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PubMed1990

Changing smoking habits in Sweden: towards better health, but not for all.

A multivariate analysis indicated that in 1980-1981 economic conditions as measured by the ability to raise 5000 Swedish Crowns within one week was the most important predictor for smoking prevalence among a random sample of 14,900 Swedes. A follow-up in 1985 showed that despite the overall declining trends in smoking during this time period, some groups had increased their smoking rates substantially. Nordic citizens born outside Sweden, the divorced, widows or widowers living alone, those who had retired early and unemployed living under 'poor' economic conditions have increased their already high smoking rates by 13-70%. However well-educated people and professional groups show a marked decrease in smoking rates between 1980 and 1985. This projects increasing health inequities, endangering the WHO's Health for All objectives.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

[Causes of death in HIV-infected French drug users, 1995-2000].

Since the decline in mortality among HIV-infected persons after introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy, concerns related to co-morbidities have increased as they may impair vital prognosis, particularly in intravenous (IV) drug users. We describe firstly the changes in the distribution of the causes of death between 1995 and 2000 among IV drug users in the "Aquitaine Cohort" based on hospital information system, and secondly the distribution of the causes of death among IV drug users in the French national survey "Mortalité 2000" specifically set up in 2000 for optimal exhaustiveness. The total number of deaths declined between 1995 and 2000 and 1/3 were IV drug users. Deceased IV drug users were younger than other deceased patients, had longer median time from diagnosis of HIV infection and higher median CD4 cell count. Poor socio-economic conditions were notified in 55%. Among IV drug users, the proportion of AIDS-related deaths was above 75% in 1995 and below 30% in 2000. In 2000, 25% of deaths were HCV-related, 12% of deaths were due to accident, overdose or suicide, and 8% were due to non-AIDS non-HCV related cancer. Among IV drug users, improvement in vital prognosis requires to improve management of HCV infection and to take into account socio-economic conditions and other addictive behaviours like alcohol consumption and smoking.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Marriage in late nineteenth-century Melbourne.

"This article uses Melbourne [Australia] marriage certificates from 1866 to 1896 to compare urban and rural marriage trends and study the individual determinants of the timing of first marriage; on the whole, urban brides and grooms were likely to be younger than rural ones. Economic conditions, as measured by occupation, played a more important role in men's timing of marriage than in women's. The fact that prenuptial pregnancy led couples to marry several years before their peers suggests that family commitments and other personal, unmeasured, factors affected marriage age."

Age Factors↗
PubMed1994

Turning points in international labor migration: a case study of Thailand.

"This article describes the dynamics of the structural transformation of the Thai economy, labor migration and direct foreign investment and proposes an econometric model to explain the migration phenomenon. Though migration shifts have been significantly influenced by political factors such as the Gulf crisis and tensions with Saudi Arabia, economic factors such as the Thai government's liberalization of markets and the expansion of trade and direct foreign investment have contributed to changes in labor market needs. The economic conditions of a shift from net exporter to net importer for labor are posited in the model. The empirical results reveal a turning point in labor migration from Thailand and also confirm the contribution of commodity export in place of labor export in creating employment and income."

Asia↗
PubMed2000

Dietary habits and nutritional status in adolescents over Europe. An overview of current studies in the Nordic countries.

OBJECTIVE: To give an overview of the dietary habits among adolescents in the Nordic countries and to present results from studies showing the relationship between dietary habits and other lifestyle factors, nutritional status and socio-economic conditions. DESIGN: A number of nutritional studies among adolescents performed during recent decades using recalls, dietary records and food frequency questionnaire. SETTING: Denmark, Finland, Norway and Sweden. SUBJECTS: Adolescents aged 13-18 y. RESULTS: Food habits are characterized by an irregular meal pattern; many adolescents skip breakfast and also the school lunch, whereas most of them have dinner. However, snacking and light meals are very common, contributing 25-35% of the daily energy intake. Smoking is linked to their dietary habits as well as socio-economic conditions. Dietary intakes of vitamins and minerals are adequate for normal health and growth. Dietary calcium intake is high, whereas the intake of fibre, vitamin D, zinc and selenium and, in girls, iron is below the Nordic recommendations. Relatively low prevalence figures of iron deficiency were found. Many studies show a decrease over time in physical activity. The time spent in sedentary activities, such as television and video watching and computer games has increased during recent decades. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obesity are becoming more prevalent in all the Nordic countries, even though the prevalence figures are far below those in the USA. On the other hand, dieting girls are common, which might be a factor behind their irregular meal pattern and food choice. In a perspective, overweight and diseases attributable to obesity will be an immense challenge in the coming decades for both the individuals and the society as well.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Behavior, lifestyle, and socioeconomic variables as determinants of health status: implications for health policy development.

Health promotion has become an official health policy of this country, and it is being pursued through efforts to change individuals' health-related behavior. This approach is based on the assumption that it is in fact an individual's behavior that most directly determines his or her health status. But how good is the evidence that supports this assumption? Specifically, is the evidence sufficient for this assumption to outweigh the long-standing finding that social and economic conditions have a strong relationship to health status? The major support for the behavior approach derives from the coronary heart disease risk-factor studies and the Alameda County Study. In a series of reports over time, the relationship between individuals' health practices and their health status generally, as well as that between heart disease and cancer specifically, have been established by these studies. These observations, however, have not been confirmed when deliberate efforts have been made to change those practices. The evidence in support of the importance of social and economic conditions to health status has been documented through a long series of studies in this country, which have found a direct relationship between individuals' socioeconomic status and their health status. This relationship, however, has not in this country been tested by intervention. Only a few studies have examined the interrelationship between these two approaches to health promotion, but the evidence to date has failed to suggest that either one is the mediator of the other. We must, therefore, conclude that pursuing a policy of health promotion based on either approach to the exclusion of the other would indeed be short-sighted health policy.

Cardiovascular Diseases↗
PubMed1999

[Hospital admission for bronchial asthma: comparison between inpatient children and patients attending ambulatory asthma education].

BACKGROUND: Asthma bronchiale is a chronic disease with increasing prevalence, increasing numbers of hospital admissions, and a growing mortality rate. Training courses for patients could reduce the number of in-patients, but it is still not clear what leads to an increase in admissions and whether all children have equal access to the special training courses offered. METHODS: In order to settle these questions, 40 in-patients with asthma (clinical group) were compared with a training group of 80 children of the same age, who participated in an out-patients' training course for asthmatics held at Asthma-Zentrum Rhein-Main. During a retrospective examination clinical characteristics (therapy prior to admission, number of times of seeing a doctor before admission, number of days of absence from school) and socio-economic conditions (size of flat, level of education of parents, proportion of children from families of non-German origin), as well as environmental factors (parents' tobacco smoking) were determined. FINDINGS: As expected, significant disadvantages regarding clinical characteristics and socioeconomic data were recorded for the clinical group. Children in the clinical group less often got a regular prophylactic treatment before admission to hospital (43% vs. 80%). They were absent from school three times more often than children from the training group (6 days vs. 2 days); proportionally, their parents smoked twice as often (53% vs. 23%); frequently, the number of persons living in the flat exceeded the total number of rooms (43% vs. 23%), and only 61% had their own bedroom (vs. 81% in the training group). 40% of the children in the clinical group are from families of nationalities other than German vs. only 14% in the training group. Moreover, most parents of the children in the clinical group were undereducated or had no professional training at all, and rarely held university degrees. INTERPRETATION: The results show that the patients' profiles regarding therapy and socio-economic conditions differ substantially between in-patients and children from the training group at the Asthma-Zentrum. A major part of these patients in question had no access to or could not be reached by an ambulant training course for asthmatics. Especially socially and economically disadvantaged families, and families with little compliance must be informed more carefully and should be persuaded of the benefits of ambulant training courses for asthmatics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Population change in Burma: a comparison of the 1973 and 1983 censuses.

"A comparison of the 1973 and 1983 censuses provides ample evidence of a decline in fertility in Burma [Myanmar]. The proportion of children in the population fell substantially in the ten-year period accompanied by a significant increase in the mean age at marriage as indicated by the higher female...mean age at marriage. An analysis of the regional variations in population density indicates inter-regional movement of population. While there is marked success in the literacy programmes as indicated by the sharp reduction in the prevalence of illiteracy, especially among the females, changes in the industrial and occupational structure of the labour force suggest worsening economic conditions. Under these circumstances, it is surmised that the fall in fertility, without any concerted government policy for inducing such a decline, may be a first-level and benign response of a more literate and hence more informed population to rising aspirations and the inability of the economy to accommodate these aspirations."

Asia↗
PubMed1995

[The case of Brazilian, Peruvian, Argentine, Bolivian, and Paraguayan labor migrants of Japanese origin in Japan].

"Over 190,700 Latin American Dekasegi Nikkeis live currently in Japan. The flow of Dekasegi, or labor migrants, [began] in 1988 and increased dramatically as from 1990 in reaction to new immigration laws in Japan and worsening of economic conditions in Latin American countries. Cultural likeness contributed to attract Nikkeis and their descent to the land of their ancestors. These Dekasegi Nikkeis, especially those coming from Peru, and to a much lesser extent some Bolivians and Paraguayans, have started forming minority ethnic communities bound by cultural networks throughout the country." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Asia↗
PubMed1987

Incidence of renal stones in 18 British towns. A collaborative study.

The geographical distribution of renal stones in England and Wales was investigated by selecting 18 towns which encompassed a range of social and economic conditions. Case registers of stone patients were maintained in the hospitals for 2 years; they included out-patients and in-patients. The annual registration rate was 22/100,000 population. Additional information was available for 1980 from Hospital Activity Analysis and the annual rate was 28/100,000. It is suggested that this is the best estimate of the incidence of renal stones in England and Wales. The rate ranged from 56/100,000 in Canterbury to 15/100,000 in Burton-on-Trent. The incidence of renal stones was higher in towns with better social and economic conditions. In comparison, climatic factors, latitude and water hardness were not important determinants of the distribution of renal stones.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1993

[Labor migration in a unified Germany].

"In this paper we illustrated future migration of labor within the old and new 'Lander' of unified Germany.... Our setting was a microbased general equilibrium model. It was shown that the diverging economic conditions within reunified Germany heavily distort the choice of location of German workers. If the transfer of capital and technology does not equalize the large discrepancies rapidly, net migration of eastern workers into the west of close to 12 percent of the eastern work force by 1993, and 16 percent by 1995, is to be expected." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Demography↗
PubMed1992

Labor migration in Europe: experiences from Germany after unification.

"This paper examines the effects of diverging economic conditions on labor migration within reunified Germany. We employ a life-cycle model with consumers' sovereignty regarding choice of location to derive estimates of labor migration in future periods. Heterogeneity of individuals is explicitly taken into account by adopting a random utility approach.... Within limits, our predictions can serve as rough indicators of potential future migration between Eastern and Western Europe."

Demography↗
PubMed2002

[A case-control study on risk factors for advanced schistosomiasis japonica].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate risk factors for the development of advanced schistosomiasis. METHODS: The case-control study was designed with a match of 1:1 and 1:2. Healthy persons and chronic schistosomiasis patients were used as control. Each group was composed of 213 cases. Items investigated included: history of schistosomiasis and treatment, exposure to the contaminated water, social-economical condition and nutritional status, other concomitant diseases. Cellular and humoral immunity, HBVMs and ABO blood groups were also detected. Statistical analysis was performed by 1:1 and 1:2 matched single and stepwise conditional logistic regression analysis with SAS software. RESULTS: By stepwise conditional logistic regression analysis, it was revealed that number of schistosomiasis examination (OR = 1.168-1.311), interval from first infection to last treatment(OR = 1.142), interval from first infection to this investigation (OR = 1.089), HBsAg+ (OR = 4.683-10.759), HBcAb+ (OR = 2.873), HBsAg+ + HBeAb+ + HBcAb+ (OR = 7.64) were risk factors of developing advanced schistosomiasis. The average living space and cellular immunity were lower in advanced schistosomiasis patients than others. No association was found between advanced schistosomiasis and ABO blood groups. CONCLUSION: The development of advanced schistosomiasis is associated with repeated infections, and delayed or incomplete treatment. Combined infection with hepatitis B, poor socio-economic conditions and impaired cellular immunity may increase the pathogenetic risk of schistosomiasis.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed1993

The economic context of drug and non-drug reinforcers affects acquisition and maintenance of drug-reinforced behavior and withdrawal effects.

The focus of this review is to examine the effect of non-drug alternative reinforcers on drug-reinforced behavior. An increasing number of animal laboratory as well as human clinical studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of non-drug reinforcers in reducing steady-state levels of drug self-administration. One goal of this review was to determine what behavioral economic conditions are optimal for reducing drug-reinforced behavior. Variables such as price of the drug and non-drug reinforcer have been manipulated by changing fixed-ratio (FR) value of these commodities. Income has been changed by limiting the amount of access to the commodities or by changing session length. Substitution was evaluated by determining whether decreased demand for a drug (due to increased price) was related to increased demand for a non-drug reinforcer. A second goal of this review was to investigate transition states in the drug addiction process with respect to the role of alternative non-drug reinforcers. Animal models of acquisition and withdrawal were examined to identify behavioral economic conditions under which acquisition may be prevented or withdrawal effects (and potential for relapse) may be alleviated.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

[Factors affecting the occurrence and development of invasive meningococcal disease and development of Neisseria meningitis carrier state--results of a nationwide prospective questionnaire survey of cases and controls].

The nationwide prospective questionnaire study of cases and controls was implemented during the period from October 1996 till May 1998. Thirty-nine districts participated (= 54.2% of district hygiene stations) and 107 invasive meningococcal diseases were included in the study (= 76.9% of diseases recorded during the given period in the Czech Republic by active surveillance). A total of 390 subjects were included in the study-107 with invasive meningococcal diseases, 211 healthy controls and 72 healthy carriers of Neisseria meningitidis. This is the first study in the Czech Republic which analyzes comprehensively socioeconomic, health and stress factors in relation to the genesis and development of invasive meningococcal disease or carriership of N. meningitidis. The relationship between these factors and meningococcal disease or carriership was evaluated by the chi square test: odds ratio (OR) and statistical significance (p for chi square-Yates correction or Fischer's exact test). For the development of invasive meningococcal disease in particular, risk factors are significant (p < 0.05) which at the time weaken the overall resistance of the organism: febrile diseases, respiratory diseases, other diseases, exertion, exposure to cold, mental stress, other stress, injury, staying in places outside the home on brigades, training courses, stay in crowded premises. As to long-term factors the development of the disease is influenced by a contaminated environment, passive smoking and lower education of the mother which indicates a different lifestyle. Conversely, factors negatively correlated with the development of the disease are active participation in sports and favourable economic conditions. For death: significant risk factors (p < 0.05) are also factors which weaken the resistance of the organism: exertion, mental stress, other stress (= alcohol consumption), staying outside the home on brigades, training courses etc. For carriership risk factors are significant (p < 0.05) when the mucosal membranes of the upper airways are impaired (staying in a dusty environment, in smoke-filled rooms, contaminated atmosphere, active smoking, passive smoking) and factors where contact with other people is frequent (overcrowded rooms, multi-generation housing, use of public transport, staying outside the home on brigades, training courses etc.). A risk factor is also lower education of parents which indicates a different lifestyle. Conversely, factors negatively correlated with carriership are favourable economic conditions, frequent outdoor stay and active participation in sports. By comparison of factors significantly associated with the development of invasive meningococcal disease or carriership data are assembled for the implementation of effective preventive measures.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1993

Changes in use of health services in a rural health zone in Zaire.

As part of the Combatting Childhood Communicable Diseases (CCCD) project funded by the US Agency for International Development (USAID), the Zairian CCCD programme conducted surveys in the rural health zones of Kingandu and Pai-Kongila, Zaire, in 1984-1985 and 1988-1989 to determine whether a strategy of selective primary health care would affect childhood mortality. This paper describes the changes in the medical care infrastructure and the increasing coverage of selected services. The strategies evaluated were vaccination, oral rehydration therapy, and treatment of febrile episodes with antimalarial drugs for children; and tetanus vaccination and malaria prophylaxis for pregnant women. The health infrastructure in the Kingandu and Pai-Kongila Health Zones expanded considerably from 1984 to 1989, with health centres increasing from 7 to 18. During this period, economic conditions deteriorated moderately, with the nation experiencing nearly 700% inflation. Medical care costs remained stable because of external subsidies. Use of health services was assessed in 1984, 1988, and 1989. Between 1984 and 1989, the proportion of children aged 12-23 months vaccinated against measles increased from 22% to 71%. Coverage with other vaccine antigens increased similarly. Women's knowledge of the correct recipe for the preparation of sugar-salt solution increased from 0% to 61%. Reported treatment at home with sugar-salt or oral rehydration solution increased from 6% to 53%. The proportion of children with febrile episodes who were treated presumptively for malaria with chloroquine remained unchanged (47% in 1984; 44% in 1988). We conclude that, despite a moderate deterioration in economic conditions, Kingandu and Pai-Kongila Health Zones achieved remarkable increases in use of selected health services between 1984 and 1989, especially in vaccination coverage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

A practical intervention to address ear and lung disease in Aboriginal primary school children of central Australia.

Australian Aboriginal populations have an extremely high prevalence of lung disease and ear disease. In addition to an improvement in socio-economic conditions, implementation of strategies to address the problem, within the limitations of present conditions, is needed. A 5 month trial was conducted to investigate the effectiveness of a school-based intervention programme involving nose blowing, deep breathing and coughing combined with exercise performed daily. This was a community-based trial, designed to give priority to cultural and ethical considerations, to be non-intrusive and to utilize local skills and resources. Results of the trial showed that signs of upper and lower respiratory tract disease and pulmonary function measurements were statistically significantly improved. Hearing levels showed no statistically significant change. The programme met with a good response from children and teachers. This study does suggest that this strategy may help address the existing problems of lung and ear disease in Aboriginal primary school children, providing some immediate benefits within the limitations of the present socio-economic conditions.

Breathing Exercises↗
PubMed1997

The worldwide market for skilled migrants: can Australia compete?

"The purpose of this article is to...[analyze] the relative importance of internal and external factors on the demand for skilled immigration visas to Australia. Our objectives are to determine how the size of the pool of potential migrants is influenced by factors such as relative economic conditions and U.S. and Canadian immigration policies and to determine what implications these factors have on the relative quality (skill level) of potential migrants to Australia. Our results indicate that the demand for skilled immigration visas to Australia is related to the number of immigrants accepted by the United States and Canada as well as employment possibilities in Australia. We do not find a relationship between U.S. and Canadian policy and the relative quality of the applicant pool."

Americas↗