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PubMed1979

Dentists' incomes, fees, practice costs, and the Economic Stabilization Act: 1952 to 1976. Bureau of Economic and Behavioral Research.

Throughout the 20-year period from 1952 to 1972, dentists' net incomes, adjusted for inflation, increased and provided greater monetary rewards to the practice of dentistry. Evidence discloses a close association between the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes and the general level of economic activity (measured by the GNP inconstant dollars). Dentists are not immune to temporary recessions. The period from 1972 to 1974, with the imposed fee guidelines of Nixon's Economic Stabilization Act, was unusual. With effective fee guidelines during the latter two phases coupled with freely fluctuating input prices, dentists were caught in an income squeeze. During 1972 to 1974, the purchasing power of dentists' net incomes fell at a rate of 10.1% per year as the price index of practice costs outpaced dentists' fees. After the Economic Stabilization Act expired in 1974, trends returned to normal. Dentists' net incomes increased at rates consistent with changes in the GNP and dentists' fees increased slightly faster than the "Price Index of Cost of Conducting a Dental Practice."

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1980

Application of benefit-to-cost analysis to an X-linked recessive cardiac and humeroperoneal neuromuscular disease.

Benefit-to-cost analysis (using standard economic methods) and the predictive tools of genetics are important in the assessment of genetic services for high burden, single gene disorders. We have studied 6 generations of a 167-member, stable, North Georgia kindred at risk for X-linked recessive humeroperoneal neuromuscular disease with cardiac conduction defects. This disorder began in affected males in the teen years, with total disability expected by the 3rd decade and death by age 50. Using known fecundity rates and Mendelian probabilities, 26.6 heterozygous females and 9.4 hemizygous affected males were expected in the currently developing generation. We compared the compensatory costs for families with affected males against costs of genetic intervention for this disorder. All costs and benefits were discounted to present values at 6% and 10% and a benefit-to-cost ratio was derived. At a 6% discount rate the benefit-to-cost ratio was 21 to 1 while at a 10% discount rate the benefit-to-cost ratio was 14 to 1. We conclude that although this is an unusual X-linked muscular dystrophy, it constitutes a prototypic public and private expense which is largely preventable. The method of cost accounting within pedigrees has wide applicability. The results reemphasize the economic benefit of comprehensive public health programs in genetics, particularly in areas with stable, high risk-populations.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMed1994

The analysis of work-related injuries in a tractor factory.

An analysis of work-related injuries and absenteeism was carried out in a steel production and tractor manufacturing factory from 1982 to 1986. During that period there were 1152 injuries and 16,798 working days lost. Foundry workers were the most frequently injured; fists and fingers were the most frequently affected parts of the body. The number of injuries at work as well as the number of lost working days were highly influenced by the low socio-economic position of workers and by a general recession.

Absenteeism↗
PubMed2002

Health insurance for unemployed workers.

OBJECTIVE: In this article, we seek to inform the debate over providing assistance to workers who lose their jobs during the recession by assessing the potential impact of an economic downturn on health insurance coverage and reviewing available approaches to secure coverage for unemployed workers and their families. We also summarize recent research and analysis to examine the likely challenges and benefits of these approaches. DATA SOURCE: Data and analysis are primarily based on the Census Bureau's Current Population Survey, the Urban Institute's National Survey of America's Families, and Medicaid data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. We also draw on recent surveys and analysis conducted by researchers in the health policy field. CONCLUSIONS: Maintaining health insurance coverage for unemployed workers is important to helping individuals and to stimulating our economy. While some families may be assisted by efforts to subsidize COBRA extension coverage, the potential reach of such an initiative is limited. Building on public programs such as Medicaid offers a targeted, efficient, and effective option but also presents financing challenges to federal and state governments.

Humans↗
PubMed1986

Vulnerability to economic stress.

A stress vulnerability model was applied to the relationship between economic stress and mental health. Longitudinal data were obtained by reinterviewing 291 respondents from a prior community survey of economic change and health (Catalano & Dooley, 1983). The follow-up survey was conducted at the height of the last recession, approximately 1 year after the first. As predicted, increases in self-reported economic stress adversely affected psychological health, controlling for prior mental health status. However, individuals with poor prior mental health status were more vulnerable to economic stress: They were more likely to experience it during this economic contraction and were somewhat less likely to recover from it. Economic stress and mental health appear to have reciprocal effects, suggesting a spiral model of adaptation. Implications for interventions concerning economic change and mental health are discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Employment policy and labor supply of foreign workers in the Federal Republic of Germany: a theoretical and empirical analysis.

"This study is an attempt to investigate the economic determinants of international immigration and remigration into and out of the Federal Republic of Germany. Moreover, employment policy measures with respect to foreign workers are described and their impact on the inflow and outflow of guest workers [is] analyzed." The author notes that the ability of the government to influence migration flows through legislation is limited because of the free movement of labor within the Common Market countries. It is suggested that in-migration of foreign labor slows wage increases for the native worker, may retard rationalization, and increases the social costs of unemployment, particularly during periods of recession.

Demography↗
PubMed1988

The rising long-term trend in occupational injury rates.

Establishment survey data for the United States as a whole and workers' compensation data for the State of California were used to document long-term trends in occupational injury and acute illness rates. After declining throughout the first half of the century, national rates of disabling injuries in manufacturing, construction, and the trade sector have risen sharply in recent decades. Injury rates in mining show no strong trend either up or down since 1960. Increases over recent years have been especially pronounced for strains and sprains, cuts, lacerations and punctures, bone fractures, and acute illnesses. Injury rates in the manufacturing sector are strongly influenced by general economic conditions--rising sharply with business upsurges and declining during recessions. Increases in the rate of unemployment, which decrease worker and labor union bargaining power, are associated with increases in injury rates within manufacturing.

Accidents, Occupational↗
PubMed1991

The health effects of economic insecurity.

BACKGROUND: Interest in the health and behavioral effects of economic insecurity appears to vary with the performance of the economy. The current recession in the United States and Western Europe and growing unemployment in Eastern Europe make it timely to analytically review the recent research concerned with the health effects of economic contraction. METHODS: The research concerned with the health and behavioral effects of economic insecurity is organized by dependent variable and method. Rules for determining which effects are supported by strong and which by weak evidence are developed and applied to the literature. RESULTS: Evidence for effects on symptoms of psychological distress, seeking help for psychological distress, and nonspecific physiological illness is strong. Evidence for effects on suicide, child abuse, adverse birth outcomes, and heart disease is characterized as weak or sufficiently controversial to warrant skepticism. CONCLUSIONS: The health effects of economic security are undoubtedly mediated by economic policies. Estimating the effect of policy alternatives on the incidence of various outcomes is, however, very difficult given the current state of the research. The effect of rising unemployment on health in Eastern Europe cannot, moreover, be estimated from existing research. Effects estimated from Western economies probably do not generalize to situations in which the meaning of economic insecurity is conditioned by profound social and political reforms.

Adult↗