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PubMedDate not supplied

Fibrin glue osteosynthesis of epiphyseal injuries.

Osteosynthesis of epiphyseal injuries by fibrin glue was tested in an experiment on ten dogs. In was successful in types II and III epiphyseal injuries (Salter and Harris) but failed in 50% of unstable type IV fractures. Plaster fixation of the extremity was necessary for the completion of osteosynthesis. Histology revealed uncomplicated bone healing. Clinical application of fibrin glue is to be expected primarily in the therapy of more stable type II and III epiphyseal injuries (Salter and Harris) with the fragments not exposed to major traction.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Arrangement of collagen fibers in the epiphyses and metaphyses of long bones in vertebrates].

The arrangement of collagene fibers in bone epiphyses and mataphyses form various species of reptiles and mammals was studied with a polarized light microscope and with a scanning electron microscope. In spite of the variety of shape observed in the long bone extremities of different species, the collagenic fibers arrangement in the bone epiphyses and metaphyses appeared constant. Even in reptiles known to lack a growth plate, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal fiber patterns evoked those observed in mammals. A common fiber pattern may therefore be proposed which allows the coexistence of two apparently incompatible functions: growth, that induces an increased fragility at the epiphyseo-metaphyseal junction as opposed to mechanical support, which has to cope with load and traction forces at the same junctional site.

Alligators and Crocodiles↗
PubMed1985

Chondrolysis associated with cartilage canals of the epiphyseal cartilage of the distal humerus of growing pigs.

The articular-epiphyseal (A-E) cartilage of the distal humeri of 7 pigs weighing 13.1 to 18.2 kg and of 3 pigs weighing 36.4 to 40.9 kg was studied. Frozen samples of A-E cartilage were stained for the presence of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase, lactate dehydrogenase, isocitrate dehydrogenase, and uridine diphosphate galactose-4-epimerase. Additional frozen sections and paraffin-processed sections were stained using the Alcian blue-critical electrolyte concentration method, safranin O-fast green, and hematoxylin and eosin. An area of grossly visible, opaque A-E cartilage of the medial condyle corresponded to regions of chondrolysis of the epiphyseal cartilage. The chondrolytic regions contained chondrocytes that did not stain for enzymes, had reduced staining for proteoglycans in the matrix, and were located at the site where the A-E cartilage increased in thickness. Cartilage canals were associated with the chondrolytic areas. Cartilage canals in both groups of pigs were commonly in various stages of chondrification, some of which were associated with degenerative cartilage. The regions of chondrolysis may indicate sites of biomechanical weakness in the A-E cartilage during the transformation of the epiphyseal cartilage into bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

[The surface of epiphyses of the knee: index of the duration of neonatal hypothyroidism].

The surfaces of the epiphyses of the knees were calculated in 34 neonates with hypothyroidism detected with a systematic screening and in 32 normal neonates. In the group of neonates with hypothyroidism, the surface of the lower femoral point was 12.7 +/- 0.9 mm2 and that of the upper tibial point 1.8 +/- 0.9 mm2. There was a significant difference (P less than 0.01) for both epiphyses between children of the 2 groups. The use of mathematical formula excluding non specific factors showed significant correlation between the corrected values for lower femoral points, and T4 and T3 plasma levels. These corrected values were higher in neonates with thyroid ectopia than in neonates with thyroid aplasia. There was also a significant correlation between the corrected values for lower femoral points and the IQ at 6 months and 2 years. Thus, the calculation of the surface of the epiphyses of the knee may be considered as a criterion of duration and severity o hypothyroidism and may be an index for the determination of the ante- or post-natal onset of the disease.

Bone Development↗
PubMed1984

Capital femoral epiphyseal infarction in skeletally immature broilers.

Varying degrees of capital femoral epiphyseal infarction have been identified in broiler chickens. The extent of vascular occlusion was more extensive than observed in capital femoral dyschondroplasia and growth plate cartilage retention was not a constant finding. Epiphyseal vascular occlusion resulted in growth plate cartilage necrosis. It is suggested that proliferating chondrocyte death and matrix disruption would predispose to epiphyseolysis. Similarities between avian capital femoral epiphyseal infarction and Legg-Calve-Perthes disease have been noted.

Aging↗
PubMed1983

[Radiological study of metaphyso-epiphyseal anomalies in osteogenesis imperfecta. Apropos of 61 cases].

The object of the present study was to examine all the metaphyseal and epiphysial abnormalities from sixty one patients with osteogenesis imperfecta. Regarding the growing ends of the bones, eight of the 61 children (13%) had disorders in the epiphyseal ends of the bones. The development of the radiological features can be divided into three stages. The last one is characterized by a severe epiphyseal deformation. Histologically there is a disorderly proliferation of the calcified cartilage at the center of the epiphyses. Several physio-pathological hypothesis may be advanced, and particularly the responsibility of the vascular upsets secondary to fractures.

Bone and Bones↗
PubMed1982

Xylosylphosphoryldolichol synthesized by chick embryo epiphyses. Not an intermediate in proteoglycan biosynthesis.

Incubation of chick embryo epiphyseal microsomes with UDP-[14C]xylose in the presence of pyrophosphatase inhibitors resulted in the incorporation of [14C]xylose into proteoglycan and the formation of small amounts of 14C-labeled material soluble in chloroform:methanol. Synthesis of the [14C]xylose-lipid was stimulated by exogenous dolichol phosphate whereas the addition of retinol plus ATP had no effect. The [14C]xylosyl-lipid was identified as [14C]xylosylphosphoryldolichol by chromatography on SG-81 paper and DEAE-cellulose and by acid hydrolysis. Addition of UDP-galactose and UDP-glucuronic acid to incubations of epiphyseal microsomes with UDP-[14C]xylose did not stimulate [14C]xylose incorporation into lipid nor into proteoglycan. Under several different conditions, [14C]xylose was not transferred from [14C]xylosylphosphoryldolichol to proteoglycan, indicating that [14C]xylosylphosphoryldolichol was not an intermediate in proteoglycan biosynthesis. Chick embryo epiphyseal microsomes also synthesized [14C]glucosylphosphoryldolichol. In addition, [14C]glucose was transferred from [14C]glucosylphosphoryldolichol into oligosaccharide lipids in the chloroform:methanol:water extract and into glycoproteins in the pellet fraction. Competition experiments with UDP-glucose and UDP-xylose suggested that xylosylphosphoryldolichol was synthesized by the glucosyltransferase involved with glucosylphosphoryldolichol biosynthesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Scanning electron microscopy of the femoral epiphyseal plate and metaphysis of the rat after short-term fluoride ingestion.

Anorganic preparations of the distal metaphyseal and epiphyseal regions of the femoral bones from young male rats given 150 ppm fluoride in the drinking water for 10 weeks were examined by scanning electron microscopy. Longitudinal sections of the bones revealed an increase in the zone of mature hypertrophied cells of the epiphyseal plates as compared with controls. The lacunae in this zone varied considerably in size and shape, and were arranged in irregular nests rather than in parallel rows. Within the cavity of the shaft, the amount of cancellous bone was reduced, particularly in the central areas of the metaphyses where the network of trabeculae was sparsely distributed. The trabeculae located in the more peripheral areas of the metaphyses were broad and heavy in appearance. Areas of fully or partially mineralized bone were markedly reduced. The bone surfaces were rough, irregular and covered with numerous Howship's lacunae. The results of this investigation indicate that the initial effects of fluoride on bone include an inhibition of resorption in the epiphyseal plate coupled with an increase in resorption of metaphyseal trabecular bone.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Studies on the pathogenesis of avian rickets. I. Changes in epiphyseal and metaphyseal vessels in hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic rickets.

Growth plate morphometry and measurements of serum chemistry were correlated to clarify the pathogenesis of hypocalcemic and hypophosphatemic avian rickets. Accumulation of proliferating and maturing cartilage in hypocalcemic chicks is accompanied by increased length and increased variation in length of perforating epiphyseal vessels, decreased number and abnormal arrangement of marrow spaces, an increased proportion of cells to blood vessels in marrow spaces, and a change in the distribution but not the total number of DNA-synthesizing chondrocytes per unit width of growth plate. Accumulation of hypertrophic cartilage in hypophosphatemic rickets is accompanied by no change in length, distribution, or number of perforating epiphyseal vessels, elongation but no change in number or arrangement of marrow spaces, an increase in the relative proportion of blood vessels to cells in the marrow spaces, and no change in distribution but a decrease in total number of DNA-synthesizing chondrocytes per unit width of growth plate. Both types of rickets have decreased amounts of calcified cartilage. These results provide further evidence that hypocalcemia and hypophosphatemia cause morphologically distinct types of rickets in birds. The data indicate that the thickness of the proliferating and maturing region and hence the distance of the hypertrophic zones from the epiphysis are anatomically and temporally related to length of perforating epiphyseal vessels and serum calcium levels. They indicate that in hypocalcemic rickets accumulation of proliferating and maturing cartilage is unlikely to be the result of increased chondrocyte replication and that the relative rates of chondrocyte hypertrophy and resorption of hypertrophic cartilage by marrow are equal. They support the concept that delayed chondrocyte hypertrophy is the major cause of growth plate thickening in hypocalcemic rickets. Data presented in this study, when considered together with data from the literature on hypophosphatemic rickets, support the long-held concept that growth plate thickening in this disease is caused primarily by a decreased rate of resorption of hypertrophic cartilage by marrow relative to the rates of chondrocyte proliferation, maturation, and hypertrophy. The data further support the concepts that growth of cartilage into marrow is a biphasic process including longitudinal growth effected mainly by blood vessels, and resorption of the lateral walls of marrow spaces effected mainly by marrow cells, and that it is the latter phase that is defective in hypophosphatemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Triplane distal tibial epiphyseal fracture.

The uncommon type IV Salter-Harris distal tibial epiphyseal so-called triplane fractures has been described as a three-fragment fracture by several authors, but other descriptions based on roentgenograms alone include the injury among two-fragment fractures. We report here on one case with three fragments and five with two fragments. Good results have been obtained by closed methods, but there is more than 2 mm of joint incongruity after reduction, open reduction and internal fixation are indicated. Premature closure of the epiphyseal plate resulted but it was not an important consideration because the epiphyses were nearly closed in all of our patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

The effect of experimental hypothyrosis on the fine structure of the epiphyseal cartilage of young rats.

Authors studied the effect of hypothyrosis induced by thyro-parathyroidectomy and mercaptoimidazole treatment on the fine structure of the proximal epiphyseal cartilage of tibia in growing male rats. It has been established that the cell density of the epiphyseal cartilage decreases in the experimental hypothyrosis, about 30 to 50% of the chondrocytes display degenerative signs, whereas the Golgisystem seems to be well developed. The most characteristic alteration appear in the zones of proliferation and maturation of the epiphyseal cartilage. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria show a considerable regression also in the chondrocytes displaying minimal or even no signs of degeneration. Elements indicating calcification were encountered more frequently in the cartilaginous matrix of the zones of maturation and calcification under the effect of mercaptoimidazole treatment as compared to the controls, whereas the matrix of the animals operated was poorer in minerals than the corresponding zones of the controls. This difference is attributed by the authors to the different levels of thyrocalcitonin in the two kinds of experiments.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Experimental studies in effect of limb lengthening using metaphyseal osteotomy on epiphyseal growth plate].

The experimental results in effect of limb lengthening using metaphyseal osteotomy at proximal tibia on epiphyseal growth plate in 28 young sheep were reported. Radiographic, microscopic and electronmicroscopic findings showed that lengthening of 7.5% the growth plate resulted in narrowing in varying degrees in one third of the sheep with a lengthening rate of 0.25 mm every six hours. Narrowing of epiphyseal growth plate was seen in half of sheep with lengthening of 10% and in all sheep with lengthening of 12.5% and 15%. Degeneration and necrosis of chondrocytes happened in one sheep of lengthening of 15%. Thickening of growth plate was seen in all sheep of the control group. Our conclusion from this series of experimental studies was that depression caused by compression stress effect in limb lengthening of less than 7.5% on epiphyseal growth plate is minimal.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Stature and severity in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia.

We investigated the stature and radiological findings in 15 patients with multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED). They were divided into normal-stature and short-stature groups according to their body height after 4 or 5 years of age. Their stature was not related to the involvement of the spine or epiphyses of long tubular bones except for the distal radius. Proximal phalanges and metacarpi were shorter in the short-stature group than in the normal-stature group, indicating that stature in MED had some relationship to the involvement of the wrist and hand. However, some patients in the normal-stature group showed involvement of distal radial epiphyses, and some patients in the short-stature group did not have stubby fingers. There are thus no clear-cut criteria to differentiate between the severe Fairbank type and the milder Ribbing type of MED.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Fairbank type: morphologic and biochemical study of cartilage.

We have performed histochemical, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and biochemical studies on the upper tibial cartilage from a case of multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, Fairbank type. Most chondrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusions which took the stains for proteins and were resistant to microbial collagenase digestion. The electron microscopic study showed that the inclusions are dilatations of the rough endoplasmic reticulum containing a material with alternately wide electron dense and electron lucent layers. Both in optical and in electron microscopy the inclusions fixed antibodies against the core protein of the large cartilage proteoglycans (aggrecans). They didn't stain with antibodies against type II collagen. The gel electrophoretic pattern of the large proteoglycans was different from normal controls. The morphologic and biochemical alterations found in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia are similar to those already described in pseudoachondroplasia (Stanescu et al.: Eur J Pediatr 138:121-225, 1982; Stanescu et al.: J Bone Joint Surg 66A:817-836, 1984). However, the inclusions are smaller and the growth cartilage much less disorganized in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia. The similarity of morphologic and biochemical abnormalities strongly suggests that the two diseases have a similar pathogenesis and belong to the same bone dysplasia family.

Cartilage↗
PubMed2004

Clinical and radiographic findings in multiple epiphyseal dysplasia caused by MATN3 mutations: description of 12 patients.

Multiple epiphyseal dysplasia (MED) is characterized by pain and stiffness in joints and delayed and irregular ossification of epiphyses. Causative mutations have been recognized in six different genes. We have identified disease-causing mutations in the gene encoding matrilin-3, an extracellular matrix protein, in seven families with autosomal dominant MED. Review of the clinical and radiographic features in 12 of the affected family members shows a uniform pattern of skeletal anomalies in all patients with considerable degree of variability in severity, both between and within families. The characteristic clinical findings are onset of symptoms in early childhood with predominance of knee and hip related complaints, normal stature, and early-onset osteoarthritis. Radiographs show small and irregular epiphyses and mild metaphyseal irregularities and striations, especially at the knees and hips and mild spinal changes. Despite overlap, both clinically and radiographically, with other forms of MED, the described features may help to differentiate this particular form from other entities within the MED spectrum.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Spondylo-mega-epiphyseal dysplasia with prominent upper limb mesomelia, punctate calcifications, and deafness.

We report on a previously undescribed form of skeletal dysplasia with rhizomelic, acromelic, and prominent mesomelic shortening, distal ulnar epiphyseal and pubic punctate calcifications (stippling), mega-epiphyses, platyspondyly, anterior beaking of the vertebrae, and sensorineural hearing loss. We compare this case to the other reported forms of skeletal dysplasias, particularly the mesomelic, acromesomelic, and mega-epiphyseal disorders.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1975

The influence of function on chondrogenesis at the epiphyseal cartilage of a growing long bone.

In order to study the behaviour of epiphyseal cartilage in a nonfunctional environment, the third metacarpal bone was transplanted intracerebrally as an isograft between 7-day-old litter-mate rats. Host animals were killed 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 weeks post-operatively, and the cellular kinetics evaluated by means of tritiated thymidine autoradiography. The study was also used to compare the effects of function on chondrogenesis at the epiphyseal cartilage with that previously demonstrated for the condylar cartilage of the mandible (Meikle, '73a). Transplantation resulted in three major changes in the cartilage; there was a decreased rate of proliferative activity in the cell columns; the cartilage failed to maintain a satisfactory increase in transverse diameter; the cells of the perichondrium differentiated into osteoblasts instead of chondroblasts. Autoradiographic and histological findings suggested that the inability of the cartilage to increase in transverse diameter was related to the decreased rate of proliferative activity in the cell columns and not to the cessation of perichondrial chondrogenesis. On the basis of these findings two conclusions can be made. 1. Extrinsic mechanical stresses associated with function appear to be necessary for the normal interstitial growth of epiphyseal cartilage during postnatal development, suggesting that functional activity can influence the rate of cell proliferation. 2. Functional activity provides the stimulus for the differentiation of perichondrial cells into chondroblasts.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Ultrastructural and histochemical studies of the epiphyseal plate in normal chicks.

BACKGROUND: Chondrocytes in the epiphyseal plate undergo a series of well-defined stages, each stage containing a morphologically homogeneous cell population. However, biochemical studies show that there are some functionally heterogeneous cell types in the calcifying zone of the chick epiphyseal plate. METHODS: We studied the sequence of chondrocytic maturation in the normal chick epiphyseal plate ultrastructurally and histochemically. Chondrocytes in the calcifying zone were of three distinct types, the appearance of each cell type being closely related to the stage of matrix calcification. RESULTS: Clear cells were observed in the upper calcifying region, stellate cells appeared in the middle calcifying region, and hypertrophic clear cells appeared in the lower calcifying region. Rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and lysosome-rich cells were found, these being limited to the outermost layers of the calcifying zone and containing ACPase-positive products. Osteoclasts were attached to the matrix near the RER and lysosome-rich cells in the poorly calcified regions. CONCLUSION: We hypothesized that each cell type played a different role in the initiation, progression, and maintenance of cartilage calcification. RER and lysosome-rich cells may be responsible for the resorption of uncalcified cartilage matrix, this resulting in induction of the osteoclastic resorption of the calcified matrix. In addition, the fate of the chondrocytes was twofold: hypertrophic clear cells died, while the RER and lysosome-rich cells survived, suggesting that these cells were transformed into osteogenic cells.

Acid Phosphatase↗