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PubMed2001

Calcium preventing locomotor behavioral and dental toxicities of fluoride by decreasing serum fluoride level in rats.

Spontaneous motor activity, rota-rod performance (motor co-ordination), body weight gain, food intake, activities of total cholinesterase (blood) and acetylcholinesterase (brain), and dental structure were determined in adult female rats treated with a very high dose of sodium fluoride (500 ppm in drinking water) alone and in combination with calcium carbonate (50 mg/kg body weight by oral intubation) for 60 days. The concentration of fluoride and calcium were measured in the serum of these animals. Administration of sodium fluoride with drinking water produced both behavioural and dental toxicities and not lethality in the present study. A suppression of spontaneous motor activity, a shortening of rota-rod endurance time, a decreased body weight gain and food intake, a suppression of total cholinesterase and acetylcholinesterase activities and dental lesion were observed in test animals. Serum fluoride concentration was raised markedly and that of calcium was decreased in these animals. The effects of sodium fluoride were prevented significantly when animals received calcium carbonate along with sodium fluoride. Serum fluoride content was decreased and that of calcium was restored to control level in these animals. These results indicate that calcium prevents not only fluoride-induced hypocalcemia but also the locomotor behavioral and dental toxicities of fluoride by decreasing bioavailability of fluoride.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

[Study of fluoride released from fluoride-releasing adhesives].

OBJECTIVE: To study the fluoride release ability of two kinds of fluoride-releasing composite resin adhesives made in China. METHODS: Test samples of fluoride-releasing composite resin adhesives I and II were prepared, and fluoride ion concentrations were measured with a No.720 fluoride ion-sensitive electrode. RESULTS: Fluoride ions were released from both of the fluoride-releasing composite resin adhesives. The concentration declined sharply after first 24 hours and maintained at a low level for about 21 days. The initial fluoride ions concentration of adhesive II was higher than adhesive I. CONCLUSION: Both of the fluoride-releasing composite resin adhesives had the ability of releasing fluoride. Adhesive II seemed better.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2002

The fluoride content of foods and beverages from negligibly and optimally fluoridated communities.

In the spring of 1996, foods and beverages most commonly consumed by adolescents were analyzed for fluoride as part of a larger investigation. These foods were selected by interviewing 711 adolescents, 12-14 years of age, who were long-time residents of either an optimally or negligibly fluoridated community. The brand names of the identified foods and beverages most commonly purchased were determined by interviews with the parents. A total of 441 brand-name food and beverage items were purchased from both communities and were individually analyzed for fluoride. These analyses were done in order to estimate the fluoride content of various kinds of foods and beverages and to determine whether or not there was a significant difference between the two communities in the amount of fluoride ingested from these dietary sources. The food and beverage items were classified into dietary groups based on US Department of Agriculture (USDA) guidelines. Overall, the fluoride content of the sampled foods and beverages was low. In addition, there was no significant difference in the fluoride content of the same pre-packaged or ready-to-eat food or beverage items purchased in the two communities. However, a significant difference was found between the two communities in the fluoride content of fountain beverages and in cooked or reconstituted foods prepared using local water from the respective communities. Based on these results, we have estimated the mean daily, dietary fluoride intake for 3-5-year-old children who are more susceptible to developing dental fluorosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Fluoride balance studies in healthy men during bed rest with and without a fluoride supplement..

In a program of studies of disuse osteoporosis, fluoride balances were determined in healthy men during ambulation and then during bed rest for 6 to 17 wk. Control subjects ingested basal diets containing 0.4 mg fluoride per day, whereas experimental subjects received 10-mg fluoride supplements in divided doses with meals. Fluoride and calcium were measured in diets, urine, and feces. Serum analyses included calcium and ionic fluoride. Fluoride balances during both phases were uniformly negative in control subjects (mean -0.46 mg/day) but uniformly positive in supplement subjects (mean +2.58 mg/day). Calcium balances were markedly negative during bed rest in both groups. Serum fluoride concentrations increased proportionally to fluoride intake, averaging 0.016 ppm in the controls and 0.045 ppm in the supplement subjects. The supplement of 10 mg fluoride daily did not protect against bed rest-induced calcium loss, or cause any clinical or laboratory abnormality in any subject.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Caries progression in 12- to 16-year-old schoolchildren in fluoridated and fluoride-deficient areas in Brazil.

UNLABELLED: Water fluoridation may reduce the rate of caries initiation, but relatively little is known of its effect on rates of caries progression through the enamel and the dentin. OBJECTIVE: This longitudinal study was designed to compare rates of caries progression in fluoridated and fluoride-deficient areas. METHODS: Approximal caries progression was evaluated on two standardized sets of bitewing radiographs taken at a 12-month interval of 290 12- to 16-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren. Pitts' scoring system was used to measure caries progression on conventional bitewing images. Caries progression data on the occlusal, free-smooth, and approximal surfaces of the anterior teeth were collected via clinical visual examinations. RESULTS: The mean rate of approximal caries progression in school-children living in fluoridated areas (0.54) was found to be 62% lower than that in children from fluoride-deficient areas (1.41). When progression rates were adjusted for the initial number of decayed surfaces per subject, differences were statistically significant for lesions located at the inner half of the enamel at baseline (11% in the fluoridated areas vs. 16.5% in the fluoride-deficient areas). Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that residence in a fluoride-deficient area remained a significant risk factor for caries progression after controlling for caries prevalence (D1FS), number of cavitated carious lesions, whether tooth type was molar or premolar, and toothbrushing frequency. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that water fluoridation reduces the rates of caries progression through the enamel and dentin, but the effect was more pronounced for lesions in the inner enamel than for those in the dentin.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effectiveness of school water fluoridation and dietary fluoride supplements in school-aged children.

School water fluoridation and school-based fluoride tablet programs both have been shown in many studies to be effective in preventing dental caries. These studies indicate that school water fluoridation reduces dental decay by approximately 40 percent and school-based fluoride tablet programs by about 30 percent. However, nearly all the studies were done when the prevalence of caries among US schoolchildren was greater than it is today, which makes it difficult to assess their current effectiveness. Data from dental surveys of school-aged children conducted during the past 30 years indicate that overall caries prevalence has declined by more than 75 percent and that of approximal tooth surfaces by more than 90 percent. Recent national data indicate the difference in caries prevalence between children with lifetime residence in either fluoridated or nonfluoridated areas has also diminished, which raises questions about the cost effectiveness of initiating school-based fluoride programs for all areas. There are still groups of children, however, seriously affected by dental caries. It is safe to assume that implementation of school water fluoridation or fluoride tablet programs will result in traditionally reported benefits among these children. Ongoing school-based fluoride programs should not be discontinued until it is known what impact their cessation will have on dental disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Effect of brushing with fluoride toothpastes on the fluoride, calcium, and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in approximal plaque of young adults.

A within-subject cross-over study was carried out to examine whether brushing with fluoride toothpastes would alter the composition of approximal plaque. Approximal plaque was collected from 22 subjects following brushing with toothpastes containing sodium fluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate with calcium glycerophosphate and a fluoride-free control toothpaste. Concentrations of plaque calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and fluoride were estimated. Toothbrushing with the fluoride toothpastes resulted in significantly greater concentrations of fluoride in approximal plaque when compared with the control toothpaste. However, there was no significant difference between the two fluoride toothpastes. The use of the sodium monofluorophosphate containing toothpaste resulted in significantly elevated concentrations of calcium and inorganic phosphorus in approximal plaque when compared to both sodium fluoride and control toothpastes. It was concluded that the use of a fluoride toothpaste can alter the chemical composition of approximal plaque.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Efficacy of preventive agents for dental caries. Systemic fluorides: water fluoridation.

The effectiveness of fluoridation has been documented by observational and interventional studies for over 50 years. Data are available from 113 studies in 23 countries. The modal reduction in DMFT values for primary teeth was 40-49% and 50-59% for permanent teeth. The pattern of caries now occurring in fluoride and low-fluoride areas in 15- to 16-year-old children illustrates the impact of water fluoridation on first and second molars. The secular changes in caries in Hartlepool, a natural fluoride area in the North East of England, shows only a modest change between 1949 and 1989. Information on the pre-eruptive effects of water fluoridation has been reviewed, suggesting that fluoridation should start at birth to provide optimal protection to primary teeth. At 15 years of age, the maximum DMFS reduction in a fluoridated area was due about half to the pre-eruptive and about half to the post-eruptive effect of fluoride.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Water fluoridation and fluoride supplementation: considerations for the future.

The extensive literature on water fluoridation and fluoride supplementation is discussed, looking critically at the benefits of systemic fluoride availability in the prevention of dental caries and at the adverse factors of enamel fluorosis which can occur from the ingestion of too much fluoride during the period of tooth development. Recommendations are made for the future use of fluorides, emphasizing that water fluoridation is a safe and proven health measure which should be continued. Caution in the use of other fluoride supplementation methods is raised, especially when related to compliance and the use of fluoride supplements which are under the control of the individual. Targeting of children who would benefit from fluorides and additional preventive dental health measures is recommended.

Fluoridation↗
PubMed1992

Oral fluoride measurements for estimation of the anti-caries efficacy of fluoride treatments.

The aims of this work were (a) to assess the oral bioavailability of fluoride delivered from dentifrices and (b) to test for a possible link between the results and clinical data obtained with the same dentifrices. Oral fluoride concentrations were measured in samples of saliva and plaque taken from seven subjects, after use of dentifrices which contained 0, 1000, 1500, and 2500 micrograms F/g as sodium monofluorophosphate. Salivary fluoride in samples obtained within the first few hours after a single dentifrice application, or up to 20 h after four weeks' daily use, increased with increasing F content of the dentifrice. For example, the mean zero-time intercepts of the second phase of salivary fluoride clearance curves for the above dentifrices were 0.46, 1.48, 1.88, and 3.03 mumol F/L, respectively. Plaque fluoride measured after four weeks' daily use of the dentifrices exhibited similar dose-response behavior. Linear regression analysis showed these trends to be statistically significant for both saliva (p less than 0.001) and plaque (p less than 0.025). Mean saliva and plaque fluoride concentrations were inversely associated with mean three-year caries increments for the three fluoride-containing dentifrices obtained in a recent clinical trial: DMFS scores 6.80, 6.33, and 5.71, respectively (Stephen et al., 1988). This suggests that oral fluoride measurements are a valuable in vivo method for the evaluation of the potential anti-caries efficacy of fluoride-containing dental products.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

The effect of drinking water fluoridation on the fluoride content, strength and mineral density of human bone.

The effect of drinking water fluoridation on the fluoride content of human bone, on cancellous bone strength and on the mineral density of bone was studied by analysing 158 autopsy samples of the anterior iliac crest from persons from two different areas. In the samples from the town of Kuopio, where drinking water has been fluoridated since 1959, the fluoride concentrations were considerably higher than in samples from the surrounding area where low-fluoride drinking water is used. The fluoride content of bones from Kuopio increased significantly with age, while considerably less change with age was found in samples from outside Kuopio. The highest fluoride content in bone ash was observed in women with severe osteoporosis. Cancellous bone strength measured by a strain transducer was statistically significantly higher in women with chronic immobilizing disease from Kuopio, compared with the corresponding group from outside Kuopio. No statistically significant differences in bone strength were found in men. There were no statistically significant differences in bone mineral density, as measured by gamma ray attenuation, between the samples from the fluoridated and non-fluoridated areas.

Age Factors↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluoride content of infant formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral and fluoridated drinking water.

Usually infant milk formula is the major source of fluoride in infancy. Fluoride concentrations in ten samples of powdered milk formulas, prepared with deionized, bottled mineral, and fluoridated drinking water were determined after HMDS-facilitated diffusion, using a fluoride ion specific electrode(Orion 9609). Fluoride concentrations ranged from 0.01 to 0.75 ppm; from 0.02 to 1.37 ppm and from 0.91 to 1.65 ppm for formulas prepared with deionized, bottled mineral (0.02 to 0.69 ppm F) and fluorinated drinking water (0.9 ppm F), respectively. Possible fluoride ingestion per Kg body mass ws estimated. With deionized water, only the soy-based- formulas should provide a daily fluoride intake of above the suggested threshold for fluorosis. With water containing 0.9 ppm F, however, all of them would provide it. Hence, to limit fluoride intakes to amounts <0.1 mg/kg/day, it is necessary to avoid use fo fluoridated water (around 1 ppm) to dilute powdered infant formulas.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Fluoride bioavailability from sodium fluoride alone or in association with different calcium salts].

Fluoride pharmacokinetics were studied in twelve healthy subjects after oral administration of one tablet of osteofluor-containing 25 mg of sodium fluoride alone or associated with different calcium salts (500 mg Ca element) given as microcrystalline hydroxyapatite compound or powdered tri-calcium phosphate. Fluoride was measured in plasma and urine with a specific electrode and fluoride bioavailability from the three drugs was compared. Calcium absorption after oral load was assessed by measuring variations from the fasting state of plasma calcium and parathyroid hormone and of the urinary calcium to creatinine ratio. The bioavailability of fluoride is significantly decreased by the association to sodium fluoride of hydroxyapatite but not of tri-calcium phosphate. Calcium absorption seems greater after administration of hydroxyapatite compound. The decrease of the fluoride bioavailability is probably dependent on the capacity of calcium absorption from the calcium salts. The association of calcium to fluoride is absolutely required for treatment of osteoporosis. The microcrystalline hydroxyapatite compound seems preferable in view of its greater calcium absorption and of its limited decrease in fluoride bioavailability.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1988

Fluoride uptake and inhibition of intra-oral demineralization, following the application of varnishes with different concentrations of fluoride.

The relationship between the amount of fluoride acquired by human enamel after varnish application and the resulting inhibition demineralization of is presented and discussed. Intact human enamel was pretreated with Fluor Protector varnishes with differing fluoride contents (0.7; 0.1; 0.05 and 0 wt% F-) for 24 hours. In a first experiment the amount of fluoride acquired after application was determined. In a second experiment the pretreated enamel was stored intra-orally under constant plaque coverage, in order to create a substantial demineralization challenge. The protection against demineralization, induced by the various varnishes was determined four months after varnish application using microradiography. Under the cariogenic conditions created in this study, the fluoride containing varnishes induced a protection of 53-75%. Although the amount of fluoride uptake was strongly related to the fluoride content in the varnishes, no statistically significant difference in demineralization inhibition between the varnishes was observed. SEM investigation of the enamel lesions revealed globular precipitates inside the fluoridated enamel, presumably consisting of calcium fluoride-like material. The present study indicates that the fluoride content in Fluor Protector varnishes can be decreased without reducing its ability to inhibit demineralization.

Dental Caries↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluoride levels in whole saliva of preschool children after brushing with 0.25 g (pea-sized) as compared to 1.0 g (full-brush) of a fluoride dentifrice.

Concerns regarding an increased risk of dental fluorosis related to ingesting fluoride-containing toothpastes by preschool children have led to recommendations to reduce the amount of toothpaste used for young children to a pea-sized amount. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect on salivary fluoride levels of reducing the amount of toothpaste used in a preschool-age (4-5 years) population. Salivary fluoride concentrations were determined for 10 children whose teeth were brushed with both 0.25 g and 1.0 g of a fluoridated toothpaste on two separate days. Initial salivary fluoride levels following the use of 0.25 g of toothpaste were less than half of the salivary fluoride concentrations when 1.0 g of toothpaste was used, and levels returned to baseline more rapidly. The reduced salivary fluoride levels when less toothpaste is used may result in a reduced efficacy for caries prevention. However, any potential reduction in caries prevention may still be outweighed by the risk of increased fluoride ingestion with larger amounts of toothpaste in preschool children. The results of this study suggest that a reduction in the amount of a fluoridated toothpaste to a pea-sized amount be limited only to young children who are at risk of ingesting toothpaste.

Cariostatic Agents↗
PubMed2000

Fluoride concentration in plaque in adolescents after topical application of different fluoride varnishes.

The aim of the study was to measure the fluoride (F) concentration in plaque after a single topical application of different fluoride varnishes with contrasting levels of F. Thirty adolescents (12-17 years) with fixed orthodontic appliances were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Bifluoride (6% F), Duraphat (2.23% F) and Fluor Protector (0.1% F). The varnishes were applied after professional cleaning in one upper quadrant, leaving the opposite quadrant untreated according to the split-mouth technique. Pooled plaque samples from each quadrant were collected at baseline and 3 days, 7 days and 30 days after the varnish treatment, and fluoride was analysed by microdiffusion. All fluoride varnishes increased the fluoride concentration in plaque compared with baseline, and the mean values varied between 23 and 138 ng F/mg after 3 days, depending on varnish F concentration. Compared with the control quadrant, statistically significant elevations were recorded for Bifluoride after 3 days and 7 days and Duraphat after 3 days, while no significant differences were revealed in the Fluor Protector group. The fluoride concentration in plaque was back to baseline levels for all participants in the Duraphat group after 7 days, while some individuals in the Bifluoride and Fluor Protector groups still registered slightly increased levels after 30 days. The results suggest that fluoride varnish treatments resulted in elevated fluoride levels in plaque adjacent to fixed orthodontic appliances for a period of up to 1 week, although different patterns was disclosed for the various brands.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and separate gland secretions after topical treatment with three different fluoride varnishes.

Fluoride concentration in whole saliva and in separate gland secretions was determined after a single application of each of 3 different fluoride varnishes with contrasting levels of fluoride in a randomized crossover design. The study group comprised 8 healthy schoolchildren aged 10-12 years treated with A: Bifluorid 12 (6% F); B: Duraphat (2.26% F); and C: Fluor Protector (0.1% F). Unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva, as well as stimulated parotid and submandibular-sublingual saliva, were collected at baseline and 1, 6, 12, and 24h after the varnish treatments. The fluoride concentrations were determined with an ion-selective electrode. Time- and dose-dependent concentration curves were obtained in all the collected secretions, A > B > C. In whole saliva, the fluoride levels were significantly elevated (P<0.01) 1 h after the A and B varnish applications compared with baseline, while the increase was insignificant for varnish C. Similar patterns were unveiled in the parotid and submandibular-sublingual secretions, although the increase in fluoride concentration was modest. The elevated levels did not exceed 6 h for any of the varnish tested. The results of this study suggest a correlation between the concentration of fluoride of the varnish and fluoride levels obtained in saliva after application.

Calcium Fluoride↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Fluoride uptake by proximal surfaces from professionally applied fluorides: an in vitro study.

This study was performed to examine the uptake of fluoride by mesial enamel surfaces of extracted teeth from different types of topical fluoride. Forty-eight extracted human molars and twelve premolars were randomly divided into four groups and mounted in twelve wax blocks with five teeth in proximal contact in each block. Each group was treated for four minutes with either 1.23 percent acidulated phosphofluoride conventional gel, thixotropic gel, or foam in lined trays, or 2 percent neutral sodium fluoride solution applied with a cotton tip applicator. Acid-etch biopsies were performed three times to indicate the amount of fluoride uptake at three different depths. The results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant increase in fluoride uptake in the surface layer with both gels and foam (1150, 1058 and 1120 ppm F), whereas there was an insignificant increase with the fluoride solution (27 ppm F). In the deepest layer, the thixotropic fluoride produced the greatest fluoride uptake (919 ppm F) in comparison with the uptake from conventional gel (383 ppm F), foam (297 ppm F), or solution (118 ppm F).

Acid Etching, Dental↗