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PubMed1980

Effects of delayed interval testing on identification of infants' cry-signals.

The effects of delayed interval testing on 54 college students' ability to identify 4 infants' cry-signals (birth, hunger, pain, and pleasure) were studied. Their ages ranged from 18 to 30 yr. and all were low in experience as caregivers to infants. 28 subjects with delayed interval testing of 72 hr. scored significantly higher than 26 control subjects who were given no training in recognizing the birth and pain cry-signals and in their over-all difference. They also scored higher but not significantly so, in recognizing the hunger cry-signal. A year later representative samples of both experimental (n = 15) and control (n = 11) groups were retested. The difference in the data remained the same, except for the birth cry-signal. The differences in the data remained the same, exept for the birth cry-signal. The results are discussed in terms of their consistency with previous studies. When compared to previous results, delayed interval testing of 72 hr. appears to be about as effective as immediate response training in the identification of infants' cry-signals.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Perceptual dimensions of infant cry signals: a semantic differential analysis.

In the present study the Semantic Differential technique was used to examine perceived characteristics of infant cry sounds. 24 cries (6 each of pain, hunger, birth, and "pleasure") were rated by 39 mothers on 50 scales. A factor analysis of the scale ratings uncovered three main factors, labelled Affect, Potency, and Evaluation, respectively. 5 "factorially-pure" scales were selected to represent each factor. A hierarchical cluster analysis of the mean factor-scale ratings uncovered 3 major cry clusters which essentially represented 3 cry-type groups, hunger, pleasure, and pain/birth. A close correspondence was found between this set of clusters and another set generated independently from cry-recognition data, indicating that the semantic differential factor-scales effectively discriminated perceptually distinct cries. This procedure adequately separates the physical (acoustic) properties of signals from their listener-perceived (auditory) ones. This distinction is not possible with studies which depend upon multivariate techniques and casts doubt on their findings.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Crying of a newborn child: alarm signal or protocommunication?

The purpose of the study was to explore whether the new-born cry is a simple alarm signal or differentiated cries with different meanings. 12 digital audio taped recordings of 6 full-term healthy babies were analysed. Cries of 6 newborns in this preliminary study were recorded in a pain condition after a prick for the hematic check-up the third day after delivery and then while crying spontaneously in the cradle. The sounds were sampled at 44100 Hz with a 16-bit resolution and converted to the .wav format. All the analyses were performed with a software written in the MAT-LAB environment. The most important result was that these new-born children modulated the supralaryngeal tract considerably more in cries following the painful stimulus than in "spontaneous" ones, as would be expected by the hypothesis of crying as "protolanguage."

Arousal↗
PubMed2000

["Reading-your-baby lessons" for parents of excessively crying infants--the concept of "guided parent-infant training sessions"].

New findings indicate that persistent crying (infantile "colic") may be closely interlinked with regulatory difficulties in the organization of sleep and waking states and in sustaining prolonged episodes of uninterrupted sleep. It has been shown that preverbal communication plays a significant role in the regulation of infant states and in the prevention of infantile persistent crying. However, parents are usually unaware of these explanations, and tend to attribute the crying to inappropriate causes or have no understanding at all about why their child cries so much. Therefore, the baby's signals are not answered in an effective way. In this article "guided parent-infant-training sessions", a new treatment method for parents with excessively crying babies, will be introduced. It is the goal of this approach to help parents to improve the "reading" of their child's signals and to act according to the baby's needs. In order to provide an opportunity for training, parents are given their appointment at a time, when it is most likely for the child to cry. In the context of a therapeutic relationship they may be experiencing for the first time calming a baby they previously thought to be inconsolable.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Prevalence of parental behaviour to diminish the crying of infants that may lead to abuse].

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of parental actions to stop infant crying that may threaten infant health, and to determine specific risk groups regarding these actions. DESIGN: Descriptive. METHOD: Before their visit to a well-baby clinic in the Netherlands, parents of 3345 infants aged 1-6 months (96.5% response) filled out an anonymous questionnaire on actions that they undertook to stop their child crying. RESULTS: At 6 months, 5.6% (95% confidence interval: 4.2-7.0%) of all the parents reported having smothered, slapped, or shaken their infant at least once because of its crying. The highest risks for detrimental parental actions were run by infants of parents from non-industrialised countries, of parents with no or only a part-time job, and of parents who had judged their infant's crying as excessive. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware of the observed risk factors for abuse of young children known to cry a lot, in order to help parents to cope with this crying.

Child Abuse↗
PubMed1991

[Plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration: influence of crying].

The levels of plasma renin activity (PRA) and plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) have been known to increase by the influence of crying in infants and toddlers, but no precise informations are available. We evaluated the changes of PRA and PAC after crying by comparing values obtained from 30 infants and toddlers within one minute after the onset of crying, as induced by venopuncture, and three and five minutes after continuation of crying (PRA1, PRA3, PRA5, and PAC1, PAC3, PAC5). The age of these subjects ranged from one to thirty months (median sixteen months). PRA1, PRA3 and PRA5 were 4.0 +/- 1.8 ng/ml per hour, 5.5 +/- 2.7 ng/ml per hour, 7.8 +/- 4.2 ng/ml per hour, respectively. PAC1, PAC3 and PAC5 were 210 +/- 110 pg/ml, 231 +/- 118 pg/ml, 269 +/- 145 pg/ml, respectively. Both PRA and PAC increased with elapsing time. The increase in PRA was marked after a short episode of crying, but that in PAC was of a mild degree. When to evaluate the levels of PRA and PAC in infants and children, especially that of PRA, one should take into consideration of the conditions of the subject such as the duration of crying at blood sampling.

Aldosterone↗
PubMed1995

Supplementary carrying compared with advice to increase responsive parenting as interventions to prevent persistent infant crying.

OBJECTIVE: To compare two interventions (supplementary carrying, increased parental responsiveness) introduced from birth for their effectiveness in reducing the amounts of crying in general community infants at 2, 6, and 12 weeks age. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Mothers and infants in newborn wards of maternity hospitals were assigned to carrying intervention, responsiveness intervention, or control groups. Follow-up measures were used to confirm that the interventions were implemented and to determine their effects on infant crying. SETTING AND MEASUREMENTS: Diary measurements completed in the home were employed to measure the aspects of parental behavior targeted by the interventions. Audio recordings, diaries, and questionnaires assessed the amounts the infants cried and the impact of the crying on their mothers and the health services. Sample sizes at 6 weeks of age were 59 (carrying intervention), 57 (responsiveness intervention), and 94 infants (control group). RESULTS: The carrying intervention successfully increased the amounts the infants were carried, particularly while settled, to the target levels. The responsiveness intervention led to more limited increases in carrying and to a modest increase in feeding frequency, but did not affect measures of parental interactiveness and play. No differences in amounts of crying and fussing were found between the three groups of infants on any of the measures. Subsidiary analyses confirmed that the dependent variable (infant fuss/crying) and main independent variable (carrying while settled) were not significantly correlated. CONCLUSION: It is not, at present, possible to recommend either supplementary carrying or increased parental responsiveness as primary, preventative interventions to reduce infant crying.

Crying↗
PubMed1993

Normality: a clinically useless concept. The case of infant crying and colic.

To summarize, it has been argued that: 1. The assessment of complaints about crying and colic present particular diagnostic problems. 2. The crying brought as a complaint seldom indicates disease. 3. Once clinical disease has been ruled out, the clinical meanings of normality and abnormality no longer apply. 4. At that point, one should not try to determine a "cut-off" point for abnormal crying, because (a) it is unhelpful clinically, (b) it is wrong in principle, and (c) it is not likely that any specific amount of crying is normal or abnormal, independent of context. 5. As a possible alternative, it is proposed that we should think of the behavior not a symptom of something the infant "has," but as something the infant "does." This behavior may have consequences that are functional or dysfunctional for the infant, the caregiver, or the infant-caregiver interaction. If this argument has merit, it may have some interesting and important implications for the way we think about, treat, and investigate developmental and behavioral problems including (but not limited to) infant crying and colic. First, what holds true for crying and colic may also hold for bedwetting and enuresis, overactivity and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and abdominal pain and recurrent abdominal pain syndrome, to name just a few. As a brief test of their applicability, one might ask how often organic disease is found in these entities, or how often patients are investigated and treated because an arbitrary amount of these behaviors is taken to be "excessive" or abnormal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Colic↗
PubMed1997

Early infant crying: child and family follow-up at three years.

Children who cried excessively at six to eight weeks of age were re-examined at two to four years of age to determine the enduring effects of excessive crying ("colic") on behavioural development, parent-child interaction, and family functioning. The more crying in early infancy, the more family disruptions occurred three years later (r = .29). Analyses showed that early crying had little impact on the children's later behavioural development. No significant major lasting effects on the family related to the infant's early crying behaviour were found. Families with sufficient social and economic resources can be reassured that problems related to early infant crying can be ameliorated over time.

Child Development↗
PubMed1996

Structures and contribution to the antigenicity of oligosaccharides of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen allergen Cry j I: relationship between the structures and antigenic epitopes of plant N-linked complex-type glycans.

The oligosaccharide structures of Cry j I, a major allergenic glycoprotein of Cryptomeria japonica (Japanese cedar, sugi), were analysed by 400 MHz 1H-NMR and two-dimensional sugar mapping analyses. The four major fractions comprised a series of biantennary complex type N-linked oligosaccharides that share a fucose/xylose-containing core and glucosamine branches including a novel structure with a nongalactosylated fucosylglucosamine branch. Rabbit polyclonal anti-Cry j I IgG antibodies cross-reacted with three different plant glycoproteins having the same or shorter N-linked oligosaccharides as Cry j I. ELISA and ELISA inhibition studies with intact glycoproteins, glycopeptides and peptides indicated that both anti-Cry j I IgGs and anti-Sophora japonica bark lectin II (B-SJA-II) IgGs included oligosaccharide-specific antibodies with different specificities, and that the epitopic structures against anti-Cry j I IgGs include a branch containing alpha 1-6 linked fucose and a core containing fucose/xylose, while those against anti-B-SJA-II IgGs include nonreducing terminal mannose residues. The cross-reactivities of human allergic sera to miraculin and Clerodendron Trichotomum lectin (CTA) were low, and inhibition studies suggested that the oligosaccharides on Cry j I contribute little or only conformationally to the reactivity of specific IgE antibodies.

Allergens↗
PubMed1994

Molecular cloning of the second major allergen, Cry j II, from Japanese cedar pollen.

Cloning of a cDNA from Cry j II, the second major allergen from Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica) pollen, is described. An isolated Cry j II cDNA contained an open reading frame coding for 514 amino acid residues. The mature Cry j II protein consisted of 388 amino acid residues (R46-S433). According to a homology analysis, no amino acid sequence homology was observed between Cry j II and Cry j I, another major allergen. But Cry j II showed homology with polygalacturonase (PG) derived from tomato (40% identity) at the amino acid level. The sequence information can potentially be used to devise an effective course of immunotherapy for Japanese cedar pollinosis.

Allergens↗
PubMed1991

Twenty-two kHz alarm cries to presentation of a predator, by laboratory rats living in visible burrow systems.

When a cat was presented to groups of 3 male and 2 female laboratory rats in the open area of a visible burrow system, the rats retreated to the burrow system and showed high levels of 18-24 kHz ultrasonic cries during the cat presentation and for 30 min following removal of the cat. Latency to make ultrasonic vocalizations, durations of these vocalizations, and duration in the burrow systems were all strikingly and reliably different during and after cat exposure in comparison to similar periods with a control (stuffed cat toy) stimulus. However, when individual rats were exposed to a cat in an open area of similar size, ultrasonic cry production was minimal. Also rats exposed individually to a cat in an apparatus providing an escape chamber similarly showed no ultrasonic cries, indicating that concealment per se is not a sufficient condition for their appearance. These results suggest that the production of ultrasonic vocalizations during and after exposure to a predator is greatly facilitated by the presence of familiar conspecifics, and may serve as alarm cries. While the alarm cry hypothesis also suggests a possible function for 18-24 kHz ultrasounds in the context of copulation and intraspecies aggression, the sonographic and functional relationships among the cries emitted in these different situations remain to be analyzed.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Novel cry gene from Paenibacillus lentimorbus strain Semadara inhibits ingestion and promotes insecticidal activity in Anomala cuprea larvae.

A positive clone was selected from a library of total cell DNA of Paenibacillus lentimorbus strain Semadara that reacted with an antiserum that was raised against parasporal crystal proteins produced by this strain. The positive clone had a DNA insert containing two whole cry genes (cry43Aa1, cry43Ba1), one partial cry gene (cry43-like), and three smaller genes located upstream. Eight blocks that are conserved in the Cry proteins of Bacillus thuringiensis [Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev. 62 (1998) 775] were detected in their deduced amino acid sequences. The Escherichia coli transformant expressing cry43Aa1 caused inhibition of ingestion and 90% mortality in the first stadium larvae of Anomala cuprea. A low concentration of sporangia mixed with the transformant expressing cry43Aa1 easily infected the larvae of A. cuprea. The protein of approximately 150 kDa produced by the transformants expressing the cry genes reacted with antiserum specific for the parasporal crystal proteins. Southern hybridization analysis demonstrated that the cry genes were located on the chromosomal DNA of this strain, which possessed at least four cry genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Screening for novel cry genes by hybridization.

AIMS: To develop an efficient and sensitive method to facilitate the search for novel Cry toxins. METHODS AND RESULTS: The method uses a cocktail of cry gene sequences as a hybridization probe to screen Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains and gene libraries prepared from them. Under the hybridization and washing conditions used, cross-hybridization between genes from different cry families was not observed. Probes containing either partial or complete cry gene sequences produced similar patterns when hybridized to genomic DNA of several Bt strains although the pattern produced by the probe composed of entire gene coding regions was somewhat more complex. CONCLUSION: As a tool for gene library screening, hybridization with a mixture of cry gene sequences is an efficient means of detecting clones containing a diverse range of cry genes in a single step. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This technique greatly improves the ease and efficiency of novel toxin gene discovery compared to previous methods.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed2005

Identification of human T cell epitopes in Japanese cypress pollen allergen, Cha o 1, elucidates the intrinsic mechanism of cross-allergenicity between Cha o 1 and Cry j 1, the major allergen of Japanese cedar pollen, at the T cell level.

BACKGROUND: Pollens from species of Cupressaceae family are one of the most important causes of respiratory allergies worldwide. In Japan, many patients with pollinosis have specific IgE to both pollens of Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa) and Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica). The sequences between Cha o 1 and Cry j 1, the major allergens of Japanese cypress and Japanese cedar pollens, respectively, are 80% identical. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify T cell epitopes in Cha o 1, and to elucidate the mechanism of cross-allergenicity between Cha o 1 and Cry j 1, at the T cell level. METHODS: T cell epitopes in Cha o 1 were identified by the reactivity of T cell lines, generated from 19 patients, to stimulation with overlapping peptides. The subsets of T cell clones specific to rCha o 1 were determined according to their ability to produce IL-4 and IFN-gamma. Peptide specificities of two T cell clones were determined by stimulation with the peptides from Cha o 1 and Cry j 1. RESULTS: Four dominant and six subdominant T cell epitopes were identified in Cha o 1. While four T cell epitopes, p11-30, p211-230, p251-270 and p331-350, were common to Cha o 1 and Cry j 1, 4 T cell epitopes, p61-80, p71-90, p311-330 and p321-340, were considered to be unique to Cha o 1. The subsets of T cell clones were predominantly of T helper2-type. One T cell clone recognized p16-30, which is common to Cha o 1 and Cry j 1, but another recognized p321-330, which is unique to Cha o 1. CONCLUSION: Presence of both T cells reactive to T cell epitopes common to Cha o 1 and Cry j 1 and T cells specific to T cell epitopes unique to Cha o 1 in patients with pollinosis contributes to prolonged symptoms after the cedar pollen season in March and the following cypress pollen season in April.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

Antigenic analyses of Sugi basic protein by monoclonal antibodies: II. Detection of immunoreactive fragments in enzyme-cleaved Cry j I.

The 4 anti-Cry j I mAbs showing an epitope specificity different from each other, 046, 029, 026 and 027, were selected to analyze the structure of the antigenic determinant for each mAb on a Cry j I molecule. Immunoreactive fragments in enzyme-cleaved Cry j I were detected by means of the adsorption on the mAb column and of the binding to the mAbs on Elisa. The mAb 026 was found to be reactive to the fragments containing a Cry j I N-terminal region obtained by V8 protease or pepsin digestion, but not to those by lysylendopeptidase digestion. The mAb 027 was found to be capable of binding to the fragments containing a linear structure of Asn-Ala-Gly-Val-Leu-Thr-Cys-Ser-Leu-Ser-Lys, which were generated by V8 protease, lysylendopeptidase or pepsin digestion. Furthermore, the synthetic peptide Asn-Ala-Gly-Val-Leu-Thr-Cys-Ser- Leu-Ser-Lys-Arg could bind to 027, but not to 026, and could inhibit the binding of 027 to Cry j I or to its immunoreactive fragments. No fragments capable of reacting to the mAbs 046 and 029 could be found in this study, suggesting that 046 and 029 recognize a conformationally constituted epitope of Cry j I molecule which is destroyed by enzymatic cleavage. The epitope recognized by the mAbs 027 or 026 was found to be located in conformationally hidden parts of the molecule which was exposed to react to the mAbs only after the physicochemical or enzymatic treatment.

Allergens↗
PubMed2026

Bacillus thuringiensis pathogenicity islands encode regulatory circuits controlling insecticidal Cry toxin expression during vegetative growth.

Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) produces insecticidal toxins, including Cry and Vip3 proteins, that are widely used for biological pest control. Cry proteins are classically expressed during sporulation under the control of sporulation-specific σ factors, whereas Vip3 is produced during vegetative growth, suggesting distinct regulatory pathways. Notably, many cry and vip3A genes are clustered within pathogenicity islands (PAIs), such as BtPAI-1. However, whether these PAIs also encode regulatory mechanisms coordinating toxin expression remains unclear. Here, we identify VipR, a BtPAI-1-encoded transcriptional regulator, as an activator of insecticidal gene expression during the vegetative phase in Bt strains HD-1 and CT-43. In these strains, VipR promotes the transcription of BtPAI-1 associated insecticidal genes, including vip3A and selected cry genes, resulting in premature Cry protein accumulation and increased insecticidal activity. In addition, VipR contributes to the vegetative-phase expression of the non-BtPAI-1 cry9Aa genes in strain BGSC 4AE1. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that vipR is widely distributed in one-third of Bt strains, and is strongly associated with PAIs. Futhermore, heterologous expression of vipR in BGSC 4J5 and HD-73 was sufficient to activate vegetative-phase transcription of some cry independently of sporulation-specific σ factor cascade. These results support a role for VipR in coordinating vegetative-phase expression of insecticidal genes in the Bt strains examined and suggest that BtPAI-1 can encode both insecticidal determinants and regulatory functions that influence their expression. These findings provide new insights into the regulatory architecture of Bt pathogenicity islands and may facilitate the engineering of strains with enhanced insecticidal activity.

Bacillus thuringiensis↗
PubMed2004

The cryptochrome (cry) gene and a mating isolation mechanism in tephritid fruit flies.

Two sibling species of tephritid fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni and Bactrocera neohumeralis, are differentiated by their time of mating, which is genetically determined and requires interactions between the endogenous circadian clock and light intensity. The cryptochrome (cry) gene, a light-sensitive component of the circadian clock, was isolated in the two Bactrocera species. The putative amino acid sequence is identical in the two species. In the brain, in situ hybridization showed that cry is expressed in the lateral and dorsal regions of the central brain where PER immunostaining was also observed and in a peripheral cell cluster of the antennal lobes. Levels of cry mRNA were analyzed in whole head, brain, and antennae. In whole head, cry is abundantly and constantly expressed. However, in brain and antennae the transcript cycles in abundance, with higher levels during the day than at night, and cry transcripts are more abundant in the brain and antennae of B. neohumeralis than in that of B. tryoni. Strikingly, these results are duplicated in hybrid lines, generated by rare mating between B. tryoni and B. neohumeralis and then selected on the basis of mating time, suggesting a role for the cry gene in the mating isolation mechanism that differentiates the species.

Amino Acid Sequence↗