Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “Dissociative Disorders”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

An examination of the diagnostic validity of dissociative identity disorder.

We review the empirical evidence for the validity of the Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) diagnosis, the vast majority of which has come from research conducted within the last 10 years. After reviewing three different guidelines to establish diagnostic validity, we conclude that considerable converging evidence supports the inclusion of DID in the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. For instance, DID appears to meet all of the guidelines for inclusion and none of the exclusion guidelines; proposed by Blashfield et al. [Comprehensive Psychiatry 31 (1990) 15-19], and it is one of the few disorders currently supported by taxometric research. However, we also discuss possible problems with the current diagnostic criteria and offer recommendations, based on recent research, for possible revisions to these criteria.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Comment on the effectiveness of treatment for dissociative identity disorder.

Methodological criticisms of a recent study on treatment outcome of dissociative identity disorder are accurate: however, the outcome study is more methodologically sound than any previous work and therefore advances the field. The design of other studies and the conclusions to be drawn from the study under discussion are reviewed.

Bias↗
PubMed1997

Kidney transplantation and liaison psychiatry, part II: A case of dissociative identity disorder.

The authors examined the case of an adolescent patient with dissociative identity disorder secondary to psychological shock of a transplant rejection response. Psychiatric symptoms consisted of three components: visual hallucinations and delusions as a psychological defense against the anxiety of a transplant rejection; appearance of three personalities including proper self, the dead child (donor), and a prophet with strong predicting power; and a twilight state. These psychiatric symptoms may have been related to two psychological factors: immature personality characteristics formed during hemodialysis, and post-traumatic stress caused by a chronic rejection reaction from the patient's first transplant.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Suggested posthypnotic amnesia in psychiatric patients and normals.

The present study examined both quantitative and qualitative hypnotizability differences among four psychiatric patient groups (dissociative disorder (n = 17), schizophrenic (n = 13), mood disorder (n = 14), and anxiety disorder (n = 14) patients), and normals (college students (n = 63). Dissociative disorder patients earned significantly higher corrected total scores on the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (mean = 7.94), than all other groups. Likewise, dissociative disorder patients initially recalled significantly fewer items when the posthypnotic amnesia suggestion was in effect (mean = .41) and reversed significantly more items when the suggestion was canceled (mean = 3.82) than all other groups. In contrast, schizophrenic patients recalled significantly fewer items when the amnesia suggestion was in effect (mean = 1.85) and reversed significantly fewer items when it was canceled (mean = .77) than the remaining groups. This qualitative difference between schizophrenic patients and the other groups on the suggested posthypnotic amnesia item was observed even though there were no significant quantitative differences between groups in overall hypnotic responsivity.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Somatoform dissociative symptoms as related to animal defensive reactions to predatory imminence and injury.

The authors hypothesized that there would be a similarity between animal defensive responses to variable predatory imminence and injury and certain somatoform dissociative symptoms of trauma-reporting patients who have dissociative disorder. As a first test of this hypothesis, 12 somatoform symptom clusters consisting of clinically observed somatoform dissociative phenomena were constructed. All clusters discriminated between patients with dissociative disorders (n = 50) and patients with other psychiatric diagnoses (n = 50). Those expressive of the hypothesized similarity--freezing, anesthesia-analgesia, and disturbed eating--belonged to the 5 most characteristic symptoms of dissociative disorder patients. Anesthesia-analgesia, urogenital pain, and freezing symptom clusters independently contributed to predicted presence of dissociative disorder. Using an independent sample, it appeared that anesthesia-analgesia best predicted presence of dissociative disorder after controlling for symptom severity. The results were largely consistent with the hypothesized similarity.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Treating the traumatic memories of patients with dissociative identity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: The author uses clinical experience informed by research findings to suggest approaches to the treatment of the traumatic memories of patients with dissociative identity disorder. METHOD: Recent findings in the treatment of patients with this disorder and current considerations with regard to memories of childhood trauma are used to develop recommended approaches. RESULTS: Treatment of traumatic memories appears crucial in the recovery of patients with dissociative identity disorder, even though the reported memories may not be historically accurate. Criteria are available for determining whether a patient with the disorder is able to undertake such efforts, and methods such as fractionated abreaction have been developed to make the process less unsettling. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the difficulties posed by the vulnerability of patients with dissociative identity disorder to decompensation when working with traumatic material and the vicissitudes of autobiographical memory, modern therapeutic approaches allow the processing of such patients' traumatic material in a manner that reduces the likelihood of disruptive events and the misuse of recovered material.

Abreaction↗
PubMed2001

Dissociative identity disorder and memory dysfunction: the current state of experimental research and its future directions.

Memory dysfunction is a central feature of dissociative identity disorder (DID). Following the memorial anomalies outlined by Putnam [Putnam, F. W. (1994). Dissociation and disturbances of self. In: D. Cicchetti & S. L. Toth (Eds.), Disorders and dysfunctions of the self, vol. 5 (pp. 251-265). Rochester, NY: University of Rochester Press; Putnam, F. W. (1995). Development of dissociative disorders. In: D. Chicchetti & D. J. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental psychopathology, vol. 2 (pp. 581-608). New York: Wiley], the experimental research using DID case studies and samples is reviewed. As a whole, research suggests that amnesic barriers between alter personalities are typically impervious to explicit stimuli, as well as conceptually driven implicit stimuli. Autobiographical memory deficits are also experimentally evident in DID. Although no experimental studies have addressed the issue of source amnesia or pseudomemories, there is some evidence that pseudomemories are an infrequent but real phenomenon in DID patients. Finally, potential deficits in working memory are outlined, including those relating to cognitive inhibition. Research directions are discussed throughout to further elucidate the nature of memory dysfunction in DID.

Cognition↗
PubMed2000

The objective assessment of amnesia in dissociative identity disorder using event-related potentials.

Assessment of amnesia in Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID) typically relies on self-report, the veracity of which cannot often be independently verified. Memory in DID was therefore assessed using an objective method that involved event-related potentials (ERPs) as well as indirect behavioral measures of memory, and that provided statistically supported assessments for each participant. Four participants who met DSM-IV criteria for DID participated in an ERP memory assessment task, in which words learned by one identity (identity A) were then presented to a second identity (identity B). All four participants - tested as identity B - produced ERP and behavioral evidence consistent with recognition of the material learned by identity A. While it would be premature to generalize all cases of DID, the results suggest that there may be reasons to question the veracity of reports by individuals who meet diagnostic criteria for DID on the basis of a structured clinical interview.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Longitudinal study of acute stress disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder and dissociation following myocardial infarction.

Since dissociation has been recognized as a marker of posttraumatic processes, this study examines the chronological relations between dissociation and stress reactions (acute stress disorder, ASD, and posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD) following myocardial infarction (MI). One hundred sixteen MI patients were examined twice: within 1 week of the trauma (time 1) and 7 months later (time 2). Sixty-seven matched controls were studied in a parallel interval. ASD was assessed at time 1, PTSD at time 2, and dissociative tendencies at both times. ASD and PTSD were moderately associated with levels of dissociation. In addition, while the MI patients did not differ from the controls in level of dissociation, both in time 1 and time 2, among the MI group, PTSD was associated with an increase in dissociation. These findings may reflect either the development of two comorbid entities, or a presentation of a dissociative subtype of PTSD.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Assessment of genuine and simulated dissociative identity disorder on the structured interview of reported symptoms.

Little is known about how to detect malingered dissociative identity disorder (DID). This study presents preliminary data from an ongoing study about the performance of DID patients on the Structured Interview of Reported Symptoms (SIRS, Rogers, Bagby, & Dickens, 1992), considered to be a "gold standard" structured interview in forensic psychology to detect feigning of psychological symptoms. Test responses from 20 dissociative identity disorder (DID) patients are compared to those of 43 well informed and motivated DID simulators. Both the simulators and DID patients endorsed such a high number of symptoms that their average overall scores would typically be interpreted as indicative of feigning. The simulators' mean scores were significantly higher than those of the DID patients on only four out of 13 scales. These results provide preliminary evidence that well informed and motivated simulators are able to fairly successfully simulate DID patients and avoid detection on the SIRS. Furthermore, many DID patients may be at risk for being inaccurately labeled as feigning on the SIRS.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The detection of dissociative identity disorder by Northern Irish clinical psychologists and psychiatrists: a clinical vignettes study.

A sample of Northern Irish clinical psychologists (N=27) and psychiatrists (N=29) completed three clinical vignettes designed to assess the detection of dissociative identity disorder. Data suggested that psychiatrists and clinical psychologists were better able to detect dissociative identity disorder when discriminating and characteristic symptoms were present. However, the majority of clinicians still failed to diagnose dissociative identity disorder as the most likely condition in a clear-cut case.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Dissociation and violence: a review of the literature.

Violent acts are sometimes committed by people who do not normally appear violent or aggressive. This simple observation and others have led some to speculate about a relationship between dissociation and violence. However, no systematic review of the literature has so far been published. To address this gap, studies assessing the prevalence of dissociation among violent individuals, and violence among highly dissociative persons, are reviewed. Possible links between dissociation and violent behavior are explored. It is concluded that dissociation predicts violence in a wide range of populations and may be crucial to an understanding of violent behavior. There is a clear need, however, for large scale, well-designed studies using reliable structured instruments in a number of areas reviewed. Recommendations for clinical applications include the routine screening of offenders for dissociative disorders and adequate consideration of dissociation and dissociative disorders in the development and implementation of violence treatment and prevention programs.

Aggression↗
PubMed2004

The persistence of folly: a critical examination of dissociative identity disorder. Part I. The excesses of an improbable concept.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the concept of dissociative identity disorder (DID). METHOD: We reviewed the literature. RESULTS: The literature shows that 1) there is no proof for the claim that DID results from childhood trauma; 2) the condition cannot be reliably diagnosed; 3) contrary to theory, DID cases in children are almost never reported; and 4) consistent evidence of blatant iatrogenesis appears in the practices of some of the disorder's proponents. CONCLUSIONS: DID is best understood as a culture-bound and often iatrogenic condition.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory--II. Follow-up of patients with dissociative identity disorder.

This study is part of a two-year follow-up assessment of 35 out of 96 patients clinically diagnosed with Dissociative Identity Disorder, who were administered the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II. Eight subjects achieved integration during the two-year follow-up period. Significant improvement was evident for raw scores on the Self-defeating, Borderline, Paranoid, Anxiety, Somatoform, Dysthymia, Alcohol Dependence, and Drug Dependent scales among both the integrated and nonintegrated patients, with clinically meaningful Base Rate reductions occurring on Self-defeating, Borderline, Avoidant, Passive-Aggressive, Anxiety, Dysthymia, and Major Depression scales following integration. Although Dissociative Identity Disorder presents with polysymptomatology, much treatment progress can be achieved during pre-integration and dramatic improvement follows integration.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Frustration and fulfillment of needs in dissociative and conversion disorders.

We reviewed all patients with dissociative disorders (nine patients with dissociative amnesia or dissociative fugue) and conversion disorders (10 patients) who were admitted and treated during the past 15 years. Needs frustrated at the appearance of the symptoms and those fulfilled at discharge were studied in both groups using Maslow's hierarchy of needs. The patients of both groups who encountered troubles in their life events were found to have frustrated needs. These symptoms tended to be accompanied more often by frustrations regarding a 'need for love' in the dissociative disorders group and by frustration in the need for 'self-esteem and self-actualization' in the conversion disorders group. In addition, needs of lower orders were already threatened at onset in many patients. The symptoms disappeared in patients in whom the situation completely improved (needs were fulfilled), but the symptoms were alleviated or unchanged in those in whom the problems remained unresolved.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

The relational treatment of dissociative identity disorder.

The intent of this paper is to review the literature pertaining to the transference and countertransference components in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder. Aspects of transference and countertransference are presented and discussed within the relational psychoanalytic model. The functions of empathy, enactment, projective identification, and transitional objects are reviewed. Specific attitudes in the transference and countertransference are illuminated and major transference themes are discussed. Finally, a case vignette illustrates some of the central issues involved in the treatment of dissociative identity disorder.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1995

Assessment of dissociative identity disorder with the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II.

96 patients with a clinical diagnosis of Dissociative Identity Disorder were administered the Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II. The most elevated personality disorder scales were Avoidant, Self-defeating, Borderline, and Passive-Aggressive personality disorders. Elevated Axis I scales included Dysthymia, Major Depression, Thought Disorder, and Anxiety Disorder. Million-II profiles of a patient before and after integration showed normalization of a previously pathological profile.

Adolescent↗