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PubMed2005

Effect of tactile feedback on movement speed and precision during work-related tasks using a computer mouse.

Effects of tactile feedback on movement accuracy and speed were studied. Younger and older participants performed three tasks (1, select and drag word; 2, menu navigation; 3, select and drag cell) using commercial software and a mouse with or without tactile feedback. Task time and error number were recorded. Tasks were divided according to presence or absence of tactile feedback, and participants were divided into subgroups (high, average, low) based on Task 1 performance. Overall, older participants took longer (p < .0001) and made more errors (p < .001) than younger participants. There was an effect of feedback by task in younger participants for all six outcomes (p < 0.02). At the task level, with feedback, younger participants reduced performance time (13%) and errors (24%) on Task 1. Low- and average-performance younger participants benefited most from feedback for Task 1. Older low-performance participants also benefited from feedback for Task 1. For Task 3, older participants tended to take more time and make more errors with feedback. Tactile feedback may enhance performance when feedback is event related. Older people may not integrate sensation as well as younger individuals to enhance performance. Potential applications of this research include the development of tactile feedback interfaces to facilitate computer use.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Drug-induced prevention of gastrectomy- and ovariectomy-induced osteopaenia in the young female rat.

Both ovariectomy (Ovx) and gastrectomy (Gx) induce osteopaenia in rats and humans. While the effect of Ovx has been ascribed to oestrogen deficiency, the underlying mechanism behind Gx is poorly understood. Alendronate, oestrogen and parathyroid hormone (PTH) are known to prevent the osteopaenia induced by Ovx in rats. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether alendronate, oestrogen or PTH could also prevent Gx-evoked osteopaenia. Rats were Ovx-, Gx-, or were sham-operated (Sham) and were then treated with alendronate (50 micro g/kg/day), oestrogen (10 micro g/kg/day) or PTH(1-84) (75 micro g/kg/day) for eight weeks. At sacrifice, serum PTH was unaffected by surgery (Ovx, 64+/-8 pg/ml; Gx, 75+/-13 pg/ml; Sham, 58+/-11 pg/ml). The bone mineral density (BMD) of the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5) was analysed. Ovx and Gx reduced the BMD (ash weight/Volume) of the L5 by 15+/-4% and 22+/-3% respectively. Trabecular BMD and the cortical bone mineral content (BMC) of the femur were assessed using peripheral computed tomography. Both Ovx and Gx markedly reduced trabecular BMD in the metaphyseal area of the distal femur (Ovx, -37+/-7%; Gx, -49+/-7%). The cortical BMC of the femur was only slightly reduced. Alendronate prevented trabecular bone loss after both Ovx and Gx, while oestrogen and PTH prevented trabecular bone loss after Ovx but not after Gx. In conclusion, the bisphosphonate alendronate prevented both Ovx- and Gx-induced trabecular bone loss. In contrast, PTH and oestrogen prevented Ovx-induced but not Gx-induced trabecular bone loss, suggesting that the mechanism behind the trabecular bone loss in Ovx rats differs from that in Gx rats. The results support the notion that the mechanism of action for the bone-sparing effect of these drugs differs. The ability of alendronate, and probably also other bisphosphonates, to prevent Gx-evoked osteopaenia in the rat might be of potential clinical interest when dealing with post-Gx osteopaenia in humans.

Alendronate↗
PubMed1996

A computer utility for automated retrieval of radiology reports.

OBJECTIVE: Many radiology information systems (RISs) installed during the 1980s have a user interface that is crude by today's standards. We explored improving this user interface by using the local processing power of the personal computer. In this article we describe a computer program that significantly enhances the ease of report retrieval by automating much of the interaction with our RIS, which is IDXrad. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The program, named DERVISH, runs under DOS on International Business Machines-compatible personal computers having an 80286 or faster processor, an enhanced graphics adapter or video gate array display, two serial ports, a mouse, and a bar code wand. It is written in the C++ programming language. Input may be keyboard, mouse, or bar code wand, and reports may be displayed singly or multiply and printed to a local printer or an RIS printer or copied to a disk file. DERVISH not only performs many of the routine tasks of an RIS session such a logging on and off but also provides a menu-driven environment for report display, including optional restriction of the report list to related prior reports. Keyboard use is minimized in favor of a mouse and a bar code wand. DERVISH emulates a standard RIS terminal for functions other than report retrieval. RESULTS: Originally intended to help retrieve the prior radiology reports of a patient at hand, DERVISH has found use in our quality management effort as well, simplifying comparison of reports from related radiologic techniques. An early version suffered poor acceptance because of its nonstandard interface and frequent malfunctions. The current version is presently in use in our emergency radiology department. CONCLUSION: DERVISH serves not only as a useful utility in itself but also as a demonstration of the ability of the local processing power of a desktop computer to improve the user interface of an aging RIS and to extend its functional life.

Computer Graphics↗
PubMed2006

Background luminance and input devices on clicking performance with a tablet PC.

This study investigated the effects of input devices and background luminance on clicking performance with a Tablet PC. The experiment was designed in complete block design within subjects. Participants were 19 men and 11 women, college students whose ages were 19 to 22 years (M=20.1 yr.). All had 0.8 corrected visual acuity or better and normal color vision. Three kinds of input devices, mouse, light pen, and touchpad, were used in this experiment. An analysis of variance showed that input devices significantly affected clicking performance as did background luminance (contrast ratio) on visual recognition (a higher contrast ratio gave better visual recognition).

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed2004

A new breed of computer users: rats control a cursor via joystick manipulation.

Many exciting findings have been reported in the 15 years since monkeys were first demonstrated to have the capacity to perform computerized tasks. The present data indicate that albino rats can also learn to respond to computer-generated stimuli by manipulating a joystick. Although the rat's control of the cursor is not as skillful as has been reported for primate species, it is clearly better than chance and suggests the great potential for comparative investigation afforded by use of the computer test system.

Animal Experimentation↗
PubMed1992

External audio for IBM-compatible computers.

Numerous applications benefit from the presentation of computer-generated auditory stimuli at points discontiguous with the computer itself. Modification of an IBM-compatible computer for use of an external speaker is relatively easy but not intuitive. This modification is briefly described.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed1992

Testing primates with joystick-based automated apparatus: lessons from the Language Research Center's Computerized Test System.

Nonhuman primates provide useful models for studying a variety of medical, biological, and behavioral topics. Four years of joystick-based automated testing of monkeys using the Language Research Center's Computerized Test System (LRC-CTS) are examined to derive hints and principles for comparable testing with other species--including humans. The results of multiple parametric studies are reviewed, and reliability data are presented to reveal the surprises and pitfalls associated with video-task testing of performance.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Computer mouse position as a determinant of posture, muscular load and perceived exertion.

OBJECTIVES: This study concerned the influence of 6 positions of the computer mouse on the work table on posture, muscular load, and perceived exertion during text editing. METHODS: An optoelectronic 3-dimensional motion analysis system was used to register the postures of 10 men and 10 women using video display units. Muscular load was also registered (with electromyography), as was perceived exertion (with rating scales). RESULTS: A neutral posture with a relaxed and supported arm showed the least perceived exertion, and the electromyographic results showed low activity in both trapezius muscles in this position. Short operators (all women) showed a numerically higher activity in the 4 examined muscles than the tall operators (all men, except 1). This finding could be related to lower muscle force among women and to anthropometric differences, which also influence biomechanic load moments. Narrow-shouldered operators (8 women and 1 man) and short operators worked with larger outward rotation and abduction of the shoulder in a position of the mouse lateral to the keyboard than the broad-shouldered (7 men and 2 women) and tall operators did. Arm support markedly reduced muscle load in the neck-shoulder region among the operators. CONCLUSIONS: The operators using video display units in this study preferred to use the mouse on a table in a close to relaxed, neutral posture of the arm in combination with arm support. Short and narrow-shouldered operators worked in more strenuous postures of the arm when the mouse was located lateral to the keyboard.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Differences between work methods and gender in computer mouse use.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate whether gender or different methods of operating a computer mouse have an effect on performance and musculoskeletal load in the use of a computer mouse. METHODS: Thirty experienced computer mouse users, 15 men and 15 women, participated in the study. Electromyography (right first dorsal interossei, right extensor digitorum and right and left trapezius), a force-sensing mouse, and subjective ratings were used to register muscular load. An electrogoniometer was used to register the wrist movements. The subjects worked with 3 different methods, their own, a wrist-based method and an arm-based method. Gender comparisons were made when the subjects used their own method. RESULTS: The women worked with greater extension and range of motion and tended to work with a greater ulnar deviation of the wrist. They also applied higher forces to the mouse when expressed as a percentage of a maximum voluntary contraction and had higher muscular activity in the right extensor digitorum. When using the arm-based method, the subjects worked with greater wrist extension, had higher muscular activity in the right and left trapezius muscles, and had the highest ratings of perceived exertion in the neck and shoulder. The wrist-based method resulted in higher forces being applied to the sides of the mouse and the highest ratings of perceived exertion in the wrist and hand-fingers. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences were found for musculoskeletal load, and for most of the measured variables the women worked with higher loads than the men. The work method affected performance and musculoskeletal load. Finally, subjective measures appeared to have some utility in characterizing muscular load.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Low end interactive image-directed neurosurgery. Update on rudimentary augmented reality used in epilepsy surgery.

Our experience with a very low end interactive image-directed (IIDS) neurosurgical system is presented. The system was developed by the author and consists of a personal desktop computer and a magnetic field digitizer. This low cost solution was pursued as an alternative to available commercial devices which were expensive and not readily modifiable for novel ideas and new applications targeted for Epilepsy surgery. The rationale and description of the system was presented last year at Medicine Meets Virtual Reality III. Included in that detailed report were the fundamental mathematics forming the basics of transformation between the surgical and the digital data spaces. Since then the system has been used in an additional 20 cases now totaling 40 in all. Its advantages and short comings will be described. The theoretical advantages of magnetic field technology over other localization methods is reviewed. Also, our experience with alternative low cost off-the-shelf interfacing devices and other related modifications are described. We have accumulated clinical data to suggest that craniotomy sizes have been reduced, electrode placement has been improved, and that interactive image-directed techniques offer advantages over other common intra-operative localization modalities such as ultrasound. Our conclusion is that interactive image-directed techniques improve neurosurgery and that inexpensive enabling technology is already available providing the technological substrate for low cost devices using virtual reality notions for surgery and medicine. This particular technology offers advantages to traditional surgical techniques demonstrating the attractiveness of rudimentary virtual reality medical applications.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1996

A desktop image processing system for computer-assisted orthopedic surgery (DISOS).

Within the framework of our research activities in orthopedic surgery a PC-based imageprocessing system for the processing of x-ray computer-tomographic data has been developed. The system is used as a work platform for the investigations concerning interaction modalities, strategies and techniques for an efficient planning and execution of surgical interventions in orthopedic surgery by means of individual templates. The method of individual templates has been presented in /1,2/ and will not be subject of this paper.

Computer Peripherals↗
PubMed1997

Fortune 1,000 ranked within industries.

Call this the big picture. Here we take a wider cut at the performance of American industry, sizing up the top 1,000 companies by 12 different measures, including profits, employees, and bottom-line ratios, like return on equity. You'll find enormous differences among industries--and within them. For example, the health care group showed profit growth of 24% but a -23% return to investors. Computer peripherals companies, on the other hand, had zero profit growth but 101% total return. Among peers, check out Compaq's profits, up 66%; Apple's, down 292%.

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

Attention for security now more needed than ever.

Security is a major consideration for any computer system. Today the topic security is defined and divided in three different domains: confidentiality, integrity and availability. This paper deals with the topic availability and the fact that hospitals are getting more and more dependent of their computer systems In this contribution the different aspects of availability and non-availability are described and measures are mentioned to lower the risk of dysfunction in the hospital in case the system completely has collapsed for a longer period.

Computer Peripherals↗