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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Augmented prenatal tactile and vestibular stimulation alters postnatal auditory and visual responsiveness in bobwhite quail chicks.

The fact that the sensory systems do not become functional at the same time during early development raises the question of how sensory systems and their respective stimulative histories might influence one another. Previous studies have shown that unusually early visual experience can alter subsequent responsiveness of both the visual system and the earlier developing olfactory and auditory systems. The question remains as to the extent which modified stimulation to an earlier developing system can also result in changes in responsiveness in later developing sensory systems. This study examined the effects of augmented prenatal tactile and vestibular stimulation on bobwhite quail chicks' postnatal visual and auditory responsiveness to maternal cues. Results indicate that augmented prenatal tactile and vestibular stimulation can alter postnatal perceptual responsivensss in the later developing auditory and visual sensory systems. Chicks exposed to augmented prenatal proximal stimulation continued to respond to maternal auditory cues into later stages of postnatal development and failed to demonstrate responsiveness to maternal visual cues in the days following hatching. However, augmented tactile and vestibular stimulation did not appear to affect prenatal auditory learning of an individual maternal call. These findings indicate a strong but selective pattern of influence between the sensory modalities during the prenatal period and support the view that substantially increased amounts of prenatal sensory stimulation can interfere with the emergence of species-typical perceptual functioning.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Attractiveness of chickens and bobwhite quail for Culex nigripalpus.

An experiment to determine if wild Culex nigripalpus preferentially enter lard-can traps baited with chickens or bobwhite quail was conducted. A strong preference for the chicken-baited trap was observed. Further development of transmission models for St. Louis encephalitis virus in southern Florida should consider increased biting rates on sentinel chickens and the consequences for the interpretation of sentinel seroconversion data.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Characterization of the toxicity of the mycotoxins aflatoxin, ochratoxin, and T-2 toxin in game birds. III. Bobwhite and Japanese quail.

Bobwhite and Japanese quail were fed diets containing 1.25, 2.50, or 5.00 ppm aflatoxin; 1, 2, or 4 ppm ochratoxin A (OA); or 4, 8, or 16 ppm T-2 toxin. Aflatoxin induced mortality in bobwhites during the second and third week with 1.25 ppm (10%), 2.50 ppm (30%), and 5.00 ppm (40%), and during the same period with T-2 toxin at 8 ppm (20%) and 16 ppm (22.5%). Body weights of bobwhite quail were significantly decreased by the two higher levels of aflatoxin by 2 weeks of age, and by the two higher levels of T-2 toxin by 1 week of age. In Japanese quail, only the highest level of aflatoxin and T-2 toxin reduced body weight (by 3 weeks and by 1 week of age, respectively), and even then to a much lesser extent than in bobwhites (less than 10%). Aflatoxin did not affect feed-conversion ratio (FCR) in bobwhite quail, but the two higher levels of T-2 toxin increased FCR. None of the toxins induced mortality or increased the FCR in Japanese quail. Aflatoxin increased liver weight in both bobwhite and Japanese quail. OA increased kidney weight in 3-week-old Japanese quail but had no effect on the kidney weight of bobwhite quail. Mouth lesions were progressively more severe in bobwhite quail fed increasing levels of T-2 toxin, but lesions were far less severe in Japanese quail.

Aflatoxins↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pathogenicity of Salmonella pullorum in northern bobwhite quail and mallard ducks.

Ten-day-old northern bobwhite quail and mallard ducks were inoculated orally and intravenously with Salmonella pullorum at selected concentrations (10(3) to 10(10) colony-forming units). Mortality in bobwhites ranged from 65% to 100%, whereas no mallards died or exhibited any signs of morbidity. Significantly (P less than 0.05) increased values for serum calcium, uric acid, and lactate dehydrogenase were observed in mallards inoculated with live S. pullorum, and antibody titers were detected as early as 1 week postinoculation. Viable bacteria were cultured from feces, liver, lungs, heart, kidneys, pancreas, and spleen of bobwhites and from livers of four mallards. Bacterial colonies were frequently found in the capillaries of various organs of the quail, particularly in the heart and kidneys, with slight-to-moderate diffuse or multifocal necrotizing inflammation present in all organs examined. Bobwhites are susceptible to infection from S. pullorum, with morbidity and mortality rates similar to those of chicks and poults, whereas mallards undergo a short, subclinical infection that is resolved without lasting tissue damage.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Comparison of four membranes for artificially bloodfeeding mosquitoes.

Four species of mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti, Ae. triseriatus, Culex pipiens and Cx. tarsalis, were allowed access to defibrinated rabbit blood via 4 different membranes and a standard membrane feeder. Natural animal skins (mouse or quail) were the most effective. More than 50% of the Aedes mosquitoes fed within 5 min and approximately 90% fed within 20 min on either mouse or quail skin. Culex species fed best on quail skin, but the difference in feeding on quail skin and sheep intestine was not significant at 10 or 20 min. In general Culex mosquitoes fed less readily on natural animal skins than Aedes.

Aedes↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Toxicity of dietary monensin in quail.

Quail were fed monensin to determine liver damage, as measured by changes in activities of serum enzymes and liver microsomal enzymes. Monensin fed at a therapeutic level of 110 ppm for 2 weeks produced an increase in cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome b5 and induction of the activities of benzphetamine N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and aniline hydroxylase, with no changes in the activities of serum sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). On the other hand, quail fed 110 ppm, 220 ppm, and 330 ppm monensin in feed for 6 weeks showed a significant rise in SDH and AST activities at 330 ppm but not at 110 ppm and 220 ppm. The manifestations of liver toxicity observed at 330 ppm were accompanied by a significant decrease in all the aforementioned hepatic microsomal mixed-function oxidases. In contrast, quail fed monensin at 110 ppm and 220 ppm for 6 weeks produced no change in these parameters except for benzphetamine N-demethylase, aminopyrine N-demethylase, and aniline hydroxylase, which were significantly increased in birds fed 220 ppm of monensin.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparative toxicity of coniine, an alkaloid of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), in chickens, quails, and turkeys.

Coniine, an alkaloid of Conium maculatum (poison hemlock), was administered by gavage to immature chickens, quails, and turkeys at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg body weight. At 25 mg coniine/kg body weight, clinical signs were observed only in quails (2/10) and consisted of excitement, depression, hypermetria, seizures, opisthotonos, and flaccid paralysis. Chickens (9/10) and quails (8/10) dosed at 50 mg/kg body weight were affected, and several birds of each species died (2/10 and 5/10, respectively). Turkeys (7/10) were affected only when dosed at 100 mg/kg body weight, and quails (6/10), turkeys (4/10), and chickens (10/10) died at this dose. There were no gross or microscopic lesions. Coniine was detected in skeletal muscle and liver of birds dying after ingestion and was present in some survivors 7 days post-treatment.

Alkaloids↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Failure of Heterakis bonasae to transmit Histomonas meleagridis.

Studies were conducted to determine whether Heterakis bonasae eggs from bobwhite quail infected with Histomonas meleagridis would transmit histomoniasis to turkeys. Fifteen helminth-free bobwhites were inoculated per os with embryonated H. bonasae eggs. Each bobwhite was then infected with H. meleagridis via rectal inoculation. Bobwhites that developed cecal lesions rarely retained mature H. bonasae. H. bonasae eggs recovered from bobwhites exposed to or known to have concurrent H. meleagridis infections were inoculated per os to eleven helminth-free turkeys. None of the turkeys developed H. meleagridis infections.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Mapping the antigenic epitope for a monoclonal antibody against lysozyme.

A monoclonal antibody (HyHEL-5), prepared to chicken lysozyme c by the method of Köhler and Milstein, identified an antigenic site (epitope) that was shared by the lysozymes of seven different species of galliform birds. The lysozymes of two galliform species, bobwhite quail and chachalaca, shared only partial antigenic identity with the epitope defined by this antibody. Duck lysozyme did not react with the antibody at all. Amino acids that determined the epitope structure were tentatively identified by comparing the amino acid sequences of these lysozymes and assuming the antigenic changes produced by evolutionary substitutions are not due to long-range conformational changes. Arg 68 was identified as a determining amino acid. Arg 68 is hydrogen-bonded to Arg 45, and together these two amino acids form a basic cluster that may be a subsite of the epitope. The antibody inhibited lysis of Micrococcus lysodeikticus by chicken lysozyme. Additionally, Biebrich Scarlet, a dye that binds to the catalytic site, inhibited antibody binding to this lysozyme, which indicates that the epitope extends into the cleft region between Arg 45 and Arg 114. The epitope was hypothesized to involve a region measuring at least 13 x 6 x 15 A including the Arg 68-Arg 45 complex that borders the enzymatic catalytic site. Four other monoclonal antibodies to lysozyme have been partially characterized; each had a distinct pattern of binding specificity for various species of bird lysozymes.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

Antigenic regions defined by monoclonal antibodies correspond to structural domains of avian lysozyme.

The epitopes recognized by six new BALB/c hybridomas specific for the protein antigen hen egg-white lysozyme (HEL) were mapped in detail. Although fine specificities of all the antibodies were distinct, many of the epitopes overlap in complex patterns. The antibodies could be grouped into three complementation groups, one of which also included the previously characterized HyHEL -5 which is specific for Arg68 . Complex interactions were observed among the antibodies, both among and within complementation groups, including nonreciprocal competition and enhanced binding. Two of the complementation groups mapped near the catalytic site in a new antigenic region. The antibodies HyHEL -8 and HyHEL -10 had very similar and over-lapping specificities, and may recognize very closely related epitopes. The results suggest that the epitopes may form a continuous antigenic surface, and that antigenic regions correspond to structural domains defined by the tertiary structure of HEL.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Improved method for recovering ascarid and other helminth eggs from soil associated with epizootics and during survey studies.

Two noncentrifugal and 5 centrifugal flotation methods for the recovery of infective Baylisascaris procyonis eggs from contaminated soil were evaluated after an epizootic of fatal cerebrospinal nematodiasis in bobwhites. All involved the use of inexpensive, readily available materials and routine procedures. In all but 1 of the methods, sizes of the soil samples were 30 g; in 1 centrifugal method, the sample size was 1 g. The centrifugal methods included various combinations of (i) anionic detergent (Tween) pretreatment of the soil, (ii) 3 X washing of the sediment, (iii) NaNO3 or ZnSO4 flotation solution, and (iv) resuspension and reexamination of the sediment. By the 30-g sample centrifugal methods, significantly more eggs (av 251 to 448) were recovered than by the noncentrifugal methods (av 7 and 12) or the 1-g sample method (av 44). In the most efficacious method, the combination of Tween pretreatment, washed sediment, NaNO3 flotation solution, and resuspension/reexamination of the sediment was used. This method was tested against the 1-g sample method on soil from a naturally occurring infection of Toxocara cati visceral larva migrans in a child. On initial examination of 5 areas, 3 to 10 eggs were recovered by the 30-g sample method vs 0 eggs by the 1-g sample method. Using sandbox soil and 10 replicates each, recoveries by the 30-g sample method averaged 9.2 eggs/replicate (range 5 to 12) and those by the 1-g sample method, 0.1 eggs (range 0 to 1).

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Atypical histomoniasis in Bobwhite quail.

An outbreak of histomonad infection of an apparent atypical nature was diagnosed in a flock of about 850 Bobwhite quail. Mortality was 95% over a 3-week period. The most prominent gross pathologic lesions were in the livers: disseminated white foci of necrosis, 1 to 2 mm in diameter, and subcapsular multifocal splenic necrosis was seen occasionally; lower intestinal lesions were infrequent. Histologic examination of liver and spleen sections revealed focal necrosis associated with variable numbers of protozoal organisms identified as a Histomonad spp. Identification of the protoza was ascertained by electron microscopy. Histmonads were isolated from affected quail livers and propagated in specific-pathogen-free chicken embryos. Lesions produced in embryos were evaluated. Isolates of the organism were used to reproduce the disease in young Bobwhite quail.

Animals↗