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PubMedDate not supplied

Orally administered ginseng extract reduces serum total cholesterol and triglycerides that induce fatty liver in 66% hepatectomized rats.

The effects of ginseng extract (from the root of Panax ginseng) on factors inducing fatty liver were examined in 66% hepatectomized rats. Oral administration of ginseng extract at 125 or 250 mg/kg/day produced statistically significant reductions in total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the blood 3 days after hepatectomy (P<0.05); the total cholesterol response appeared to be dose-related. Administration of ginseng extract at both doses also reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in the liver 3 days after hepatectomy. Food intake and serum chemistry parameters indicating liver and kidney function were unchanged after ginseng administration except for the lipid metabolic parameters. These observations suggest that orally administered ginseng extract can suppress the formation of fatty liver after hepatic resection.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

Modulating effects of Korean ginseng saponins on ovarian function in immature rats.

The modulating effects of Korean ginseng saponins on ovarian functions were investigated in immature rats superovulated with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). A single dose of 1 mg (0.1 ml/head) of Korean ginseng total saponin (GTS), Korean ginseng protopanaxatriol saponin (GPT), Korean ginseng protopanaxadiol saponin (GPD), or ginsenoside-Rb1 (Gin-Rb1) was intravenously injected via jugular vein catheter three times at 1 h (early follicular phase), 25 h (middle follicular phase), and 50 h (late follicular phase) after 30 IU PMSG administration. GPD and Gin-Rb1 significantly suppressed excessive ovulatory response caused by PMSG (p<0.05). All Korean ginseng saponins significantly improved oocyte quality by decreasing the proportion of abnormal oocytes (p<0.05). Gin-Rb1 significantly decreased preovulatory serum levels of androgens and 17beta-estradiol, while GPD increased preovulatory serum progesterone level (p<0.05). GPD significantly the increased postovulatory serum progesterone level (p<0.05). These results provide strong evidence that Korean ginseng saponins have a curative effect on ovarian dysfunction caused by excessive stimulation with PMSG.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Reduction of Cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity by ginsenosides isolated from processed ginseng in cultured renal tubular cells.

Ginsenosides, the unique constituents and secondary metabolites of the Panax species, have been known to be the pharmacologically active ingredients of ginseng. Recently, our research group has developed a new processed ginseng, called Sun ginseng (SG), which has an increased amount of the red ginseng unique ginsenosides (RGUG). In our previous studies, this new processed ginseng reduced cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity more than white ginseng in both in vitro and in vivo systems. In this study, we isolated and characterized active principles through activity-guided fractionation. Ginsenosides Rh4 and Rk3 significantly reduced the cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity in LLC-PK1 cells in a dose-dependent manner. The mechanisms of function and structure-activity relationships with other ginsenosides remain for further investigation.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Pharmacological sequential trials for the fractionation of components with hypoglycemic activity in alloxan diabetic mice from ginseng radix.

Three methods of fractionation of ginseng radix (Panax ginseng C.A. MEYER) components for a survey of hypoglycemic principle in alloxan diabetic mice were conducted and three groups of hypoglycemic principle in alloxan diabetic mice were conducted and three groups of components tested; fat-soluble components, ginseng saponins and a third component with hypoglycemic activity. Pharmacological sequential trials of the fractionation yielded a most active fraction which was about 100-fold more effective than the original water-soluble extract of the ginseng radix. The ED50 value was 0.4 mg/kg in lowering the blood level of glucose in alloxan diabetic mice. It was demonstrated that some ginseng fractions inhibited epinephrine-induced transient hyperglycemia in mice, increased glycogen content in rat liver, decreased the blood level of acetone bodies in alloxan diabetic mice, and inhibited the release of free fatty acid from rat epididymal fat pad. The results showed that hypoglycemic components existed in a new component of ginseng radix which is different from saponin.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Wild ginseng grows in Myanmar.

Ginseng, the underground parts of plants of Panax species, has been used in oriental traditional medicine for centuries. Unfortunately, because of extensive exploitation over thousands of years, the natural source of these species has been almost exhausted. Recently, we have found a wild ginseng growing in Myanmar. Here, by a combination of chemical composition study and gene sequence analysis, we unambiguously demonstrate that the wild ginseng is actually P. zingiberensis, commonly known as ginger ginseng. This ginseng was an indigenous to the southwestern China. However, now it is seriously threatened to brink of extinction and is put on the highest level of protection in China. Therefore, an appropriate protection measure is highly recommended to preserve this valuable resource, since this Myanmar ginseng might turn out to be the last P. zingiberensis, which could ever be seen in the planet.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Red ginseng inhibits exercise-induced increase in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in dorsal raphe of rats.

Red ginseng has been used as an ergogenic aid for endurance exercise. In this study, the effect of aqueous extract of Red ginseng on the endurance in treadmill exercise and 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the dorsal raphe of rats were studied. Rats receiving Red ginseng showed increased time to exhaustion for treadmill running, and Red ginseng treatment inhibited exercise-induced increases in 5-hydroxytryptamine synthesis and tryptophan hydroxylase expression in the dorsal raphe. These results suggest that the suppressive effect of Red ginseng on serotonin level during exercise is a possible ergogenic mechanism of Red ginseng.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

Features of ginseng saponin-induced corticosterone secretion.

Ginseng saponin administered intraperitoneally to rats induced a significant rise in plasma corticosterone, while it tended to increase plasma glucose and to decrease plasma immunoreactive insulin. Oral or intraperitoneal administration of ginseng saponin increased plasma corticosterone in unanesthetized, pentobarbital-anesthetized or alloxan-diabetes rats. The histamine-induced rise in plasma corticosterone was suppressed by pretreatment with diphenhydramine, whereas the ginseng-induced rise was not. Ginseng saponin decreased rectal temperature while it increased plasma corticosterone. Ginseng-induced corticosterone secretion was superimposed on the basal levels of plasma corticosterone due to fasting and circadian rhythm. Thus ginseng saponin would be a kind of stressful agent and have different features associated with the stimulation of the pituitary-adrenocortical system from several other chemical agents.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Effects of ginseng ingestion on growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor 1 responses to acute resistance exercise.

Ginseng, an herbal plant, has been ingested by many athletes in Oriental regions of the world in order to improve stamina and to facilitate rapid recovery from injuries. However, adequate investigation has not been conducted to examine the ergogenic effects of ginseng. To examine the effects of ginseng supplements on hormonal status following acute resistance exercise, eight male college students were randomly given water (control; CON) or 20 g of ginseng root extract (GIN) treatment immediately after a standardized exercise bout. Venous blood samples were drawn before and immediately after exercise and at 4 time points during a 2-hour recovery period. Human growth hormone, testosterone, cortisol, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. The responses of plasma hormones following ginseng consumption were not significant between CON and GIN treatments during the 2-hour recovery period. These results do not support the use of ginseng to promote an anabolic hormonal status following resistance exercise.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2004

Ginseng administration protects skeletal muscle from oxidative stress induced by acute exercise in rats.

Enzymatic activity was analyzed in the soleus, gastrocnemius (red and white) and plantaris muscles of acutely exercised rats after long-term administration of Panax ginseng extract in order to evaluate the protective role of ginseng against skeletal muscle oxidation. Ginseng extract (3, 10, 100, or 500 mg/kg) was administered orally for three months to male Wistar rats weighing 200 +/- 50 g before exercise and to non-exercised rats (N = 8/group). The results showed a membrane stabilizing capacity of the extract since mitochondrial function measured on the basis of citrate synthase and 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities was reduced, on average, by 20% (P < 0.05) after exercise but the activities remained unchanged in animals treated with a ginseng dose of 100 mg/kg. Glutathione status did not show significant changes after exercise or treatment. Lipid peroxidation, measured on the basis of malondialdehyde levels, was significantly higher in all muscles after exercise, and again was reduced by about 74% (P < 0.05) by the use of ginseng extract. The administration of ginseng extract was able to protect muscle from exercise-induced oxidative stress irrespective of fiber type.

3-Hydroxyacyl CoA Dehydrogenases↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Mineral composition of cultured Ginseng cells].

The contents of macroelements and microelements in ginseng roots and callus cultures was determined by atom absorption spectroscopy. Ginseng cells and tissues were shown to accumulate considerable amounts of microelements. The content of six of eleven mineral components studied (K, Ca, Na, Mo, Mn, and Cr) in callus cultures was higher than that in roots of agricultural ginseng plants. We revealed good correlations between the contents of microelements (K, Ca, and Mg), as well as between the concentrations of macroelements (Mo, Li, Cu, and Cr) in ginseng cultures. The ability to accumulate elements varied between ginseng species, which was probably related to their genetic features. Our findings indicate that cultured ginseng cells hold much promise as the source of microelements.

Cells, Cultured↗
PubMed1998

[Water-soluble ginsenosides in American ginseng].

OBJECTIVE: To have further comprehension of American Ginseng on the basis of its water-soluble components. METHOD: The water suspension of 80% methanol extract of American Ginseng was sequentially extracted with ethyl ether and n-butyl alcohol. The saccharides in the water-soluble portion were removed by macro-reticular resin column, and three compounds were obtained by silica-gel column chromatography. Their structures were confirmed on the basis of spectral analysis(IR, NMR, MALDI-MS) melting points and optical degrees. RESULT: Three compounds were identified as malonyl ginsenosides Rb1, ginsenoside Rb1 and Re respectively. Among them Rb1 and Re are known, while malonyl ginsenoside Rb1 was isolated from American Ginseng for the first time. Its structure was elucidated as (3 beta, 12 beta)-20-[(-6-O-beta-D- glucopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)oxy]-12-hydroxylammar-24-en-3-yl-O- [6-O-(carboxyacetyl)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl)]-beta-D-glucopyranoside. CONCLUSION: Water-soluble ginsenosides were isolated from the water-soluble extract of American Ginseng suggesting that malonyl ginsenosides exist both in American Ginseng and Ginseng.

Ginsenosides↗
PubMed2001

Effects of ginseng supplementation on supramaximal exercise performance and short-term recovery.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of long-term ginseng supplementation on short, supramaximal exercise performance and short-term recovery. Using a double-blind protocol, 24 healthy, active women were randomly assigned to a ginseng (n = 12) or placebo (n = 12) treatment group. Each participant added a standardized extract of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer (400 mg per day of G115) or placebo to their normal diet for 8 weeks (56-60 days). Before and after the trial period, each subject performed an all-out-effort, 30-second leg cycle ergometry test (Wingate protocol) followed by a controlled recovery under constant laboratory conditions. Nineteen subjects completed the study. Analysis of variance using pretest to posttest change scores revealed no significant difference between the ginseng and placebo study groups for the following variables measured: peak anaerobic power output, mean anaerobic power output, rate of fatigue, and immediate postexercise recovery heart rates (p > 0.05). In conclusion, the present data indicate that prolonged supplementation with ginseng (P. ginseng C.A. Meyer) has no ergogenic benefits during and in the recovery from short, supramaximal exercise.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Herbal products and serious side effects: a case of ginseng-induced manic episode.

OBJECTIVE: Ginseng root extract is a widely used herbal product not devoid of side effects. This report describes the development of manic symptoms after ginseng consumption in a patient with affective disorder. Other potentially harmful side effects of ginseng are also reviewed. METHOD: A single case report. RESULTS: A 56-year-old woman with previous affective disorder presented a manic episode during ginseng intake. Symptoms disappeared rapidly with low doses of neuroleptics and benzodiazepines after ginseng suppression. CONCLUSION: Ginseng may produce manic symptoms. A special risk situation seems to be affective patients under antidepressant medication. The case emphasizes the lack of harmlessness of herbal products. Patients should be routinely asked about the use of herbal products and diet supplements.

Bipolar Disorder↗
PubMed1999

[Studies on introducing and cultivating ginseng in Emei Mountain area].

OBJECTIVE: To introduce and cultivate Panax ginseng in Emei Mountainarea of low latitudes. METHODS: Introduce and cultivate ginseng in some fields of different elevations, and determine the contents of ginsenosides in ginseng samples obtained from the different elevations and different growth periods. RESULTS: Ginseng was successfully introduced to Emei Mountain area. Its quality basically approaches the quality of ginseng growing in northeast China. CONCLUSION: It is feasible to introduce and cultivate ginseng in Emei Mountain area with elevations from 1200 m to 1600 m.

Altitude↗
PubMed2002

[A rapid method for detecting seven kinds of American ginseng tea bags by FTIR spectroscopy].

A rapid and non-destructive method, was used to identify seven commercial American Ginseng Tea bags by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in this paper. It could be seen from the results, that each sample has its own characteristic infrared spectrum. Also, the seven tea bags could be divided into two groups: one is made from pure Ginseng powders, and the other is made by Ginseng extractives and additives. The information of additives used by factories could be identified by IR spectra. For example, some factories use glucose, and the others use sucrose as the additives. Furthermore, the quality of the tea bags was identified by the intensity ratio of Ginsengs and additives. In HPLC, the total saponin in tea bags made from Ginseng powders is 4 times higher than that made by Ginseng extractives. Therefore, HPLC analysis gave the same result with FTIR. It is proved that FTIR is a very fast, simple and reliable method to identify Chinese medicine.

Ginsenosides↗
PubMed2006

Ginseng extract exhibits antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in various strains of Salmonella typhimurium.

Ginseng has been reported to exhibit antioxidant and antimutagenic activity. The present study was undertaken with a view to confirm whether the antioxidant activity of Ginseng is responsible for its antimutagenic action. The concentrated root extract of Panax ginseng (Ginseng extract I) and its lyophilized powder (Ginseng extract II) obtained from two different manufacturing houses, were tested against mutagenesis using the well-standardized Ames microsomal test system. The extracts exhibited antimutagenic effect against hydrogen peroxide induced mutagenesis in TA100 strain, and against mutagenesis produced by 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide in both TA98 and TA100 strains of Salmonella typhimurium. Both the extracts failed to show any antimutagenic potential against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (an oxidative mutagen) in TA102 strain, a strain highly sensitive to active oxygen species. The extracts also indicated a weak antioxidant activity in a series of in vitro test systems viz., 1,1-diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, hydrogen peroxide scavenging and superoxide anion scavenging. The results indicate that the protective effects shown by ginseng extract(s) against 4-nitroquinoline-n-oxide and hydrogen peroxide induced mutagenesis in TA98 and TA100 could mainly be due to its property to initiate and promote DNA repair rather than free radical scavenging action.

Antimutagenic Agents↗
PubMed1982

Antistress and antifatigue properties of Panax ginseng: comparison with piracetam.

The antistress and antifatigue properties of a Chinese ginseng preparation were tested on Swiss albino mice, exposed to various experimental models of stress, and were compared with those of piracetam. Both ginseng and piracetam were administered chronically in drinking water for 16-18 days as well as acutely, by injection, 30-60 min prior to the experiments. Reactivity of the mice, loss in body weight, amount of faeces, length of endurance and incidence of mortality were graded and measured. Both piracetam and ginseng treatment provided good protection against electroshock stress when compared to the untreated mice; fighting scores, incidence of tonic convulsion and mortality were significantly less in the treated groups. In the heat stress experiments, both piracetam and ginseng provided significant protection to the treated mice against exposure to heat. In the fatigue stress of forced swim test, ginseng treatment provided effective adaptation to fatigue and increased endurance in both male and female mice; piracetam showed some antifatigue effects on the male mice only. In the locomotor activity tests, ginseng did not depress motility, while piracetam did so in the later part of the tests. These results are discussed in the light of the antistress properties of the drugs as reported in the literature.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1999

Non-ginsenoside nicotinic activity in ginseng species.

Amongst the many different therapeutic applications of ginseng are beneficial effects on age-related cognitive impairments. Ageing in the brain is associated with a loss of nicotinic receptor binding and receptor stimulation increases binding. Stimulation of the CNS (central nervous system) nicotinic receptor is considered to be beneficial in relation to symptomatic treatment and neuroprotection in age-associated cognitive disorders which involve a further receptor loss. We assessed Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium and several chemical constituents of these plants for nicotinic activity based on displacement of 3H-(-)nicotine from human brain cerebral cortex membranes in vitro. Dose-dependent displacement was evident in crude ethanol extracts of Panax ginseng and Panax quinquefolium. Assay of an extract of Panax ginseng showed the plant to have affinity for both the nicotinic receptor, and to a lesser extent the muscarinic receptor (IC50 2.12 mg/mL and 5.25 mg/mL respectively). Activity was largely conserved after the extraction of choline and other water soluble quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), indicating that the activity of the plant extracts was not due to choline. Displacement binding assay of some purified chemical constituents, including a number of ginsenosides, showed that these were not primarily responsible for Panax activity. The active chemical constituent has yet to be identified, but the demonstrated nicotinic activity of ginseng warrants further investigation with reference to therapeutic activity in age-related conditions such as dementia.

Adult↗