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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Signal-to-noise ratio comparison of encoding methods for hyperpolarized noble gas MRI.

Some non-Fourier encoding methods such as wavelet and direct encoding use spatially localized bases. The spatial localization feature of these methods enables optimized encoding for improved spatial and temporal resolution during dynamically adaptive MR imaging. These spatially localized bases, however, have inherently reduced image signal-to-noise ratio compared with Fourier or Hadamad encoding for proton imaging. Hyperpolarized noble gases, on the other hand, have quite different MR properties compared to proton, primarily the nonrenewability of the signal. It could be expected, therefore, that the characteristics of image SNR with respect to encoding method will also be very different from hyperpolarized noble gas MRI compared to proton MRI. In this article, hyperpolarized noble gas image SNRs of different encoding methods are compared theoretically using a matrix description of the encoding process. It is shown that image SNR for hyperpolarized noble gas imaging is maximized for any orthonormal encoding method. Methods are then proposed for designing RF pulses to achieve normalized encoding profiles using Fourier, Hadamard, wavelet, and direct encoding methods for hyperpolarized noble gases. Theoretical results are confirmed with hyperpolarized noble gas MRI experiments.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging↗
PubMed1995

Cloning and sequencing of the genes encoding the light-harvesting B806-866 polypeptides and initial studies on the transcriptional organization of puf2B, puf2A and puf2C in Chloroflexus aurantiacus.

The genes encoding the alpha- and beta-polypeptide subunits of the B806-866 membrane-bound light-harvesting complex of Chloroflexus aurantiacus have been cloned and the nucleotide sequences determined. The gene puf2A, which encodes the B806-866 alpha-polypeptide, began 28 bases downstream of the stop codon of puf2B, which encodes the B806-866 beta gene. The gene-encoding cytochrome c-554, puf2C, was found about 250 bp downstream of puf2A. puf2A encoded a 13 amino acid extension at the C-terminus of the B806-866 alpha-polypeptide that was not present in the mature protein. These genes, unlike those of purple nonsulfur bacteria, did not form a contiguous operon with puf1L or puf1M, the genes encoding the L and M subunits of the photochemical reaction center. The occurrence of the two latter genes and of puf2B and puf2A in two separate operons has not been observed in purple bacteria. Under photoheterotrophic growth conditions, puf2B and puf2A were encoded on an abundant mRNA that was 0.5 kb long. Two monocistronic transcripts for puf2C were observed that had different 5'-ends. One transcript encoding all three genes was also detected. Nucleotide sequences very similar to the consensus promoter sequence of the Escherichia coli RNA polymerase sigma 70 subunit were found seven and eight bases upstream of the 5'-end of mRNA encoding puf2B and for one of the monocistronic mRNA encoding puf2C, respectively.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Impairment of specific episodic memory processes by sub-psychotic doses of ketamine: the effects of levels of processing at encoding and of the subsequent retrieval task.

RATIONALE: The precise nature of the impact of the N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, ketamine, upon human episodic memory, has yet to be elucidated fully. OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the effects of ketamine on the sub-processes facilitating memory encoding and retrieval. METHODS: We evaluated the effects of the drug on a series of memory performance measures depending upon whether it was administered at the encoding or retrieval stage and on the nature of the encoding task used. Twelve healthy volunteers participated in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, within-subjects study. Intravenous infusions of placebo, 50 ng/ml ketamine or 100 ng/ml ketamine were administered. We investigated the effects of ketamine on three key aspects of episodic memory: encoding vs retrieval processes, source memory, and depth of processing. Data were analysed using both multinomial modelling and standard measures of item discrimination and response bias. RESULTS: Deleterious effects of ketamine on episodic memory were primarily attributable to its effects on encoding, rather than retrieval processes. Recognition memory was impaired for items encoded at an intermediate level of processing, but preserved for shallowly and deeply encoded items. Increased source guessing bias was also observed when encoding took place under ketamine. CONCLUSIONS: The effects of ketamine upon episodic memory seem, therefore, to predominate at encoding. Furthermore, our results are also consistent with a specific impairment of encoding processes that result in subsequent recollective, as opposed to familiarity-based, retrieval. The observed effects are compatible with memory deficits seen in schizophrenia and thus provide some support for the ketamine model of the disease.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Molecular cloning of a human co-beta-glucosidase cDNA: evidence that four sphingolipid hydrolase activator proteins are encoded by single genes in humans and rats.

Authentic cDNAs encoding the activator protein for acid beta-glucosidase (EC3.2.1.45), co-beta-glucosidase, were cloned from the pCD and lambda gt11 human cDNA libraries. Initial screening with oligonucleotide mixtures encoding amino acid sequences of co-beta-glucosidase identified partial cDNAs which were used to obtain a potentially full-length cDNA from the lambda gt11 library. This clone (2767 bp), EGTISI, contained 5' (38 bp) and 3' (1157 bp) noncoding sequences, a translation initiation site, and an open reading frame encoding 524 amino acids which included a typical hydrophobic signal sequence (16 amino acids). Computer analyses identified three regions of high similarity to co-beta-glucosidase encoded by tandem sequences in EGTISI. Searches revealed that two of these regions encoded peptides of known function; SAP1 (sphingolipid activator protein 1) and protein C (a new sphingolipid activator protein) were encoded by EGTISI sequences 5' and 3', respectively, to those for co-beta-glucosidase. The third region of similarity, encoding a theoretical peptide (undefined function), was located most 5' in the cDNA. EGTISI and its encoded polypeptide had high similarity (77% nucleotide identity and about 80% amino acid similarity) to a rat Sertoli cell cDNA and its encoded sulfated glycoprotein-1. These results indicate that a single highly conserved gene encodes the precursor for four potential sphingolipid activator proteins in rat and man.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

A plasmid DNA vaccine encoding the extracellular domain of porcine endoglin induces anti-tumour immune response against self-endoglin-related angiogenesis in two liver cancer models.

BACKGROUND: Anti-angiogenesis therapy has showed a promising future in tumour treatment. More and more evidence suggest that endoglin is a powerful marker of angiogenesis in solid malignancies, including liver cancer. AIM: To explore whether a plasmid DNA encoding the porcine endoglin has the ability of breaking immune tolerance against endoglin-related tumour angiogenesis in mice. METHODS: A eukaryotic plasmid encoding the extracellular domain of porcine endoglin was constructed, and then used it as a xenogeneic DNA vaccine. Hepa1-6 and H22 hepatoma models were established to observe the anti-tumour activities. Western blot, enzyme-linked immunoadsorbent assay and enzyme-linked immunospot assay were used to determine the antibody characters. Immunohistochemistry and alginate-encapsulated tumour cell assay were used to observe the anti-angiogenesis effects. RESULTS: Immunotherapy with recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin was effective at both protective and therapeutic anti-tumour immunity in two hepatoma models. Autoantibodies against murine endoglin were identified. IgG1 and IgG2b were the major subclasses in response to recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin vaccination. Anti-endoglin antibody-producing B cells were significantly increased in the spleens of mice immunised with recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin. In addition, mouse self-immunoglobulins were found deposited on the blood vessels of recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin-immunised tumour tissues. The similar anti-tumour activity was induced by the adoptive transfer of the purified immunoglobulins from the sera of mice immunised with recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin. Furthermore, angiogenesis was apparently inhibited within the tumour tissues from the recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin-immunised mice, and the vascularisation of alginate balls was also reduced in recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin-immunised mice. Most importantly, recombinant plasmid encoding extracellular domain of porcine endoglin could really induce cytotoxic T lymphocyte-mediated cytotoxicity and inhibit cell proliferation against endothelial cells. In addition, both CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes took part in the function of inhibiting tumour growth and were synergistically responsible for induction of the anti-tumour activities. CONCLUSIONS: This approach may provide an alternative strategy for liver cancer immunotherapy.

Adoptive Transfer↗
PubMed2005

Material-specific lateralization of memory encoding in the medial temporal lobe: blocked versus event-related design.

Lesion-deficit studies have provided evidence for a functional dissociation between the left medial temporal lobe (MTL) mediating verbal memory encoding and right MTL mediating non-verbal memory encoding. While a small number of functional MRI studies have demonstrated similar findings, none has looked specifically for material-specific lateralization using subsequent memory effects. In addition, in many fMRI studies, encoding activity has been located in posterior MTL structures, at odds with lesion-deficit and positron emission tomography (PET) evidence. In this study, we used an event-related fMRI memory encoding paradigm to demonstrate a material-specific lateralization of encoding in the medial temporal lobes of ten healthy control subjects. Activation was left-lateralized for word encoding, bilateral for picture encoding, and right-lateralized for face encoding. Secondly, we demonstrated the locations of activations revealed using an event-related analysis to be more anterior than those revealed using a blocked analysis of the same data. This suggests that anterior MTL structures underlie memory encoding as judged by subsequent memory effects, and that more posterior activity detected in other fMRI studies is related to deficiencies of blocked designs in the analysis of memory encoding.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Episodic encoding and recognition of pictures and words: role of the human medial temporal lobes.

In the present PET study, we examined brain activity related to processing of pictures and printed words in episodic memory. Our goal was to determine how the perceptual format of objects (verbal versus pictorial) is reflected in the neural organization of episodic memory for common objects. We investigated this issue in relation to encoding and recognition with a particular focus on medial temporal-lobe (MTL) structures. At encoding, participants saw pictures of objects or their written names and were asked to make semantic judgments. At recognition, participants made yes-no recognition judgments in four different conditions. In two conditions, target items were pictures of objects; these objects had originally been encoded either in picture or in word format. In two other conditions, target items were words; they also denoted objects originally encoded either as pictures or as words. Our data show that right MTL structures are differentially involved in picture processing during encoding and recognition. A posterior MTL region showed higher activation in response to the presentation of pictures than of words across all conditions. During encoding, this region may be involved in setting up a representation of the perceptual information that comprises the picture. At recognition, it may play a role in guiding retrieval processes based on the perceptual input, i.e. the retrieval cue. Another more anterior right MTL region was found to be differentially involved in recognition of objects that had been encoded as pictures, irrespective of whether the retrieval cue provided was pictorial or verbal in nature; this region may be involved in accessing stored pictorial representations. Our results suggest that left MTL structures contribute to picture processing only during encoding. Some regions in the left MTL showed an involvement in semantic encoding that was picture specific; others showed a task-specific involvement across pictures and words. Together, our results provide evidence that the involvement of some but not all MTL regions in episodic encoding and recognition is format specific.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Olfaction and face encoding in humans: a magnetoencephalographic study.

Magnetic field changes were recorded while 20 healthy young participants performed a deep face encoding task. Some of the faces were randomly associated with a simultaneously presented odor. A recognition test, during which all faces were presented again together with the same number of new faces, followed. The task was to discriminate between repeated and new faces. During the recognition test no odor was presented. The recognition performance was significantly influenced by the simultaneously associated odor during the encoding phase. Faces associated with odor were less accurately recognized. In addition, we found significant physiological differences between 'encoded faces without odor' and 'encoded faces with odor'. In particular, two effects occurred. Between about 200 and 300 ms after stimulus onset 'encoded faces without odor' evoked higher brain activity than 'encoded faces with odor'. Between about 600 and 900 ms after stimulus onset 'encoded faces with odor' evoked higher brain activity than 'encoded faces without odor'. Whereas the latter effect is interpreted as reflecting conscious olfactory information processing, the earlier effect is suggested to reflect an odor influence on face encoding. We suggest that the simultaneous odor association distracted face encoding resulting in a significantly reduced recognition performance. These findings are suggested to represent evidence of multimodal sensoric interactions between visual face processing and olfactory information.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Initiation of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) replication: HDV RNA encoding the large delta antigen cannot replicate.

The hepatitis delta virus (HDV) nucleocapsid consists of a genomic-length RNA of 1.7 kb and approximately equimolar amounts of the small and large forms of the hepatitis delta antigen (S-HDAg and L-HDAg, respectively). Since HDV RNA particles contain not only a genomic RNA species encoding S-HDAg but also an RNA species encoding L-HDAg, which is produced by an RNA-editing process, the question arises as to whether RNAs encoding either L-HDAg or S-HDAg can initiate replication. To study this, two cDNA-free transfection methods were employed: HDV RNA cotransfected with either the S-HDAg-encoding mRNA species or the ribonucleocapsid protein complex, comprising HDV RNA and recombinant S-HDAg. Results showed that the genomic-sense RNA encoding S-HDAg could promote HDV replication, whereas the L-HDAg-encoding RNA species was unable to replicate under the same conditions. The antigenomic RNA species encoding either S-HDAg or L-HDAg could not replicate by either of these procedures. In addition, L-HDAg alone could not promote replication of the genomic RNA but, by supplementing an equal amount of S-HDAg, replication occurred. These data indicate that L-HDAg-encoding RNA species are probably not involved in the initiation of HDV RNA synthesis; instead, their main function may be to serve as template for producing L-HDAg, which regulates HDV RNA synthesis and virion assembly. These results suggest that the genomic RNA species encoding S-HDAg is the only functional genome for HDV infection and explain why the presence of the edited HDV RNA encoding L-HDAg does not interfere with HDV infection.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

The effects of divided attention on encoding- and retrieval-related brain activity: A PET study of younger and older adults.

Divided attention (DA) disrupts episodic encoding, but has little effect on episodic retrieval. Furthermore, normal aging is associated with episodic memory impairments, and when young adults are made to encode information under DA conditions, their memory performance is reduced and resembles that of old adults working under full attention (FA) conditions. Together, these results suggest a common neurocognitive mechanism by which aging and DA during encoding disrupt memory performance. In the current study, we used PET to investigate younger and older adults' brain activity during encoding and retrieval under FA and DA conditions. In FA conditions, the old adults showed reduced activity in prefrontal regions that younger adults activated preferentially during encoding or retrieval, as well as increased activity in prefrontal regions young adults did not activate. These results indicate that prefrontal functional specificity of episodic memory is reduced by aging. During encoding, DA reduced memory performance, and reduced brain activity in left-prefrontal and medial-temporal lobe regions for both age groups, indicating that DA during encoding interferes with encoding processes that lead to better memory performance. During retrieval, memory performance and retrieval-related brain activity were relatively immune to DA for both age groups, suggesting that DA during retrieval does not interfere with the brain systems necessary for successful retrieval. Finally, left inferior prefrontal activity was reduced similarly by aging and by DA during encoding, suggesting that the behavioral correspondence between these effects is the result of a reduced ability to engage in elaborate encoding operations.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Encoding processes during retrieval tasks.

Episodic memory encoding is pervasive across many kinds of task and often arises as a secondary processing effect in tasks that do not require intentional memorization. To illustrate the pervasive nature of information processing that leads to episodic encoding, a form of incidental encoding was explored based on the "Testing" phenomenon: The incidental-encoding task was an episodic memory retrieval task. Behavioral data showed that performing a memory retrieval task was as effective as intentional instructions at promoting episodic encoding. During fMRI imaging, subjects viewed old and new words and indicated whether they remembered them. Relevant to encoding, the fate of the new words was examined using a second, surprise test of recognition after the imaging session. fMRI analysis of those new words that were later remembered revealed greater activity in left frontal regions than those that were later forgotten - the same pattern of results as previously observed for traditional incidental and intentional episodic encoding tasks. This finding may offer a partial explanation for why repeated testing improves memory performance. Furthermore, the observation of correlates of episodic memory encoding during retrieval tasks challenges some interpretations that arise from direct comparisons between "encoding tasks" and "retrieval tasks" in imaging data. Encoding processes and their neural correlates may arise in many tasks, even those nominally labeled as retrieval tasks by the experimenter.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Regulation of transcript encoding the 43K subsynaptic protein during development and after denervation.

The postsynaptic membrane of vertebrate neuromuscular synapses is enriched in the four subunits of the acetylcholine receptor (AChR) and in a peripheral membrane protein of Mr = 43 x 10(3) (43K). Although AChRs are virtually restricted to the postsynaptic membrane of innervated adult muscle, developing and denervated adult muscle contain AChRs at nonsynaptic regions. These nonsynaptic AChRs accumulate because the level of mRNA encoding AChR subunits increases in response to a loss of muscle cell electrical activity. We have determined the level of mRNA encoding the 43K subsynaptic protein in developing muscle and in innervated and denervated adult muscle. We isolated a cDNA that encodes the entire protein-coding region of the 43K subsynaptic protein from Torpedo electric organ and used this cDNA to isolate a cDNA that encodes the 43K subsynaptic protein from Xenopus laevis. We used the Xenopus cDNA to measure the level of transcript encoding the 43K protein in embryonic muscle and in innervated and denervated adult muscle by RNase protection. The level of transcript encoding the 43K protein is low in innervated adult muscle and increases 25- to 30-fold after denervation. The level of transcript encoding the alpha subunit of the AChR increases to a similar extent after denervation. Moreover, during development, transcripts encoding the 43K protein and the alpha subunit are expressed initially at late gastrula and are present in similar quantities in embryonic muscle. These results demonstrate that transcripts encoding the 43K protein and AChR subunits appear coordinately during embryonic development and that the level of mRNA encoding the 43K protein is regulated by denervation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Selective conservation of the RSL-encoding, proteinase inhibitory-type, clade L serpins in Caenorhabditis species.

Serpins are a highly conserved superfamily of serine and papain-like cysteine proteinase inhibitors that are divided phylogenetically into clades. Serpins also can be divided anatomically into those that reside predominately outside or inside cells. While the activities of the extracellular serpins are well understood, the biological functions, as well as the overall distribution of the intracellular (serpinIC) serpins is less well defined. Conceivably, the biological function of the serpinsIC might be revealed by analysis of species with genomes of lower complexity. To this end, we sought to define the clade L serpin repertoire of Caenorhabditis elegans and other nematode species. Analysis of the C. elegans genome revealed the presence of 9 serpin genes. Five genes encoded for full-length serpins with functional reactive site loops (RSL). By definition, these genes were designated proteinase inhibitory-type, RSL-encoding serpins. Four of the C. elegans genes encoded for proteins without an RSL or transcripts with premature termination codons. The high percentage of non-RSL encoding to RSL-encoding serpin genes suggested that the former served a unique biological function rather than residing in the genome as simple pseudogenes. If this hypothesis was correct, we expected these non-RSL encoding genes to be conserved precisely in other Caenorhabditis species. However, in contrast to the RSL-encoding serpins that were well conserved and segregated into 3 sub-clades, we failed to detect non-RSL encoding serpin orthologues in the genomes of Caenorhabditis briggsae and Caenorhabditis remanei. These data suggested that unlike their RSL-encoding paralogues, the relatively high percentage of non-RSL encoding serpins in C. elegans was a vestige of recent duplication events and these latter genes were unlikely to serve essential functions in Caenorhabditis species.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2000

Prefrontal-temporal circuitry for episodic encoding and subsequent memory.

Humans encounter and form memories for multiple types of experiences that differ in content, novelty, and memorability. Critical for understanding memory is determining (1) how the brain supports the encoding of events with differing content and (2) whether neural regions that are sensitive to novelty also influence whether stimuli will be subsequently remembered. This event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study crossed content (picture/word), novelty (novel/repeated), and subsequent memory (remembered/forgotten) to examine prefrontal and temporal lobe contributions to encoding. Results revealed three patterns of encoding-related activation in anatomically connected inferior prefrontal and lateral temporal structures that appeared to vary depending on whether visuospatial/visuo-object, phonological/lexical, or semantic attributes were processed. Event content also modulated medial temporal lobe activity; word encoding predominantly activated the left hemisphere, whereas picture encoding activated both hemispheres. Critically, in prefrontal and temporal regions that were modulated by novelty, the magnitude of encoding activation also predicted whether an event would be subsequently remembered. These results suggest that (1) regions that demonstrate a sensitivity to novelty may actively support encoding processes that impact subsequent explicit memory and (2) multiple content-dependent prefrontal-temporal circuits support event encoding. The similarities between prefrontal and lateral temporal encoding responses raise the possibility that prefrontal modulation of posterior cortical representations is central to encoding.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

What neural correlates underlie successful encoding and retrieval? A functional magnetic resonance imaging study using a divided attention paradigm.

If attention is divided during learning, memory suffers. Nevertheless, individuals can learn information with divided attention. This event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study (n = 17) investigated what neural processes support (1) learning with divided attention and (2) retrieval of information learned with divided attention. Participants encoded words (Is the word abstract or concrete?) while performing an auditory discrimination task (press a button whenever an auditory pattern changes). The auditory task was easy or hard, depending on the similarity of the patterns. A behavioral study indicated that detailed ("recollective") information was more likely to be present for words encoded with the easy versus the hard concurrent task. Words encoded with the hard versus the easy concurrent task, in contrast, were more likely to rely on less detailed ("familiarity"-based) information. fMRI revealed encoding-related activation in the left prefrontal cortex (PFC) and left hippocampus that was linked to successful memory formation only for items encoded with the easy task. In contrast, activation in the right PFC and left parahippocampal gyrus was linked to successful memory for all items. Thus, successful encoding with the hard concurrent task was supported by a subset of the regions recruited for successful encoding with the easy task. The neural processes recruited for successful retrieval also depended on the encoding condition: The left PFC was disproportionately recruited for retrieval of items encoded with the easy task, whereas the right PFC was disproportionately recruited for retrieval of items encoded with the hard task. These findings may reflect left-sided specialization for recollective memories and right-sided specialization for familiarity-based traces.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1995

Differential effects of satellite RNA on the accumulation of cucumber mosaic virus RNAs and their encoded proteins in tobacco vs zucchini squash with two strains of CMV helper virus.

The presence of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) satellite RNA usually reduces the yield of accumulated helper virus, although more so in solanaceous than in cucurbit hosts. The accumulation of viral RNA and viral-encoded proteins of two strains of CMV (Fny- and Sny-) known to differ in their ability to support satellite RNA in zucchini squash was examined in squash and tobacco to determine the effect of satellite RNA on the accumulation of viral-associated components. In the absence of satellite RNA, Fny- and Sny-CMV showed similar levels of accumulation of RNA at 7 days postinoculation (p.i.), but by 14 days p.i. the Fny-CMV RNAs accumulated to lower levels than did both strains at 7 days p.i., in either host. The levels of accumulated Sny-CMV-encoded proteins were higher than those encoded by Fny-CMV in tobacco, but not squash plants, at 7 days p.i. At 14 days p.i., for Fny-CMV vs Sny-CMV, there were differences in the levels of accumulation of most CMV-encoded proteins in both hosts, more exacerbated in tobacco vs squash. The effect of satellite RNA was to intensify these differences; that is, by 7 days p.i., satellite RNA reduced the accumulation of Fny-CMV RNAs 1 and 2 and their encoded proteins in both tobacco and squash but had little or no effect on the accumulation of Sny-CMV RNAs or encoded proteins. By 14 days p.i., the levels of accumulation of all Fny-CMV RNAs and encoded proteins were severely reduced in both hosts, and the levels of accumulation of Sny-CMV RNAs 1 and 2 and their encoded proteins were also reduced in tobacco, but not squash. Sny-CMV did not support satellite RNA accumulation in squash plants or protoplasts. Satellite RNA did not appear to have a direct effect on the movement of either CMV strain. Rather, accumulation studies in tobacco protoplasts indicated that the difference in response of Fny-CMV vs Sny-CMV to satellite RNA in tobacco was due to the extent to which satellite RNA affected the levels of RNA 1, and to a lesser extent RNA 2, and their encoded proteins, 1a and 2a, both components of the CMV replicase.

Cucumber Mosaic Virus Satellite↗
PubMed1991

Nucleotide sequences of two genomic DNAs encoding peroxidase of Arabidopsis thaliana.

The peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7)-encoding gene of Arabidopsis thaliana was screened from a genomic library using a cDNA encoding a neutral isozyme of horseradish, Armoracia rusticana, peroxidase (HRP) as a probe, and two positive clones were isolated. From the comparison with the sequences of the HRP-encoding genes, we concluded that two clones contained peroxidase-encoding genes, and they were named prxCa and prxEa. Both genes consisted of four exons and three introns; the introns had consensus nucleotides, GT and AG, at the 5' and 3' ends, respectively. The lengths of each putative exon of the prxEa gene were the same as those of the HRP-basic-isozyme-encoding gene, prxC3, and coded for 349 amino acids (aa) with a sequence homology of 89% to that encoded by prxC3. The prxCa gene was very close to the HRP-neutral-isozyme-encoding gene, prxC1b, and coded for 354 aa with 91% homology to that encoded by prxC1b. The aa sequence homology was 64% between the two peroxidases encoded by prxCa and prxEa.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Distributed self in episodic memory: neural correlates of successful retrieval of self-encoded positive and negative personality traits.

Words processed with reference to the self are generally better remembered than words processed in semantic terms. An account of this phenomenon, labeled the Self Reference Effect (SRE), is that the self promotes elaboration and organization of encoded information. Although a few neuroimaging studies associated self-referential encoding with activations of the medial prefrontal cortex, no previous study has investigated the neural correlates of remembering emotional words encoded in an SRE paradigm. The main goal of this study was to define with fMRI the neural correlates of the successful retrieval of negative and positive personality traits encoded in a self-referential mode. Functional MRI scans were acquired for 11 subjects as they recognized positive and negative emotional personality traits adjectives encoded in a self-referential condition, a semantic condition and in a phonemic condition. The correct recognition of self-encoded personality traits engaged dorso-medial prefrontal cortex and lateral prefrontal regions, premotor cortex, parietal and occipital cortex, caudate and cerebellum. The specific recognition of self-encoded negative personality traits involved greater neural activation in the right extra-striate region than the recognition of positive personality traits. Our fMRI findings suggest that specific processes may operate at both encoding and retrieval to subserve the SRE. Unlike self-encoding, the retrieval of personality traits is modulated by the valence of the stimuli with greater activation for negative words. Our results indicate that personally relevant words may signal important emotional clues and support the notion of a widely distributed set of brain regions involved in maintaining the concepts of self.

Adult↗