We evaluated the effects of fire, grazing, and clone size on Bouteloua eriopoda (black grama) in southern New Mexico grasslands. Four 2-ha plots were established in each of four sites. Fire and grazing were applied or not applied in 1999 such that four treatment combinations were assigned randomly to plots within each site. Within each plot, small (0-10 cm(2) basal area), medium (10-30 cm(2)), and large ( > 30 cm(2)) clones were initially mapped in five 0.91-m(2) quadrats where grass attributes and litter cover were evaluated before and at the end of two growing seasons following fire. Maximum fire temperature was also measured. At a population level, canopy and litter cover were each approximately 50% less in burned than unburned areas. However, compared to initial levels, canopy height had increased by 10% at the end of the study, regardless of fire. At a clonal level, basal cover reductions were attributed mostly to large clones that survived fire. Smaller clone densities had decreased by as much as 19% in burned compared to unburned areas, and fire reduced the basal cover of medium clones. Basal and canopy cover, recruitment, and clone basal area decreased with increased fire temperatures. Almost all responses were independent of grazing, and interactive effects of grazing and fire were not detected. Fire did not kill all perennial grass clones, regardless of size. However, rapid responses were likely influenced by above-average precipitation after fire. Future studies in desert grasslands should examine how perennial grass dynamics are affected by fire, precipitation patterns, and interactions with grazing.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMed1984

Further evaluation of local intranasal immunotherapy with aqueous and allergoid grass extracts.

In a double-blind study, 45 grass-allergic patients received local nasal immunotherapy (LNIT) with either aqueous mixed-grass extract, formaldehyde-treated, mixed-grass extract (allergoid), or histamine placebo. Twenty-four patients received LNIT for a second successive year, and 21 patients received LNIT for the first year. The aqueous extract-treated patients had significantly lower symptom-medication scores than either allergoid- or placebo-treated subjects. There was no difference in symptom-medication scores in patients receiving allergoid and placebo treatment or in patients receiving 1 and 2 yr of LNIT. The aqueous extract stimulated a rise in serum grass-specific IgE. There was no serum or local antibody response after allergoid-extract treatment. Postseasonal rises in serum-IgE titers were observed in all three groups. These data suggest that LNIT with aqueous mixed-grass extract significantly reduces the symptoms of allergic rhinitis. The allergoid grass extract was ineffective in the second year of treatment. No cumulative effect of LNIT could be demonstrated in successive years of therapy.

Administration, Intranasal↗
PubMed1985

Cross allergenicity among grasses determined by tissue threshold changes.

Twenty-seven volunteers with grass-pollen allergy who had not received prior immunotherapy had titrated prick tests with fivefold dilutions of 10 grasses (timothy, Bermuda, smooth brome, grama, salt, quack, western wheat, Johnson, June, and Bahia) to a final dilution of 1:3,906,250 w/v. Ten subjects served as untreated control subjects. Seventeen subjects received immunotherapy with an extract containing equal parts of timothy and Bermuda. Twelve months later subjects had repeat titrated skin testing with reconstituted aliquots of the same lyophilized extract, at the same time of day, and at the same location on the back as in the initial testing period. Nine treated subjects and eight control subjects completed the study protocol. The skin test areas with all 10 grass extracts were significantly decreased in the treated group compared to the control group (p less than 0.01), and there was no difference in the extent of the reduction among the 10 grasses by analysis of variance. We conclude that immunotherapy to timothy and Bermuda alone is capable of reducing to a similar degree the clinical sensitivity to all 10 grasses studied. The results of this study suggest that treatment with timothy and Bermuda alone may be sufficient in most grass-sensitive individuals.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Use of monoclonal antibodies to isolate and characterize Cyn d I, the major allergen of Bermuda grass pollen.

BACKGROUND: Cyn d I has been found to be the major allergen of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) pollen, but its exact nature remains to be clarified. METHODS: Cyn d I, the major allergen of Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon) pollen, was purified by monoclonal antibody (MoAb) affinity chromatography, and its biochemical and immunologic properties were characterized. Anti-Cyn d I MoAb 4-37, which recognizes all of the isoallergens of Cyn d I, was chosen as the immunosorbent. RESULTS: The purified protein has an amino acid composition similar to that of the group I allergens of other grass pollens. It appears as a single 34 kd band or as a mixture of 34 and 29 kd polypeptides in sodium dodecylsulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. The hydrophobicity of these two polypeptides is similar because they have the same retention time on a C18 reverse-phase column when a trifluoroacetic acid/H2O/CH3CN buffer system is used. The N-terminal amino acid sequence of the 34 kd component has a 60% homology with residues of 1-25 of Lol p I, whereas that of the 29 kd component has a 68% homology with residues 31-68 of Lol p I. In addition, this 29 kd polypeptide can be recognized by another anti-Cyn d I MoAb 1-61. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the 29 kd component is derived from Cyn d I. In spite of the similarity in the amino acid composition between Cyn d I and group I allergens of other grass pollens, none of our four anti-Cyn d I MoAbs cross-reacted with 10 other grass pollens tested, including ryegrass pollen. Despite biochemical similarity with other group I allergens, the B-cell epitopes on Cyn d I are different from those on other grass pollens.

Allergens↗
PubMed1986

Monoclonal antibodies to the major Lolium perenne (rye grass) pollen allergen Lol p I (Rye I).

Thirteen monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were produced against Lol p I (Rye I), the major Lolium perenne (rye grass) pollen allergen. Spleen cells from A/J and SJL mice immunized with highly purified Lol p I (Lol I) were allowed to fuse with cells from the non-secreting Sp2/0-Ag14 myeloma cell line. Each MAb was analyzed for antigenic specificity by radioimmunoassay (RIA) using 125I-Lol I. The epitope specificities of seven of the MAbs were examined by competitive binding against a labelled standard MAb for the Lol I antigen (Ag). The dissociation constant, Kd, of one MAb (No. 3.2) that was studied most extensively was determined by double Ab RIA to be 3.5 X 10(-6) L/M. This MAb recognized the related 27,000-30,000 Group I glycoproteins found in the pollens of nine other species of grass pollens tested, including weak binding to Bermuda grass Group I (Cyn d I), which by conventional analysis using polyclonal anti-Lol I serum shows no detectable binding. Monoclonal antibody No. 3.2 was coupled covalently to Sepharose 4B and used to prepare highly purified Lol I from a partially purified rye pollen extract. Finally, an RIA was developed which permitted the analysis of the Group I components in rye grass and nine other grass pollen species. The latter assay is likely to prove useful in the standardization of grass pollen extracts according to their Group I contents.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

Human monoclonal antibody-based quantification of group 2 grass pollen allergens.

BACKGROUND: Grasses belong to the most potent allergen sources worldwide. Group 2 grass pollen allergens are recognized by more than 100 million allergic patients. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to develop an assay for the specific detection and quantification of group 2 grass pollen allergens. METHODS: We have isolated a monoclonal human IgE Fab specific for group 2 grass pollen allergens by combinatorial cloning from lymphocytes of a grass pollen-allergic patient. This Fab was converted into a complete human IgG1 antibody and used together with rPh1 p 2 to develop a competitive ELISA for the specific measurement of group 2 allergens. ELISA plate-bound purified recombinant human Ph1 p 2-specific IgG1 is incubated with a constant amount of biotinylated rPh1 p 2 competing with increasing concentrations of group 2 allergens to be determined. Defined concentrations of purified rPhl p 2 are used to establish a standard curve. The concentration of unlabeled group 2 allergens can thus be deduced from the displacement of biotinylated rPh1 p 2, which can be detected with peroxidase-labeled streptavidin. RESULTS: The competition-ELISA measured rPh1 p 2 concentrations ranging from 10 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL and allowed to quantify group 2 allergens from 9 different grass families. The results were in good agreement with immunoblot data. CONCLUSIONS: The described assay can be used for standardization of diagnostic and therapeutic vaccines as well as for the quantification of group 2 allergens in environmental samples.

Allergens↗
PubMed2004

Use of a by-product of peat excavation, cotton grass fibre, as a sorbent for oil-spills.

The sorbents used to collect oil in case of oil-spills are mostly synthetic, which limits the possibilities of their disposal. We studied the absorption capacities and rates of cotton grass fibre, a by-product of peat excavation, and cotton grass mats for several oil types and compared them with a synthetic, commercially available oil sorbent. We found cotton grass fibre to have superior absorption properties: Cotton grass sorbent absorbed oil approximately two to three times as much, and two to three times as fast as the synthetic one. Cotton grass fibre absorbed no measurable amount of water in the conditions used in the tests making it ideal for absorbing oil from the surface of water. In removing diesel oil from the surface of water, the efficiency was over 99% up to an absorbing factor of 20 times its own weight. The biodegradable cotton grass fibre proved to be an effective oil sorbent with low raw-material costs.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2006

Peramine and other fungal alkaloids are exuded in the guttation fluid of endophyte-infected grasses.

Many grasses live in association with asymptomatic fungi (Neotyphodium spp. endophytes), which grow in the intercellular spaces of the grass. These endophytes produce a range of alkaloids that protect the grass against grazing by mammals and insects. One of these alkaloids is an unusual pyrrolopyrazine, peramine. Peramine appears to be continuously produced by the endophyte, but does not progressively accumulate. No mechanism for the removal of peramine by its further metabolism or any other process has been reported. Our aim was to detect peramine or peramine metabolites in plant fluids to determine if peramine is mobilized, metabolized or excreted by the plant. We also wanted to determine if other fungal metabolites are mobilized by the plant, as has been proposed for the loline alkaloids. We developed a highly sensitive method for the analysis of peramine, using a linear ion trap mass spectrometer. We studied the fragmentation pathway of peramine using ESI MSn and ESI FTICRMS. Based on these results we developed a single reaction monitoring method using the fragmentation of the guanidinium moiety. Cut leaf fluid and guttation fluid of different grass endophyte associations (Lolium perenne with Neotyphodium lolii, Festuca arundinacea with Neotyphodium coenophialum, and Elymus sp. with Epichloë sp.) were analysed. Peramine was detected in the cut leaf fluid of all grass-endophyte associations, but not in the guttation fluid of all associations. In some associations we also detected lolines and ergot peptide alkaloids. This is the first report showing the mobilization of fungal alkaloids into plant fluids by the host plant in grass-endophyte associations.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2006

Model systems in ecology: dissecting the endophyte-grass literature.

Model systems can facilitate and focus research efforts but ill-chosen or inapt ones can distract or impede scientific progress. In this Opinion article, we pose the question: how can the literature provide appropriate general conclusions if the model systems upon which the literature is based are unrepresentative of the relevant biological diversity? A good example of this problem is the endophyte-grass symbiosis, which is considered to be a classic example of mutualistic interactions. Meta-analysis of the primary literature demonstrates that the conceptual framework for endophyte-grass interactions has largely been based on endophyte-plant-herbivore studies of two agricultural grass species, tall fescue and perennial ryegrass. Consistent with conventional wisdom, the meta-analysis indicates that endophytes slightly increase grass resistance to herbivores. By contrast, endophytes appear not to affect plant performance or competitive ability. The positive effects of endophytes appear to be dependent on genetic variation in the host and endophyte, and on nutrient availability in soils. Thus, the agronomic grass model systems fail to capture the breadth of variability inherent in wild grass-endophyte populations and communities.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

ABO blood groups, grass pea preparation, and neurolathyrism in Ethiopia.

An exploratory study was conducted in the rural Estie district of Ethiopia in 1997 to identify the role of ABO blood group, rhesus factor, and type of grass pea (Lathyrus sativus) diet in the susceptibility to neurolathyrism. Five-hundred study subjects (250 cases and 250 controls) were examined and interviewed, and had their ABO and rhesus blood groups determined. The majority (86%) of the cases were males. Blood group O was the most common in the patients and controls followed by groups A, B, and AB. The vast majority of the study subjects were rhesus-positive. The gravy (Shiro) grass pea preparation was consumed by 91.6% of the study population, boiled (Nifiro) by 86%, and roasted (Kollo) by 56.4%. Almost half (48%) of the cases had consumed grass pea for > 4 months compared to 8% of controls (P < 0.001). There was a significant association between the risk for neurolathyrism and the consumption of boiled (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 98.4) and roasted (AOR = 55.62) forms of grass pea. There was no risk of paralysis associated with consumption of the gravy form of grass pea (AOR = 0.40, 95% confidence interval 0.1-2.0). Blood group O remained significantly associated with the disease after adjusting for age, type of grass pea preparation consumed, and duration of consumption (AOR = 2.90).

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and expression in yeast Pichia pastoris of a biologically active form of Cyn d 1, the major allergen of Bermuda grass pollen.

BACKGROUND: Pollen of grasses, such as Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon), represent a major cause of type I allergy. OBJECTIVE: In this report we attempted to clone and express a biologically active form of recombinant Cyn d 1, the major allergen of Bermuda grass pollen, in the yeast Pichia pastoris. METHODS: Clones encoding Cyn d 1 were isolated by screening a Bermuda grass pollen complementary DNA library with specific monoclonal antibodies and by polymerase chain reaction amplification. Recombinant Cyn d 1 was expressed in Escherichia coli and yeast. The expressed proteins were analyzed by Western blotting to assess binding to Cyn d 1-specific monoclonal antibodies and IgE from sera of patients allergic to Bermuda grass pollen. RESULTS: Two isoforms of Cyn d 1 were cloned. Recombinant Cyn d 1 expressed in bacteria bound two monoclonal antibodies raised against Cyn d 1 but was not recognized by IgE from sera of patients allergic to Bermuda grass pollen. Cyn d 1 expressed in yeast bound both the monoclonal antibodies and human IgE. CONCLUSION: An IgE-reactive Cyn d 1 was expressed in yeast but not in bacteria, suggesting that posttranslational modifications (e.g., glycosylation), which occur in eukaryotic cells such as yeast, are necessary for the production of a biologically active allergen.

Allergens↗
PubMed2000

The sensitivity of grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, embryos to organophosphate pesticide induced acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

Grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, are common inhabitants of salt marshes along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of North America. Grass shrimp embryos are brooded externally on the abdomen of adult females for about 2 weeks prior to hatching. In South Carolina, the spring spawning period for grass shrimp coincides with the period of peak pesticide application on crops grown along the South Carolina coast. Thus, grass shrimp of all developmental stages are at risk of exposure to pesticides present in nonpoint source agricultural runoff. Organophosphate (OP) insecticides are commonly applied agricultural chemicals which produce toxicity by inhibiting the nervous system enzyme, acetylcholinesterase (AChE). The purpose of this study was to examine the development of AChE activity in grass shrimp embryos and to assess their sensitivity to OP-induced AChE inhibition. Embryos were exposed for 24 h to either chlorpyrifos or malathion. All exposure concentrations were nominal and ranged from 0 to 2.00 µg l(-1) for chlorpyrifos and from 0 to 120.00 µg l(-1) for malathion. Quantifiable levels of AChE activity first appeared at Stage V of development and increased as embryonic development progressed. AChE inhibition by the OPs was assessed in Stage VI and Stage VII embryos. Both stages of embryos were more sensitive to chlorpyrifos than malathion. The 24-h Effective Concentration (EC(50)) values for chlorpyrifos were 0.49 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=0.33-0.77 µg l(-1)) and 0.36 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=0.33-0.38 µg l(-1)) for Stage VI and Stage VII embryos, respectively. In comparison, malathion 24-h EC(50) values were 55.53 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=22.08-80.73 µg l(-1)) for Stage VI embryos and 29.93 µg l(-1) (95% C.I.=25.22-44.22 µg l(-1)) for Stage VII embryos. For both OPs, there were no significant differences in the EC(50) values calculated for Stage VI and Stage VII embryos; however, AChE inhibition was significantly (P</=0.05) greater in Stage VII embryos at the two highest exposure concentrations for each insecticide. A comparison of the results of these embryo tests with those found for adult and larval toxicity tests indicated that embryos were at least as sensitive to both the OPs as larval and adult grass shrimp. Embryo bioassays provide a number of important advantages over traditional laboratory toxicity tests including reduced laboratory space requirements, large numbers of embryos from a few ovigerous females, and small volumes of waste.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Occupational asthma caused by grass pea used in the industrial processing of parquet.

BACKGROUND: although grass pea belongs to the leguminoseae family, allergic reactions to its flour have rarely been described. Clinical and immunological studies were performed to confirm a type I hypersensitivity mechanism in a case of occupational asthma to grass pea flour exposure, used in the industrial processing of parquet. METHODS: occupational asthma was diagnosed according to patient history, PEFR monitoring and a specific bronchial challenge test. Skin prick test with an aqueous grass pea flour extract, specific IgE determinations (CAP assay) and IgE immunoblot tests were performed. RESULTS: skin prick test with the extract showed a positive immediate response, and negative response in controls. Specific IgE to grass pea was positive (9.57 KU/l). Immunoblotting demonstrated the presence of specific serum IgE that recognized 3 proteins in the extract (MW 46, 32 and 28 kDa). PEFR monitoring showed positive results. Bronchial challenge test with the extract elicited an isolated immediate response. CONCLUSIONS: as far as we know this is the first time that IgE mediated occupational asthma caused by grass pea is reported and it is also the first time that its allergens are characterized. Grass pea flour might constitute a relevant occupational allergen in this unreported source of exposure in parquet manufacturers.

Adhesives↗