[Study methods in the hygienic evaluation of polymeric materials used for the packaging of food products with high fat content].
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Animals↗
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[Health evaluation of SNP-2P polystyrene products intended for packaging of food products].
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Food Contamination↗
[Packaging of food in plastic bags].
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Aluminum↗
Migration of epoxidised soya bean oil into foods from retail packaging materials and from plasticised PVC film used in the home.
Epoxidised soya bean oil (ESBO) is used as a plasticiser and heat stabiliser in a number of feed contact materials, in particular in poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films and gaskets. The level of ESBO migration into foods has been determined using a combined gas chromatographic/mass spectrometric (GC/MS) analytical procedure. The study has included both the use of ESBO-containing materials for retail packaged foods and the domestic use of plasticised PVC films for applications such as wrapping food and covering food for re-heating in a microwave oven. Levels of ESBO in fresh retail meat samples wrapped in film ranged from less than 1 to 4 mg/kg, but were higher (max. 22 mg/kg) in retail cooked meat. Migration into sandwiches and rolls from 'take-away' outlets ranged from less than 1 to 27 mg/kg depending on factors such as the type of filling and the length of the contact time prior to analysis. The levels of migration of ESBO into cheese and cakes were consistent with previous experience with plasticiser migration--direct contact with fatty surfaces leading to the highest levels. When the film was used for microwave cooking in direct contact with food, levels of ESBO from 5 to 85 mg/kg were observed, whereas when the film was employed only as a splash cover for re-heating foods, ESBO levels ranged from 0.1 to 16 mg/kg. For a variety of baby foods there was no significant difference in ESBO levels between foods packaged in glass jars with PVC gaskets and foods in cans containing ESBO in the can lacquer. In both cases ESBO levels were low, ranging from less than 0.1 to 7.6 mg/kg. It is not clear for these retail samples, if the low levels observed (average 1.9 mg/kg) result solely from migration or contain some contribution from naturally occurring epoxides.
Epoxy Compounds↗
Magnetic resonance imaging studies of diffusion in polymers.
For a number of polymer/penetrant systems, for example fatty foods in direct contact with plastic wrapping, the migration of substances from the polymer is governed by the amount of penetrant entering the polymer. For food packaging this means that the rate of migration of substances into the food can be governed by the uptake of food into the packaging itself. To develop predictive models of migration under various conditions there is therefore a need to understand the mechanism of the penetration of the food into the packaging. In this paper a summary of recent Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) studies is reported. Uptake of simulant, as measured by MRI, is quantitative and agrees well with gravimetric uptake data. Data are shown for a comparison of olive oil and isooctane penetration into low density polyethylene at various temperatures. Further, the rate of ingress of isooctane into a variety of commercial polyethylene plaques has been shown to differ widely. These data also allow us to probe the molecular interactions between polymer and penetrant. Finally MRI is combined with a Pulsed Gradient Spin Echo (PGSE) technique to provide spatially resolved measurements of penetrant diffusivity within a polymer. Diffusivity as a function of volume fraction of penetrant can also be measured. These data provide invaluable insights into diffusion in polymers which will aid development of more accurate models of polymer/penetrant interactions and small molecule mobility.
Diffusion↗
Potential of an antibacterial ultraviolet-irradiated nylon film.
The antibacterial effectiveness of an ultraviolet-irradiated nylon 6, 6 film was investigated for potential use as a food-packaging material to reduce the surface microbial contamination of foods. The film-surface analyses showed that UV irradiation induced conversion of surface amide groups to amines. Irradiation also increased the dimensional scale of the film surface topography (depth of valleys) approximately 5-fold on the scale of nanometers. The irradiated nylon demonstrated antagonistic activity against Staphylococcus aureus 25923 and Escherichia coli TV1058 with 4.5 and 6 log reductions, respectively, of an initial population of 10(6) cfu mL(-1). The irradiated nylon was ineffective against Pseudomonas fluorescens 13525 and Enterococcus faecalis 19433 under similar conditions. The film demonstrated increased antimicrobial activity against S. aureus 25923 with increasing temperatures up to 45 degrees C, the highest temperature tested. Protein and salt inhibited the antibacterial nature of the irradiated film. Amines in solution (4.31 x 10(-8) M; the calculated equivalent of amines on the film) killed at least 1 x 10(4) cfu mL(-1) E. coli TV1058, and 4. 31 x 10(-7) M amines killed up to 1 x 10(7) cfu mL(-1) E. coli TV1058. The amines in solution required similar exposure time to the bacteria for population reduction as was observed with the irradiated film.
Amines↗
Typical diffusion behaviour in packaging polymers - application to functional barriers.
When plastics are collected for recycling, possibly contaminated articles might be recycled into food packaging, and thus the contaminants might subsequently migrate into the food. Multilayer functional barriers may be used to delay and to reduce such migration. The contribution of the work reported here is to establish reference values (at 40 degrees C) of diffusion coefficients and of activation energies to predict the functional barrier efficiency of a broad range of polymers (polyolefins, polystyrene, polyamide, PVC, PET, PVDC, [ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer], polyacrylonitrile and [ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer]). Diffusion coefficients (D) and activation energies (Ea) were measured and were compiled together with literature data. This allowed identification of new trends for the log D=f(molecular weight) relationships. The slopes were a function of the barrier efficiency of the polymer and temperature. The apparent activation energy of diffusion displayed two domains of variation with molecular weight (M). For low M (gases), there was little variation of Ea. Focusing on larger molecules, high barrier polymers displayed a larger dependence of Ea with M. The apparent activation energy decreased with T. These results suggest a discontinuity between rubbery and glassy polymers.
Acrylic Resins↗
Global migration from styrenics to liquid food simulants.
Chemical inertness of typical styrene polymers used in food packaging was investigated by "global migration" measurements. Absorption of liquid food simulants by plastics was also studied. Migrated compounds, detected and identified by gaschromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), are styrene (monomer) and styrene dimers. All migration values, measured under different experimental conditions, turn out to be lower than the overall migration limit, as fixed by current legislation.
Absorption↗
Effects of processing of heavy metal content of foods.
Metals occur in all foodstuffs. Of particular concern is the presence of toxic metals, which include lead, cadmium, arsenic and mercury. The toxic metal content of foods is influenced by many factors ranging from environmental conditions during growth to post-harvest handling, processing, preparation and cooking techniques. For example, metal content increases in some commodities grown in contaminated soils or atmospheres while post-harvest handling steps such as washing generally remove metal contaminants. Cooking may reduce metal content although some foods can absorb metals if the cooking water is contaminated. Metals used in food processing equipment or food packaging material may contribute to food contamination. Contamination may also occur during kitchen preparation and storage. This paper will review the effects of processing of foods on toxic metal content. A broad interpretation of processing, to include aspects of food production from growth through cooking, will be taken in discussing the toxic metal content of foods. Specific examples of changes in metal content due to processing will be discussed.
Animals↗
Styrene formation by the decomposition by Pichia carsonii of trans-cinnamic acid added to a ground fish product.
It is not well known how the formation of styrene by microorganisms can occur in foods. In this study, we described and characterized the production of styrene by a yeast isolated from chikuwa fish paste. The styrene was not detected in fresh and normal food products nor in the food package's plastic film. The food containing styrene contained cinnamic acid as an antimicrobial agent and spice, and it was contaminated by 5.4 x 10(6) CFU of a yeast per gram. On the basis of morphological and biochemical features, the yeast isolated was determined to be a strain of Pichia carsonii, now designated strain CHI. Strain CHI, which was able to grow on cinnamic acid, had the ability to form styrene from trans-cinnamic acid via trans-p-coumaric and caffeic acids. The MIC of trans-cinnamic acid against strain CHI was 230 micrograms/ml. Strain CHI thrived well at pH 5.0 and 26.0 degrees C and was tolerant to 20% NaCl. Styrene was subsequently produced in ground fish meat containing cinnamic acid into which strain CHI had been inoculated. The yeast was found to be an environmental contaminant in food processing plants of the chikuwa manufacturer.
Biodegradation, Environmental↗
Packaging for irradiated foods.
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Drug Packaging↗
[Identification of unknown peaks in foods during residual pesticide analysis].
Four unknown peaks were detected in GC chromatograms during analysis of organophosphorus pesticide residues in foods. They were identified by using GC/MS as triethyl phosphate (TEP), tributyl phosphate (TBP), diphenyl 2-ethylhexyl phosphate (DPEHP) and N-ethyltoluenesulfoneamide (NETSA), which are used as plasticizers or flame retardants in food packaging. These chemical substances were detected in the range of tr. (below 0.01 microg/g) to 11 micro/g from 29 samples, and they were also detected in the packaging. It was supposed that they were transferred to the foods from the packaging. Furthermore, they were detected in some cereals and cereal products which contain fat and had been preserved for a long time.
Food Analysis↗
In vitro assay of hydrolysis and chlorohydroxy derivatives of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether for estrogenic activity.
Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) is an epoxy resin monomer. Epoxy-based solution coatings are used in many applications as additives for a variety of plastic coatings in food packaging. It is well known that unreacted BADGE can migrate from epoxy-based packing materials into foods. Not only BADGE but also its derivatives can easily migrate into foods and it is likely that we intake BADGE and its derivatives through food or drink. Recently, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) have attracted attention because they have been shown to affect reproduction in wildlife. The estrogenic activity of BADGE derivatives has not previously been investigated. Therefore, we investigated the estrogenic activity of the BADGE derivatives, dihydrolysed BADGE (BADGE-4OH) and chlorohydroxy BADGE (BADGE-2Cl), using breast cancer cell (T47D) proliferation assay and estrogen receptor (ER) (alpha) binding assay. These chemicals exhibited T47D cell proliferation at concentrations of 10(-14)-10(-4) M. However, these chemicals did not bind to ER (alpha) in the binding assay.
Benzhydryl Compounds↗
Steroid activities comparison of natural and food wrap compounds in human breast cancer cell lines.
In this study, we tested and compared the endocrine disruption activities of compounds in materials used to package foods (bisphenol A, bisphenol F, and bisphenol A diglycidylether BADGE) with natural molecules (genistein, apigenin, kaempferol, and tangeretin) in the human breast cancer cell lines MCF-7 (ER(+)) and MDA-MB453 (AR(+); GR(+)). Octylphenol was also chosen as a xenoestrogen reference. Two compounds had no estrogenic activity: BADGE and tangeretin. Genistein was the most active compound in the E-Screen assay with MCF-7, followed by octylphenol, bisphenol F, bisphenol A and apigenin, with kaempferol the least potent. All estrogenic compounds competed with 17beta-estradiol for binding to the MCF-7 ER and their estrogenic effects were abolished in the presence of tamoxifen, an ER antagonist. In MDA-MB453 cells transfected with pMMTVneo-Luc, all compounds had anti-androgenic activities, with octylphenol the most potent. Kaempferol, genistein, and apigenin were more potent anti-androgens than bisphenols A or F. The natural compounds had a biphasic effect on luciferase activity. At high concentrations, genistein (10(-5)M) and apigenin (10(-6)M) acted as GR agonists in transfected MDA-MB453 cells. Furthermore, apigenin, at a concentration of 10(-5)M, may act as a partial androgen receptor (AR) agonist, as nilutamide, an AR antagonist, inhibited its activity by 26%.
Anticarcinogenic Agents↗
A method of test for residual isophorone diisocyanate trimer in new polyester-polyurethane coatings on light metal packaging using liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection.
A method of test for residual isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) trimer in experimental formulation polyester-polyurethane (PEPU) thermoset coatings on metal food packaging is described. The method involves extraction of coated panels using acetonitrile containing dibutylamine for concurrent derivatisation, and then high performance liquid chromatography with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometric detection (LC-MS/MS). Single laboratory validation was carried out using three different experimental PEPU-based coatings. The calibrations were linear, the analytical recovery was good, no interferences were seen, and substance identification criteria were met. The detection limit of the method is around 0.02 micro g/100 cm(2) of coating, which for a typical sized can and assuming complete migration of any residual IPDI trimer, corresponds to about 0.2 micro g/kg food or beverage. Separate studies indicated that, even if migration occurred at such low levels, the IPDI trimer would not be expected to persist in canned aqueous or fatty foodstuffs as it would hydrolyse to the corresponding aliphatic amine or react with food components to destroy the isocyanate moiety. The method of test developed here for residual IPDI trimer in thermoset polyester-polyurethane coatings should prove to be a valuable tool for investigating the cure kinetics of these novel coatings and help to guide the development of enhanced formulations.
Butylamines↗
Uptake of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from an aqueous medium by polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene films.
The sorption of selected polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners (from tri to deca chlorinated) by three food-packaging plastic films [polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene] from an aqueous solution was investigated. From the data generated, PCB uptake, partition, and diffusion coefficients were calculated for the various films. Polyethylene exhibited the highest PCB uptake, diffusion, and partition coefficients when compared to the other materials. Although PVC indicated larger sorption diffusion and partition coefficients for the lower chlorinated congeners than polystyrene, a reversal of this trend was observed for the higher congeners. For polyethylene and PVC, the PCB uptake decreased as the chlorine numbers in the congeners increased, confirming the correlation between increasing chlorination and increasing cohesive density within the PCB molecules. For polystyrene, the uptake decreased from tri to penta congeners, but showed an increase for the hexa, and then a decreased uptake until the deca chlorination. A comparison of the molecular sizes of the PCB congeners showed that the partition (Ke) and sorption diffusion (Ds) coefficients generally decreased with their increasing molar volumes. The resulting Ke values were used to determine the extent of sorption because these values indicate the affinity of PCBs for the plastic films. Results from this study can be of practical importance for cases of product quality related to the transfer of contaminants from the product to the packaging materials.
Food Packaging↗
Effect of food processing and preparation on mineral utilization.
While effects of various nutrients and certain non-nutrient components of food on mineral utilization have been intensively studied, less is known about the effects of food processing and preparation procedures. Fermentation during the production of beer, wine, yogurt, and African tribal foods affects bioavailability of Zn and Fe. Baking affects the chemical form of Fe in fortified bread products and these changes can affect its bioavailability. Availability of Fe in milk-based infant formula depends on whether Fe is added before or after heat processing. Food packaging (e.g., tin cans) can alter food composition and thus potentially affects mineral bioavailability. Maillard browning has been reported to cause slight decreases in Zn availability both in vitro and in humans. However, we found that feeding of highly browned casein-glucose products to rats as 5% of diet produced no effect on Zn absorption (59.5 +/- 8.2% vs 54.1 +/- 7.3%) or Fe absorption (45.6 +/- 7.7% vs 46.9 +/- 12.6%) for browned vs control, respectively; nor did we find any of the adverse health effects reported by others. We found no effect on stable Zn or Cu absorption in seven men when browned foods were fed, compared to the same diets without browning. Zinc absorption was 34 +/- 13% (browned) vs 24 +/- 15% (unbrowned), and Cu absorption was 55 +/- 5% vs 55 +/- 8% (p greater than 0.05).
Animals↗
Food advertising in the age of obesity: content analysis of food advertising on general market and african american television.
OBJECTIVE: To document the types of foods advertised and weight-related nutritional claims made during advertisements appearing on general market and African American television programming. DESIGN: Content analysis of 553 food advertisements appearing during 101.5 prime-time television hours. OUTCOME MEASURES: Advertisements were classified according to general category (fast-food restaurant, sit-down restaurant, packaged food), specific food type, and the presence of a weight-related nutritional claim. ANALYSIS: The type of foods advertised and nutritional claims made on general market and African American programs were compared using t and chi-squared tests. RESULTS: More food advertisements appeared during African American programs than general market programs. These advertisements were more likely to be for fast food, candy, soda, or meat and less likely to be for cereals, grains and pasta, fruits and vegetables, dessert, or alcohol. Of all of the food advertisements, 14.9% made a weight-related nutritional claim. More claims related to fat content appeared during African American programming, whereas more light and lean claims appeared in general market advertisements. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Practitioners and policy makers should be aware of the prevalence of food advertisements and their potential impact on knowledge and behavior and should consider working more closely with food manufacturers to encourage the creation and promotion of weight-friendly foods. Meanwhile, nutrition educators can help by teaching consumers critical thinking skills as may relate to food advertisements.
Advertising↗