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PubMedDate not supplied

Conflict, famine and the arms trade.

Armed conflict has had horrendous humanitarian effects, causing 22 million deaths, over 80 per cent of them civilian, since 1945 and resulting today in 19 million refugees and 24 million displaced persons. War results in economic collapse, and high levels of military spending decrease regional stability. Benefits to the producers are limited or negative and developed countries should diversify away from arms production. There is a need for greater awareness in the developed countries, an end to the secrecy besetting the arms trade, and restructuring of the industry. A Code of Conduct governing arms exports is proposed.

Commerce↗
PubMed1999

Feast or famine? Supplemental food programs and their impacts on two American Indian communities in California.

This article examines the use of supplemental food programs by two Native American populations and assesses some of the health and cultural impacts of these programs. A cross-sectional survey of 80 American Indian families, 40 families residing on the Round Valley Indian Reservation and 40 in Sacramento, California was conducted to determine access, use and appropriateness of supplemental feeding programs. Respondents at both the rural and urban geographic location showed considerable familiarity with available supplemental feeding programs. USDA Food Commodities were utilized most at Round Valley, raising the concern that provided staples which were highly processed and contained significant amounts of sodium, sucrose, and fat, could contribute to the problems of obesity and diabetes. Native Americans in Sacramento used food banks and food closets as their primary source of supplemental foods, and some expressed concern that the foods provided were highly sweetened and high in fat. While some nutrition advising was available at both geographical localities, access was inadequate. The study found that the foods provided by the supplemental food programs varied considerably in their nutritional quality and healthier foods such as fresh fruits, vegetables, and meats were either completely lacking or in short supply. In addition, culturally sensitive nutritional counseling and the development of education modules to instruct program recipients in the preparation of healthy meals and how to manage obesity and diabetes were needed and requested within the California Native American communities surveyed.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Fever, famine, and war: William Osler as an infectious diseases specialist.

In 1896 William Osler addressed the American Medical Association on "The study of the Fevers of the the South", a lecture in which he showed his keen appreciation for the history, pathology, epidemiology, and management of infectious diseases. Osler can be claimed as an infectious diseases specialist not only because infections were the most common causes of death during his time but also because his perspectives and personal qualities typify the discipline as it has evolved during the twentieth century. Ten such desiderata are reviewed. A century later Osler's conclusion remains true for this specialty: "Fever in its varied forms is still with ... but it is of almost equal importance to know that the way has been opened, and that the united efforts of many workers in many lands are day by day disarming this great enemy of the race".

Communicable Diseases↗
PubMed1990

Measuring malnutrition in famines: are weight-for-height and arm circumference interchangeable?

Data from two surveys in Sudan have been used to examine whether weight-for-height (WFH) and mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) can be used interchangeably at a population level to define the proportion of children aged one to four years that are malnourished, whether they identify the same individual children as malnourished, and whether the relationship between WFH and MUAC varies with age. A MUAC cut-off of 13.0 cm consistently defined approximately the same proportion of children malnourished as 80% WFH in all seven groups of children examined, even though the proportion of children with less than 80% WFH varied between 8.6% and 30.7%. However, sensitivity/specificity analysis showed that many of the children identified as malnourished by the two indices were not the same individuals. Both the MUAC cut-off defining the same proportion malnourished as 80% WFH, and the sensitivity/specificity values, varied substantially with age. Studies of other populations have revealed both different MUAC cut-offs defining the same proportion of children malnourished as 80% WFH, and different sensitivities and specificities of MUAC relative to WFH. We do not recommend the direct comparison of data from surveys using WFH and those using MUAC.

Age Factors↗