Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Escape Reaction”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Defensive behavior of laboratory and wild Rattus norvegicus.

Analysis of the defensive behaviors of wild rats to an inescapable approaching threat stimulus (the experimenter) indicated a pattern of freezing to distant stimuli, giving way to vocalization, jumps, and jump-attacks at shorter defensive distances. Comparisons of the defensive reactions of wild-trapped and laboratory-bred wild rats to a variety of threatening stimuli, in escapable as well as inescapable situations, indicated that the two wild strains were similar and consistently more defensive than laboratory rats to both human and conspecific threat stimuli. These results thus suggest that the defensive behaviors of rats have been substantially reduced during the process of domestication, with relatively little of this reduction being attributable to housing in standard laboratory conditions.

Aggression↗
PubMed2006

Chemical alarm and defence in the oribatid mite Collohmannia gigantea (Acari: Oribatida).

The multicomponent oil gland secretion of Collohmannia gigantea, a middle-derivative mixonomatan oribatid mite, is demonstrated to possess alarm pheromonal and allomonal properties. Four components of the secretion, namely the monoterpenes neryl formate, neral, geranial and the aromatic 2-hydroxy- 6-methyl-benzaldehyde (2,6-HMBD), showed moderate to strong alarm pheromonal activity in adult mites. Naturally elicited response is due to neral (about 50% of the secretion) and probably 2,6-HMBD (only 5% of the secretion, but strong alarm pheromonal activity). This is the second report of an alarm pheromone in Oribatida. Tridecane and pentadecane (=the hydrocarbon fraction of the secretion) did not evoke evident behavioural reactions, and most likely serve as solvents and spreading agents for the pheromonal-active components. Alarm reactions were characterized by a short recognition phase (waving movements with legs I), followed by shrinking back and panic escape from the scent source. In addition, all six components of the oil gland secretion, including the hydrocarbons, exhibited strong allomonal properties against a model oribatid predator, the scydmaenid beetle, Euconnus (Tetramelus) oblongus. Considering the widespread semiochemical properties of oil gland secretions in astigmatid mites (=a highly derivative oribatid group), these results furnish evidence for a phylogenetically early origin of defensive and communicative roles of oil gland secretions in oribatids. These roles include alarm communication, defence and the production of anti-fungal compounds.

Acaridae↗
PubMed2001

Different representations of inescapable noxious stimuli in the periaqueductal gray and upper cervical spinal cord of freely moving rats.

Previous work suggested that pain of distinct tissue origins was differentially represented in the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG). That is, persistent pain of deep origin (muscle, joint viscera) "activated" ventrolateral PAG neurons and triggered quiescence, hyporeactivity and vasodepression (i.e. passive emotional coping); whereas intermittent cutaneous pain "activated" lateral PAG neurons and triggered fight-flight (i.e. active emotional coping). Cutaneous noxious stimuli, if inescapable however, trigger a passive emotional coping reaction similar to that evoked by pain of deep origin. This raised the question--is it the behavioural significance (escapability versus inescapability) or the tissue origin (cutaneous versus deep) of the pain, that is represented in the PAG? In this study we used immediate-early-gene (c-Fos) expression to examine PAG and spinal activation patterns following "inescapable" (persistent) pain of cutaneous versus deep origin. It was found that selective activation of the ventrolateral PAG and passive emotional coping were evoked by an inescapable cutaneous noxious stimulus (i.e. clip of the neck), as well as by a deep noxious stimulus (i.e. neck muscle pain). In the upper cervical spinal cord, however, these noxious manipulations evoked distinct patterns of Fos expression which reflected the different patterns of primary afferent termination arising from skin versus muscle. The results suggest that whereas pain representation in the spinal cord accurately reflects tissue origin, pain representation in the PAG better reflects behavioural significance.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Cardiac and forearm plethysmographic responses to high intensity auditory stimulation.

This paper reports an investigation of forearm blood flow and cardiac responses to high intensity auditory stimulation. Blood was assessed in terms of forearm girth (FG) using a strain gauge, and since this technique had not been used previously, a preliminary study was conducted to validate the measure. In Experiment 1 (N = 24), subjects performed either a fast- or slow-paced mental arithmetic task. The data indicated that the strain gauge technique differentiated periods of rest from arithmetic stress and produced results comparable with those obtained using limb volume plethysmography. In Experiment 2 (N = 24), subjects received eight presentations of either a 60 dB or a 110 dB white noise stimulus at randomly ordered intervals of 35, 40, 45 and 50 sec; stimulus rise time was 50 msec and the duration 1 sec. Both groups displayed short-latency (i.e. within 10 beats poststimulus) cardiac accelerative responses which habituated over trials. In addition, the 110dB group displayed a long-latency (19.9 sec) accelerative response of approximately 25 beats per min and this was accompanied by an increase in FG. These responses occurred only following the first stimulus presentation, and analysis of the EKG T-wave amplitude suggested that the cardiac response was mediated sympathetically. These results are discussed in terms of conceptions of the startle and defence responses in man and the fight/flight reaction in animals.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2003

Differential effects of forward or simultaneous conditioned stimulus-unconditioned stimulus intervals on the defensive behavior system of the Norway rat (Rattus norvegicus).

To test several predictions derived from a behavior-systems approach, the authors assessed Pavlovian fear conditioning in rats after 30 trials of forward, simultaneous, or unpaired training. Direct evidence of conditioned fear was collected through observation of flight and freezing reactions during presentations of the conditioned stimulus (CS) alone. The authors also tested the CS's potential to reinforce an instrumental escape response in an escape-from-fear paradigm. On the one hand, rats that received forward training showed conditioned freezing, but no conditioned flight was observed. On the other hand, rats that received simultaneous training showed conditioned flight, but no conditioned freezing was observed. Rats that received either forward or simultaneous pairings showed instrumental learning of the escape-from-fear response. Implications for several theories of Pavlovian conditioning are discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Defense reaction induced by a metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist microinjected into the dorsal periaqueductal gray of rats.

The behavioral effects of trans-(+/-)-1-amino-1, 3-cyclopentanedicarboxylic acid (t-ACPD), a metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) agonist, or 0.9% (w/v) saline, injected into the dorsal periaqueductal gray (DPAG), was investigated. Male Wistar rats showed defense reactions characterized by jumps toward the top edges of the cages (saline = 0 vs t-ACPD = 6.0, medians P<0.05) and gallops (saline = 0 vs t-ACPD = 10.0, medians P<0.05) during the 60-s period after the beginning of the injection. In another experiment animals were placed inside an open arena for 5 min immediately after injection. Their behavior was recorded by a video camera and a computer program analyzed the videotapes. Eleven of fifteen rats injected with t-ACPD showed a short-lasting (about 1 min) flight reaction. No saline-treated animal showed this reaction (P<0.0005, chi-square test). The drug induced an increase in turning behavior (P = 0.002, MANOVA) and a decrease in the number of rearings (P<0.001, MANOVA) and grooming episodes (P<0.001, MANOVA). These results suggest that mGluRs play a role in the control of defense reactions in the DPAG.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

[Aggregation behavior of Blattela germanica].

1. The adult males of the German cockroach Blattella germanica are less strongly aggregated in their resting period than the adult females; they seldom stay below the common hiding place. This tendency decreases in the course of a day.--2. The nymphs aggregate in the first days of their lives below the hiding places of the adults where they had left the oöthecae. Later the nymphs seek hiding places that are better adapted to their body size. An olfactory stimulus (aggregation pheromone) which is going out from the adult induces the nymphs to go back again to the adults in the course of a day. This tendency decreases more when the nymphs become older. At the same time the number of nymphs which are absent from hiding places increases.--3. A positive chemotactic and a positive thigmotactic reaction are responsible for this behaviour of the cockroaches. A phototactic negative reaction is less important.

Activity Cycles↗