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PubMed1997

Validity and reliability of clinical signs in the diagnosis of dehydration in children.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the validity and reliability of various clinical findings in the diagnosis of dehydration in children. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: An urban pediatric hospital emergency department. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eighty-six children ranging in age from 1 month to 5 years old with diarrhea, vomiting, or poor oral fluid intake, either admitted or followed as outpatients. Exclusion criteria included malnutrition, recent prior therapy at another facility, symptoms for longer than 5 days' duration, and hyponatremia or hypernatremia. METHODS: All children were evaluated for 10 clinical signs before treatment. The diagnostic standard for dehydration was fluid deficit as determined from serial weight gain after treatment. MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-three children (34%) had dehydration, defined as a deficit of 5% or more of body weight. At this deficit, clinical signs were already apparent (median = 5). Individual findings had generally low sensitivity and high specificity, although parent report of decreased urine output was sensitive but not specific. The presence of any three or more signs had a sensitivity of 87% and specificity of 82% for detecting a deficit of 5% or more. A subset of four factors-capillary refill >2 seconds, absent tears, dry mucous membranes, and ill general appearance-predicted dehydration as well as the entire set, with the presence of any two or more of these signs indicating a deficit of at least 5%. Interobserver reliability was good to excellent for all but one of the findings studied (quality of respirations). CONCLUSIONS: Conventionally used clinical signs of dehydration are valid and reliable; however, individual findings lack sensitivity. Diagnosis of clinically important dehydration should be based on the presence of at least three clinical findings.

Bayes Theorem↗
PubMed2000

Work performance after dehydration: effects of physical conditioning and heat acclimatization. 1958.

Three groups of five men each were dehydrated overnight in the heat (115 degrees F) on two occasions (D1 and D2) to approximately 5.5% of their starting body weight. During the 3-week period between D1 and D2, one group (AC) was acclimatized to heat and physically conditioned, the second group (C) was physically conditioned and the third group (S) remained sedentary. The response to work after dehydration was assessed by the following criteria: pulse rate (P), rectal temperature (Tr) and maximal oxygen intake (Max. VO2). Pulse rates during and after walking and after running were elevated with dehydration. This elevation was reduced in groups AC and C at D2 as compared to D1, but not in group S. An elevation in T1 with walking also occurred with dehydration, but this elevation was not significantly different at D2 as compared with D1 in any group. Physical conditioning elicited an elevation in Max. VO2 (group AC and C), but the elevation was no greater in group AC than in group C. Dehydration was associated with an equal decrement in Max. VO2 at D1 and D2 in all groups, but the conditioned men (AC and C) maintained a relatively higher Max. VO2 than group S. Thus, physical conditioning was associated with enhanced work performance during dehydration (assessed by the above criteria), whereas acclimatization to heat did not appreciably supplement this effect.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed1997

Gastric emptying of liquids in rats dehydrated by water deprivation.

The gastric emptying of liquids was investigated in male Wistar rats (8 to 10 weeks old, 210-300 g) dehydrated by water deprivation. In this model of dehydration, weight loss, hematocrit and plasma density were significantly higher in the dehydrated animals than in the control groups after 48 and 72 h of water deprivation (P < 0.05). Three test meals (saline (N = 10), water (N = 10) and a WHO rehydrating solution containing in one liter 90 mEq sodium, 20 mEq potassium, 80 mEq chloride and 30 mEq citrate (N = 10)) were used to study gastric emptying following water deprivation for 24, 48 and 72 h. After 72 h, gastric emptying of the water (39.4% retention) and rehydrating solution (49.2% retention) test meals was significantly retarded compared to the corresponding control groups (P < 0.05, Mann-Whitney test). The 72-h period of deprivation was used to study the recovery from dehydration, and water was supplied for 60 or 120 min after 67 h of deprivation. Body weight loss, hematocrit and plasma density tended to return to normal when water was offered for 120 min. In the animals supplied with water for 60 min, there was a recovery in the gastric emptying of water while the gastric emptying of the rehydrating solution was still retarded (53.1% retention; P < 0.02, Kruskal-Wallis test). In the group supplied with water for 120 min, the gastric emptying of the rehydrating (51.7% retention) and gluco-saline (46.0% retention) solutions tended to be retarded (P = 0.04, Kruskal-Wallis test). In this model of dehydration caused by water deprivation, with little alteration in the body electrolyte content, gastric emptying of the rehydrating solution was retarded after rehydration with water. We conclude that the mechanisms whereby receptors in the duodenal mucosa can modify gastric motility are altered during dehydration caused by water deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Temperature regulation during intermittent exercise with progressive dehydration.

Effects of dehydration (3% of initial body weight) on temperature regulation were investigated in 5 men during intermittent exercise of 4 h duration at a dry air temperature of 34 degrees C. Relative mechanical work load was 50% of the subject's steady state heart rate, which was 170 beats . min-1. During rehydration from the 70th min to the end of the exercise, the subjects drank, every 10 min in equal portions, an amount of water (20 degrees C) totaling up to 80% of the body weight loss recorded during dehydration runs. Continuous measurements were made of rectal (Tre) and mean skin (Tsk) temperatures and of whole body weight loss. Chest sweating rate (msw) was measured from a capsule located under a local thermal clamp (36 degrees C). Blood samples were obtained during rest periods and after the 1st and the 4th hour of exercise. Compared to dehydration runs, water intake did not always cause an increase of msw while body temperatures always decreased. Dehydration resulted in a decrease in plasma volume and in increases of plasma osmolality, [Na+] and [K+]. Water intake induced a thermoregulatory response whose intensity largely differs from one body area to another. The change in the slope of the relation of msw to Tre features a decrease in the sensitivity of the thermoregulatory system with dehydration. The whole body water loss is significantly correlated with the change in plasma volume and body temperatures (Tre, Tsk). This suggests that the reduced sweating response observed during dehydration can be related to plasma hypovolemia.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Mucosal surface area and fermentation activity in the hind gut of hydrated and chronically dehydrated working donkeys.

The effects of mild chronic dehydration on fermentation rate and mucosal surface area in the cecum, dorsa and ventral colon, and descending colon of the hindgut were investigated in South African donkeys (n = 11) in agricultural work. Dehydration representing a 6% drop in BW (n = 6) was associated with increased fermentation activity in the cecum (252 +/- 22.9 vs. 161 +/- 13.5 micromol/g of DM.h(-1), P < 0.01) and enhanced fluid retention in the ventral colon (0.81 +/- 0.026 vs. 0.73 +/- 0.034 mL/g gut, P < 0.05). Fermentation activity in the next segment of the hindgut, the ventral colon, of dehydrated donkeys was also greater numerically (92.5 +/- 22.60 vs. 77.9 +/- 10.40 micromol/g of DM.h(-1)), but this difference was not significant. Total mucosal and crypt surface area per unit volume of gut (Sv, microm2/microm3) was greater in dehydrated donkeys for the cecum (253 +/- 23.0 vs. 161 +/- 13.5, P < 0.01), the ventral colon (286 +/- 6.2 vs. 171 +/- 9.8, P < 0.01), the dorsal colon (276 +/- 18.2 vs. 256 +/- 11.0, P < 0.05), and the descending colon (260 +/- 20.3 vs. 191 +/- 15.2, P < 0.05). Enhanced fermentation activity and enhanced mucosal absorptive or secretory capacity within the hindgut during chronic dehydration was associated with an observed maintenance of appetite. These adaptations in the hindgut are valuable physiological attributes for working donkeys in semi-arid regions where they are frequently exposed to chronic dehydration.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Dehydration affects synaptic transmission at flexor muscle in acute lead-treated mice.

The effect of 24 hrs. water deprivation on spontaneous and evoked transmitter release was studied at flexor nerve terminals of control and lead-treated male C57BL mice. Miniature endplate potentials (MEPPs) and endplate potentials (EPPs) were recorded intracellularly from urethane-anesthetized (2 mg/g, i.p.) control and lead exposed mice in both hydrated and dehydrated conditions. Exposure to lead was made by i.p. injection of lead acetate (1.0 mg/kg) dissolved in a 5% glucose solution 24 hrs. prior to the experiment. Unimodal and bimodal MEPP frequencies decreased with dehydration, while small mode MEPPs remained unchanged and large mode MEPPs increased in frequency. EPP amplitude and quantal content were unchanged by dehydration. Lead treatment by itself reduced the frequency of unimodal and bimodal MEPPs but had no effect on the amplitude of EPPs or of quantal content. However a combination of dehydration and acute lead treatment reduced the frequency of unimodal, bimodal and large mode MEPPs and significantly reduced both EPP amplitude and quantal content. Dehydration apparently reveals an underlying neurotoxic action of lead at the neuromuscular junction. This raises a health concern that people subjected to both lead pollution and dehydration are at greater risk to lead poisoning of the neuromuscular junction.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Acute effects of moderate dehydration on the hepatic conversion of amino nitrogen into urea nitrogen in healthy men.

Intracellular hydration may play a role in the regulation of protein and nitrogen metabolism. The hepatic removal of nitrogen by urea synthesis has a key regulatory role in nitrogen balance. The purpose of the present study was to establish the acute effects of dehydration on the hepatic kinetics of urea synthesis, quantified by functional hepatic nitrogen clearance (FHNC), in healthy volunteers. Seven healthy men were studied twice in random order. On both study days, a primed continuous infusion of alanine was given. On the day of dehydration an intravenous bolus injection of a loop diuretic (furosemide, 1 mg/kg) was superimposed. FHNC was calculated as the ratio between measured synthesis rates of urea nitrogen and blood alanine concentrations. Furosemide induced a weight loss of 1 kg. During dehydration, FHNC decreased by approx. 25% (41+/-11 to 54+/-10 litres/h; P<0.02). On both occasions individual FHNC and glucagon values were positively correlated (r(2)>0.6). In addition, dehydration more than halved the linear slope of the relationship (P<0.05). The FHNC values were correlated with the urinary excretion of both potassium and sodium (r(2)=0.68, P<0.01 and r(2)=0.62, P<0.02 respectively). Changes in the reactivity of urea synthesis to glucagon (i.e. the ratio between FHNC and glucagon concentration) was negatively correlated with an indirectly estimated change in intracellular water (r(2)=0.79, P<0.05). We conclude that acute moderate dehydration down-regulates both total urea synthesis and its sensitivity to glucagon. The latter was related to estimated intracellular water loss. Dehydration may thus have nitrogen-saving consequences with regard to the hepatic contribution to whole-body nitrogen homoeostasis. The mechanism of this effect and the relationship with sodium and potassium fluxes is not known.

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1992

Importance of dehydration in anastomotic and subcutaneous wound healing: an experimental study in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To find out if preoperative and postoperative dehydration adversely affect anastomotic and subcutaneous healing. DESIGN: Randomized study. MATERIAL: 18 Wistar rats. INTERVENTIONS: Dehydration established in nine rats by withdrawal of food and water for 24 hours before operation, and by injections of frusemide twice daily. Laparotomy and division of intestine 5-8 cm from the ileocaecal valve. Implantation of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tubes in the backs of the necks. All rats killed after five days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Measurements of weight loss and of hydroxyproline per centimetre in the ePTFE tubes and standardized biopsy specimens of the intestine. Presence of anastomotic dehiscence at necropsy. RESULTS: Preoperative and postoperative dehydration caused a 24% weight loss in the experimental group on day 5 compared with 8% in the control group. Dehydrated animals accumulated less collagen in the ePTFE tubes than control animals (p less than 0.05). There were three anastomotic breakdowns in the dehydrated group compared with one in the control group. There was a loose but significant correlation between collagen accumulation in the anastomoses and the weight of the animal (r = 0.5, p less than 0.05). CONCLUSION: Preoperative and postoperative dehydration has a deleterious effect on subcutaneous, and to a lesser extent on anastomotic healing in rats.

Anastomosis, Surgical↗
PubMed2006

Dehydration effects on the risk of severe decompression sickness in a swine model.

BACKGROUND: Several physiological factors have been suspected of affecting the risk of decompression sickness (DCS), but few have been thoroughly studied during controlled conditions. Dehydration is a potential factor that could increase the risk of DCS. It has been suggested that hydration may enhance inert gas removal or increase surface tension of the blood. HYPOTHESIS: Dehydration increases DCS risk. METHODS: Littermate pairs of male Yorkshire swine (n=57, mean +/- 1 SD 20.6 +/- 1.7 kg) were randomized into two groups. The hydrated group received no medication and was allowed ad lib access to water during a simulated saturation dive. The dehydrated group received intravenous 2 mg x kg(-1) Lasix (a diuretic medication) without access to water throughout the dive. Animals were then compressed on air to 110 ft of seawater (fsw, 4.33 ATA) for 22 h and brought directly to the surface at a rate of 30 fsw x min(-1) (0.91 ATA x min(-1)). Outcomes of death and non-fatal central nervous system (CNS) or cardiopulmonary DCS were recorded. RESULTS: In the hydrated group (n=31): DCS=10, cardiopulmonary DCS=9, CNS DCS=2, Death=4. In the dehydrated group (n=26): DCS=19, cardiopulmonary DCS=19, CNS DCS=6, Death=9. Dehydration significantly increased the overall risk of severe DCS and death. Specifically, it increased the risk of cardiopulmonary DCS, and showed a trend toward increased CNS DCS. In addition, dehydrated subjects manifested cardiopulmonary DCS sooner and showed a trend toward more rapid death (p < 0.1). CONCLUSION: Hydration status at the time of decompression significantly influences the incidence and time to onset of DCS in this model.

Analysis of Variance↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Dehydrated child].

Dehydration, in childhood as in adulthood, may origin from an inadequate water ingestion or an excessive water elimination. Causes may be found in fever, vomiting, scalds, pulmonary hyperventilation, diabetes. Water loss during acute diarrhea in children can be even 6-7 times higher in comparison with an healthy child. Together with water, electrolytes are lost. We differentiate dehydration in isonatremic d. (70% of cases), hyponatremic d. (10%) and hypernatremic d. (20%) basing on Sodium loss. Important dehydration causes severe clinical symptoms as shock, renal and cardiocirculatory failure, convulsion, coma. Symptoms at the central nervous system level derivate both from hyperosmolarity in brain cells and from thrombosis or hemorrhages in subdural sites. Dehydration, following acute diarrhea, is slight when weight loss is lower than 5%. The child health conditions still remain good. Dehydration become moderate if weight loss reaches 5% and the child starts suffering. When the weight loss reaches 10%, dehydration is now severe and circulatory deficiency becomes evident. When it is higher than 10%, prognosis is very severe and shock and coma may be observed. In the present work, we illustrate the different ways of rehydration after acute diarrhea. Initially, oral rehydration must be established with one of the oral solutions, differing each other for amount of electrolytes and glucose. Recently, a new solution, "supersolution", has been presented differing from the other ones for electrolytes concentration and for the presence of rice starch instead of glucose. In most cases of diarrhea, oral rehydration appears adequate but sometimes an intravenous rehydration becomes necessary, e.g. in case of vomiting, CNS depression and in any case of severe gastroenteric symptomatology.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acute Disease↗
PubMed1985

Effect of hydration and dehydration on technetium-99m CO2 DADS renal studies in normal volunteers.

Ten normal volunteers were studied in the hydrated and dehydrated states with the new renal radiopharmaceutical technetium-99m N,N'-bis(mercapto acetyl)-2, 3-diaminopropanoate [( 99mTc]CO2 DADS). The data were used to determine the effect of hydration and dehydration and to determine the normal range in each state. Visual evaluation of the images indicated that the first appearance of tracer in the collecting system was approximately the same in either state, that the concentration of tracer in the collecting system was always higher in the dehydrated state (p less than 0.01), and that the ureters always appeared more segmented in the dehydrated state (p less than 0.01). Quantitative analysis of the images indicated that the kidney to background ratio 1-2 min after injection was somewhat greater in the dehydrated state (13.5 +/- 4.0) than in the hydrated state (9.8 +/- 2.2) (p less than 0.05), that the size of the bladder was always greater in the hydrated state (p less than 0.05), and there was no difference in the amount of tracer in the bladder at 30 min after injection. The results define the normal hydrated and dehydrated [99mTc]CO2 DADS renal study and identify several differences between the two states which can be explained primarily by differences in urine flow rates.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

The effects of dehydration on the dynamics of transcapillary refill.

Since the water reserve of the interstitium plays a major role in circulatory homeostasis, its reduction by dehydration may produce severe changes in the organism's response to hemorrhage but this has not been measured experimentally. Twelve immature pigs (22 +/= 2 Kg) were divided into two groups of six each. Control animals had free access to food and water prior to bleeding. Dehydrated animals had water withheld for 48 hours preceding the bleeding. All animals were bled 30 per cent of their calculated blood volumes while awake. No resuscitation was performed. No mortality was observed in the control group of animals, while four of the six dehydrated animals died (66%). All deaths occurred between one and four hours posthemorrhage. Plasma refill reached 33 per cent by 0.5 hours in the control group compared to only 17 per cent by 0.5 hours in the dehydrated group (p less than or equal to .05). Refill in the control group reached 50 per cent by three hours, whereas dehydrated animals surviving to three hours demonstrated no further refill (p less than or equal to .05). BUN, calcium, sodium, and osmolality were consistently higher in dehydrated than control animals (p less than or equal to .05). It is concluded that a reduction in the interstitial water reserve significantly impairs ability to recover from hemorrhage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of dehydration and a few regimes of rehydration on human performance.

The present study was prompted by the controversy about the effect of heat-induced dehydration on human performance, and the popular Indian belief that it is not advisable to take water immediately after prolonged exertion in the sun. The points investigated were: (i) the effect of dehydration on some aspects of physical and mental performance, and (ii) variation in the post-dehydration performance caused by the timing of rehydration. Dehydration amounting to 2% of body weight did not impair mechanical efficiency while 3% dehydration reduced the endurance time for isometric contraction of extensors of the forearm. The maximum isometric tension and mental performance, measured by proof reading and a choice reaction time experiment, were not affected. The studies suggested that once dehydration had been produced, rehydration or its timing did not make any difference. Analysis of the results in terms of the sequence in which the experiments were done suggested the influence of psychological factors on the performance measured.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Hypertonic saline/dextran versus lactated Ringer's treatment for hemorrhage in dehydrated swine.

To determine the efficacy of low-volume resuscitation in dehydrated subjects, 7.5% hypertonic saline/6% dextran 70 (HSD) and lactated Ringer's (LR) treatments were compared in conscious pigs dehydrated for 48 hr prior to a 37% blood volume hemorrhage. Pigs randomized to treatment were resuscitated with equivalent sodium loads of either HSD (4 ml/kg) or LR (33.3 ml/kg) following the 60-min hemorrhage. Dehydration resulted in a 7-8% body weight loss. Mortality through 180 min of recovery was 1/13 (7.7%) for HSD, 1/11 (9.1%) for LR, and 4/8 (50%) for a group of dehydrated and untreated controls (DC). HSD and LR solutions elicited similar heart rate, cardiac output, arterial pressure, and oxygen transport responses in the recovery period following hemorrhage and resuscitation. HSD was as effective as LR in expanding plasma volume in dehydrated hemorrhaged pigs. Serum chemistries provided no evidence for a sustained systemic toxicity from HSD treatment. These findings support low-volume HSD resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock in moderately dehydrated subjects.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[Cystic fibrosis revealed by dehydration with hypochloronatremic alkalosis in 3 infants and a neonate].

BACKGROUND--Acute dehydration with hypochloronatremic metabolic alkalosis is a classical complication of cystic fibrosis of the pancreas. Its progressive development as a revealing manifestation of the disease is rare as is its appearance in newborns. Case n. 1.--A 13 month-old girl was admitted because of status epilepticus. She was severely dehydrated (20% weight loss) but had normal diuresis. Investigations showed metabolic alkalosis, hypochloronatremia and hypokalemia. All the manifestations disappeared within 5 days with treatment but three sweat tests were abnormal. Case n. 2.--A 7 month-old girl was admitted because she suffered from progressive loss of weight (10%); she was dehydrated and had metabolic alkalosis plus hypochloronatremia, but her diuresis was normal. Two sweat tests were abnormal. Case n. 3.--A 4.5 month-old boy was admitted because he suffered from severe (12%) weight loss. His diuresis was normal despite dehydration; metabolic alkalosis and hypochloronatremia were found. Two subsequent sweat tests were abnormal. Case n. 4.--A 3 day-old girl was admitted suffering from meconium ileus. Two initial mechanism analysis for protein were abnormal. She had a cardiorespiratory arrest on the 13th day of life, when she had lost 14% of her birth weight; investigations showed metabolic alkalosis, hyponatremia (83 mEq/l), hypochloremia (45 mEq/l); kalemia was 5.9 mEq/l. Peritoneal dialysis was needed to correct hydroelectrolytic changes. A sweat test performed on the 26th day of life was also abnormal. Investigations performed during the periods of dehydration, and repeated later, showed transient functional kidney failure. None of the four patients had any respiratory or gastrointestinal clinical manifestations of cystic fibrosis. CONCLUSION--Metabolic alkalosis with hypochloronatremia plus progressive, severe dehydration in infants whose diuresis is paradoxically normal must be followed by examination for cystic fibrosis.

Alkalosis↗
PubMed1998

Effect of five percent dehydration on breath hydrogen concentrations in dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of mild dehydration (5%) on expired breath H2 concentrations in dogs. ANIMALS: 10 healthy, colony-source dogs. PROCEDURE: Expired breath samples were collected at baseline, and every 90 minutes for 18 hours after ingestion of a test meal (commercial dog food and kibbled wheat) in fully hydrated dogs and in the same dogs when they had lost 5% of their body weight after food and water deprivation. The areas under the breath H2 concentration versus time curves (AUC) for the dehydrated and nondehydrated states were compared, using a two-stage, balanced, crossover, repeated measures technique. The number of breath samples considered to be contaminated by flatus were compared by use of a one-sided sign test. RESULTS: Expired breath H2 concentration of dogs during the dehydration test period was significantly (P < 0.02) greater than that during the nondehydration test period. In addition, flatulence was significantly (P < 0.033) more frequent in dogs during the dehydration period. CONCLUSIONS: Dehydrated dogs have greater expired breath H2 concentration and produce more flatus after ingestion of a carbohydrate-containing meal. Considered together, these findings suggest that dehydration results in an increase in the net amount of H2 produced in the gastrointestinal tract. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Care should be taken to assess the hydration status, and to correct hydration deficits of dogs prior to breath H2 testing.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Comparison of hypertonic saline-dextran solution and lactated Ringer's solution for resuscitating severely dehydrated calves with diarrhea.

OBJECTIVE: To determine effectiveness of rapid i.v. administration of hypertonic saline-dextran (HSD) solution combined with oral administration of isotonic electrolyte solution for resuscitating severely dehydrated calves and to compare the resuscitative response with that of a conventional treatment of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) i.v. and orally administered isotonic electrolyte solution. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 15 male dairy calves 3 to 10 days old. PROCEDURE: Baseline data were obtained. Osmotic diarrhea and severe dehydration were induced for 48 hours. Calves were then allocated to 3 treatment groups. The control group (group C) did not receive fluids, a second group (group H) received hypertonic saline (7.2% NaCl) solution with 6% dextran 70 and isotonic electrolyte solution, and a third group (group L) received LRS and isotonic electrolyte solution. Physical examinations were performed every 8 hours. RESULTS: Calves developed diarrhea, lethargy, severe dehydration (mean, 14% of body weight), azotemia, hyperkalemia, and mild acidemia. Group-C calves remained lethargic and severely dehydrated during the 24-hour treatment phase. Calves treated with HSD and LRS were effectively resuscitated; however, response for most variables was more rapid and sustained for the HSD-treated group. Cardiac output was greater in LRS- than HSD-treated calves 1, 2, and 8 hours after initiation of treatment because of continued i.v. administration of fluids. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: A combination of HSD and isotonic electrolyte solution was a rapid and effective method for resuscitation of severely dehydrated calves. It was similar in effectiveness to conventional treatment in which LRS and isotonic electrolyte solution were used for resuscitating calves with severe dehydration.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Liposome dehydration on nitrocellulose and its application in a biotin immunoassay.

The feasibility of utilizing dehydrated liposomes in the development of a simple immunoassay device for point-of-care diagnostics or field assays was demonstrated. The recovery of liposomes after a cycle of dehydration and rehydration was studied using biotin-tagged, dye-loaded liposomes with antibiotin antibodies immobilized in a defined zone on nitrocellulose strips. Liposomes were vacuum-dehydrated on the strip at a location below the antibiotin zone. The strip was placed in a tube containing a carrier solution and capillary action brought the solution to the dehydrated liposomes, rehydrated them, and caused them to migrate to the antibody zone where intact liposomes were captured and measured optically. High concentrations of either trehalose or sucrose external to the liposomes and both polyvinylpyrrolidone and gelatin in the membrane blocking reagent were essential for preservation of the dehydrated/rehydrated liposomes on nitrocellulose. Between 70 and 80% of the liposomes were recovered on the nitrocellulose strips after a cycle of dehydration and rehydration. The dehydrated liposomes on the strips were stable for at least 1 year when stored in vacuum-sealed plastic bags at 4 degrees C. The technique was successfully applied to the development of a rapid one-step strip immunoassay for biotin.

Biotin↗