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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Observations on pigment granules in the bones of silky fowls.

The distribution of melanin pigment-containing cells in the bones of both young and adult silky fowls was observed. Melanin pigment was detected not only in melanocytes which were mainly distributed in the periosteum, but also in all the other types of cells in the periosteum and bone. The continuity of the number of pigment granules in melanocytes and that in the other pigment-containing cells could not be recognized because the granules in the latter cells were much fewer than those in the former. In young fowls, the pigment-containing cells were distributed in all layers of the periosteum and bone, but their number was low. On the other hand, in aged fowls, most of the cells in the periosteum had pigment granules. In the bone, however, pigment granules were observed only in osteocyte situated near the surface. These findings suggest that the pigment granules which are observed in osteocytes have been transferred from melanocytes to osteogenic cells or osteoblasts before they differentiate to osteocytes, where they are presumed to be digested.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Fowl typhoid and pullorum disease.

Fowl typhoid (FT) and pullorum disease (PD) are septicaemic diseases, primarily of chickens and turkeys, caused by Gram negative bacteria, Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum, respectively. Clinical signs in chicks and poults include anorexia, diarrhoea, dehydration, weakness and high mortality. In mature fowl, FT and PD are manifested by decreased egg production, fertility, hatchability and anorexia, and increased mortality. Gross and microscopic lesions due to FT and PD in chicks and poults include hepatitis, splenitis, typhlitis, omphalitis, myocarditis, ventriculitis, pneumonia, synovitis, peritonitis and ophthalmitis. In mature fowl, lesions include oophoritis, salpingitis, orchitis, peritonitis and perihepatitis. Transovarian infection resulting in infection of the egg and subsequently the chick or poult is one of the most important modes of transmission of these two diseases. Salmonella Gallinarum and S. Pullorum can be isolated by use of selective and non-selective media. Salmonella Pullorum produces rapid decarboxylation of ornithine whereas S. Gallinarum does not, an important biochemical difference between the two bacteria. Both FT and PD can be detected serologically by use of a macroscopic tube agglutination test, rapid serum test, stained antigen whole blood test or microagglutination test. Both diseases can be controlled and eradicated by use of serological testing and elimination of positive birds. Vaccines may be used to control the disease and antibiotics for the treatment of FT and PD. Although FT and PD are widely distributed throughout the world, the diseases have been eradicated from commercial poultry in developed countries such as the United States of America, Canada and most countries of Western Europe. Both S. Gallinarum and S. Pullorum are highly adapted to the host species, and therefore are of little public health significance.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

An improved transbuccal approach for hypophysectomy in the domestic fowl.

The present paper describes an improved transbuccal approach for hypophysectomy in the domestic fowl. With this technique, the operative procedures are the same as in the transbuccal approach of Hill and Parkes (1934), except that the drilling angle is the same as in the oral approach of Rothchild (1948a,b), since the present anatomical investigation indicates that the hypophysis lies at an angle of 45 degrees to the surface of the palate. An apparatus that was made to restrain the fowl head facilitates the operative procedure; even a novice can perform fowl hypophysectomy in more than 70% of the cases.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Control of fowl cholera in Hungary.

Experiences of the control of fowl cholera in large poultry farms in Hungary are reported. A vaccination method combined with sulfaquinoxaline treatment was developed against fowl cholera. Studies were carried out for the determination of the therapeutic and toxic doses of sulfaquinoxaline in fowls experimetnally infected with Pasteurella multocida. Field experiences with Sukvin, a sulfaquinoxaline containing vaccine, against this disease are reported. Sukvin was produced by Phylaxia Serum State Institute, Budapest, Hungary, and has been generally used in that country since 1967.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Dispersal of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzsch), among thirty strains of egg-type hens in a caged laying house.

From September 1978 through Februrary 1979, dispersal of uncontrolled, naturally occurring populations of the northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), and the chicken body louse, Menacanthus stramineus (Nitzch) was studied on 30 strains of egg-type pullets reared to 20 weeks old on four growing rations before being housed for egg production. Hens representing all 30 strains and each of the four feeding regimens had mites. The northern fowl mite spread from initial infestations down the entire length of the house in 1 month; after four months, the chicken body louse had spread approximately two-thirds the length of a cage row in the house. Populations of the northern fowl mite increased from very light to extra heavy within 1 month and then began a slow decline.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Immune response to Newcastle disease virus vaccine, fowl-pox vaccine, and Escherichia coli vaccine in Bedouin and White Leghorn chickens.

Immune response to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine, fowl pox, and E. coli vaccine was compared in the native Bedouin fowl of the Sinai desert, in a commercial Leghorn layer strain, and in the reciprocal crosses between them. Differences were not found in antibody titer levels to attenuated or inactivated NDV vaccines, in the proportion of birds showing post-vaccination immunity to fowl pox, or in the kinetics of postvaccination NDV titer levels. Rate of development of titer to Escherichia coli from day 1 to day 4, however, was significantly more rapid in Bedouin chicks than in the purebred Leghorn or the reciprocal crosses.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Northern fowl mite population development on laying hens caged at three colony sizes.

Beginning 5 weeks after being experimentally infested with known numbers of northern fowl mites, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Canestrini and Fanzago), White Leghorn pullets caged alone supported a significantly higher mite population than did pullets housed two and three per cage. During the following 6 weeks, mite populations remained high on the birds caged singly whereas mite populations drastically declined on the birds housed two or three per cage. Eleven weeks after the experiment was initiated, all hens caged alone were infested with northern fowl mites, whereas 22% of the birds housed two per cage and 43% of the birds housed three per cage were free of mites. These data support the hypothesis that social stress in birds influences the development of northern fowl mites (more stress, higher resistance to mites).

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Comparative analysis of precipitating antibodies in White Rock and Fayoumi hens injected with bovine serum albumin or crude mite extract with resulting effects on northern fowl mite, Ornithonyssus sylviarum (Acari: Macronyssidae) population densities.

Precipitating antibody concentration responses to crude northern fowl mite extract (CME) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) injections were compared in White Rock and Fayoumi hens with two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis and rocket electrophoresis. The effect of CME injections on northern fowl mite population development was also determined. White Rock and Fayoumi hens developed similar antibody concentrations in response to intramuscular injections of BSA according to serum samples analyzed with two-dimensional immunoelectrophoresis. Rocket electrophoresis analyses of pooled serum samples showed significant differences between slopes of White Rock and Fayoumi pools for CME and BSA injections, suggesting differences in antibody-antigen interactions. Fayoumi hens injected with CME, 78, 50, and 14 days prior to experimental infestation with 2,000 northern fowl mites/bird supported significantly fewer mites than BSA-injected hens, although mite populations were low on both treatment groups. Injections of CME had no effect on mite population development on White Rock hens, even though CME-specific antibodies were detected. Although White Rock hens supported significantly greater mite numbers than Fayoumi hens, the difference was not attributed to anti-CME antibody activity alone.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Effects of tetraphenylboron on the motility, oxygen consumption, and adenosine 5'-triphosphate content of fowl spermatozoa.

The effects of tetraphenylboron on the motility and metabolism of fowl spermatozoa at 30 C were investigated. The motility of intact fowl spermatozoa was reduced by tetraphenylboron at concentrations that had little effect on the oxygen consumption and adenosine 5'-triphosphate content of spermatozoa. The inhibition of motility was reversed by the removal of tetraphenylboron. Furthermore, the addition of tetraphenylboron improved the maintenance of spermatozoa during storage. Tetraphenylboron did not affect the motility of demembraned spermatozoa, suggesting that the locus of action of tetraphenylboron is not directly on the axoneme of fowl spermatozoa.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1991

Interaction of naturally occurring aflatoxins in poultry feed and immunization against fowl cholera.

A total of 1,175 poultry feed samples originating from different farms were analyzed for aflatoxin. Poor growth rate and reduced egg production were the main complaints. The rate of contamination with aflatoxin ranged from 10 to 54% of all samples. Of samples examined 30.7% proved positive for aflatoxin with a concentration ranging from 1 to 2,000 ppb. Outbreaks of fowl cholera were diagnosed on two farms where aflatoxin was detected in the rations used. The impact of aflatoxin in the feed on the efficacy of immunization against fowl cholera was monitored by a hemagglutination test and the titers of the involved farms were compared with experimental groups fed on aflatoxin-free rations and vaccinated with the same polyvalent fowl cholera bacterin. The antibody titers of the experimental groups were 4 to 15 times higher than those of the involved farms.

Aflatoxin B1↗
PubMedDate not supplied

DNA fingerprinting of plasmid-containing serotype A: 3,4 Pasteurella multocida isolated from cases of fowl cholera in chickens and turkeys.

The live, attenuated vaccine strains of Pasteurella multocida have been hypothesized to be responsible for homologous serotype outbreaks of fowl cholera on farms that use the commercial vaccines. We have further hypothesized that the naturally occurring Clemson University (CU) vaccine strain may be transformed to virulence by the acquisition of plasmid DNA. To test this hypothesis, we obtained seven homologous serotype (A:3,4) P. multocida isolates, all plasmid bearing, that were cultured from fowl cholera cases in vaccinated flocks and compared the isolates with the CU reference vaccine by molecular methods. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were detected by DNA/DNA hybridization with labeled probes specific for the cya, aroA, and rrn genes of P. multocida. The RFLPs obtained from BglII-digested genomic DNA probed with cya demonstrated no differences among the isolates. Although three isolates probed with aroA showed a RFLP identical to the vaccine strain, five isolates were distinctly different. Isolates probed with rrn grouped into three different restriction patterns that were dissimilar from that of the vaccine strain. Therefore, we have shown that these fowl cholera isolates are different from the CU vaccine strain and that these outbreaks were not vaccine related.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

The structure of the lachrymal glands of the domestic fowl and of the duck.

The histology of the lachrymal glands of the duck and fowl is similar. In both birds the gland is a compound tubulo-acinar structure, lobulated and invested by a thin connective tissue capsule. Foci of lymphocytes, but few plasma cells, are found in the glands. Moderately acidic mucosubstances predominate in the gland of the fowl whereas sialomucins are found in that of the duck. Neutral lipids were detected only in the gland of the fowl.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of critical osmolality and hydraulic conductivity and its activation energy in fowl and bull spermatozoa.

Measurements were made of critical osmolality, the osmolality at which 50% of the cells are lysed, and of the permeation time, the time taken to lyse 50% of the cells in an osmotic solution lower than the critical osmolality, for fowl and bull spermatozoa. Cell lysis was determined by means of fluorescent viability stains (carboxyfluorescein diacetate and propidium iodide) using a flow cytometer. The advantages and pitfalls of this approach are addressed. The values obtained have been used to compute the water permeability, or hydraulic conductivity, of the plasma membrane and its activation energy for each species. Fowl spermatozoa were found to have a lower critical osmolality (17 mOsm) than bull spermatozoa (36 mOsm), and this is discussed in relation to the differences in cell shape and size. The hydraulic conductivities of fowl and bull spermatozoa were 2.1 and 10.8 microns x atmosphere x minute, respectively, and the respective activation energies were 4.4 and 3.0 kcal/mol. The relevance of these findings to cryopreservation of spermatozoa is considered.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Fowl cholera outbreak in domestic poultry and epidemiological properties of Pasteurella multocida isolate.

Symptoms of fowl cholera including orofacial edema, swollen and edematous wattles and combs, and severe respiratory disorders were detected in domestic poultry in two broiler breeder farms: one located in Gyeong-gi Province (October, 2000) and the other in Chung-cheong-nam Province (March, 2001). Gram-negative, bipolar staining bacillus was easily found in a direct smear. The biochemical properties of isolates were examined using a standard diagnosis method, proving that they were 99.7% similar to the Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida: PM), a pathogenic and causative agent of fowl cholera (FC). As a result, an FC outbreak in domestic fowls was confirmed for the first time in Korea since 1942. Because FC was detected in broiler breeder farms for the first time in 59 years at the same time as an FC outbreak was confirmed in wild birds (October, 2000), our concern was focused on whether the PM strains that originated in wild birds were transmitted into poultry farms. The possibility was tracked down by comparing phenotypic and genetic properties between the two types of PM strains. PM strains of chicken origin showed prominent differences from the PM strains of wild bird origin in both phenotypic and genetic properties. An examination of the origin of the wild bird bacteria was conducted, but no evidence has been identified that PM strains from the wild bird were introduced into domestic poultry farms.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Studies of the blood-group of chicken. X. Analysis of blood-group and plasma protein polymorphism in eleven Chinese native fowl breeds].

This paper reports the results of blood-group and plasma protein polymorphism of eleven Chinese native fowl breeds. 1. The distribution frequencies of the blood-group genes (3 loci 12 alleles) in eleven Chinese native fowl breeds were significantly different in A and C loci, but not significant in B locus. The coefficients of homozygosity of blood-group gene in all breeds were almost similar, except in Gushi and Chonren pitted chickens. The distribution of blood-group factors in all breeds was extensive, and this means that the selection potential in these local breeds was very large. 2. The gene frequencies of alkaline phosphatase (Akp and Akp-2) transferrin (Tf) in some breeds were more different, while that of esterase (Es-1) was less different. Among Chinese Japanese and American-European native breeds, the difference of gene frequencies of esterase was greater, while that of alkaline phosphatase and transferrin was smaller. It showed the identity or diversity in breed origin and evolution in these Chinese local breeds and Japanese or American-European native breeds. 3. The cluster analysis of the eleven Chinese native fowl breeds showed that these breeds could be divided into four groups: White ear-lobe- Shouguang- Luyuan chickens; Xiaoshan-Xianju- Pudong chickens; Langshan- Taihe Silky- Beijing Youkei chickens and Gushi-Chonren pitted chickens.

Alkaline Phosphatase↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Serologic associations between fowl cholera and other diseases.

As part of a case-control study designed to identify fowl cholera risk factors, 2087 blood samples were collected from 71 California meat-turkey flocks. Samples were tested for antibodies to three mycoplasmas and four viruses pathogenic for turkeys. Flocks that had antibodies to Newcastle disease virus and/or Mycoplasma meleagridis had an increased risk of having an outbreak of fowl cholera. This information should prove useful for fowl cholera control programs in meat turkeys.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Lecithin--cholesterol--acyltransferase activity in the plasma of immature, oestrogenised and laying fowl (Gallus domesticus).

A study was made of the role of the lecithin-cholesterol-acyltransferase (LCAT) enzyme in the changes in the concentrations and fatty acid composition of the plasma cholesteryl esters of the fowl associated with oestrogen treatment and sexual maturity. Although there was a considerable increase in the concentration of free cholesterol in the plasma of oestrogen treated and laying birds, only in the oestrogen treated birds was it associated with an increased rate of cholesterol esterification. In both laying and oestrogen treated birds, changes in the fatty acid composition of the plasma cholesterol esters could be attributed to related changes in the fatty acid specificity of the LCAT enzyme. Evidence is provided to indicate that the cholesterol esters in the plasma of the fowl are synthesised mainly by the plasma LCAT system. The changes in the rates and fatty acid specificity of the LCAT system in the plasma of the fowl associated with sexual maturity or oestrogen treatment are discussed in relation to the extensive alterations shown to occur in the lipoprotein pattern of the plasma.

Acyltransferases↗
PubMed1991

Case control study of fowl cholera in meat turkeys in California from August 1985 through July 1986 [corrected].

From Aug 1985 through July 1986, 720 meat turkey flocks on 160 California premises were monitored and outbreaks of fowl cholera (Pasteurella multocida) were investigated. Data from 43 outbreak (case) flocks were compared with data from 43 nonoutbreak (control) flocks. Outbreak flocks, compared with control flocks, were more likely to be located on premises with higher maximal bird capacity and history of fowl cholera outbreaks. The overall impression was that flocks in larger, newer, more intensively managed premises were at greater risk of fowl cholera outbreaks than were other flocks.

Animals↗