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PubMed1987

[New focus of chloroquine-resistant malaria in a forestry zone in Cameroon].

In vitro sensitivity of P. falciparum to chloroquine and quinine was studied in Hevecam rubber plantations of la Nyete in Cameroon, located at 45 km in the south east of Kribi in a forest area. More than half of the isolates studied (14/25) were resistant to chloroquine (EC50 greater than 80 nmole/l). The mean EC50 and EC99 were 113 nmole/l and 4,110 nmole/l respectively. The sensitivity to quinine was decreased, as compared to other area of the country. Kribi is the third area of chloroquine-resistance known in Cameroon.

Animals↗
PubMed1987

Investigation of a possible yellow fever epidemic and serosurvey for flavivirus infections in northern Cameroon, 1984.

A cluster of fatal hepatitis cases in northern Cameroon in 1984 stimulated a field investigation to rule out an epidemic of yellow fever. A serosurvey of villages in the extreme north of the country, in a Sudan savanna (SS) phytogeographical zone, disclosed no evidence of recent yellow fever infection. However, further south, in a Guinea savanna (GS) phytogeographical zone, serological evidence was found of endemic yellow fever virus transmission. The results indicate a potential for epidemic spread of yellow fever virus from the southern GS zone to the nothern SS zone of Cameroon, where immunity in the population was low.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

[A fatal case of chloroquine-resistant neuromalaria in a traveller to Cameroon].

A death from chloroquinoresistant falciparum malaria contracted by a traveller under chloroquine chemoprophylaxis during a stay in the Cameroon provides the authors with an opportunity to analyze the extension of chloroquinoresistance in Africa. Having appeared there about 10 years ago, it remained for a long time localized in East Africa. In recent years, it has moved West. Today, 17 countries located from the North to the South between Sudan and Mozambique, and from East to West between Kenya and the Cameroon are affected, as are the Malagasy Republic, the Comores and Zanzibar. The strains resistant to chloroquine are still sensitive to amodiaquine. In certain regions which are widespread in the continent, resistance to pyrimethamine has become evident in the last 30 years; resistance to pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine and pyrimethamine-dapsone has appeared in the last 3 years in East Africa. In the light of the complexity of the problem of malaria chemoprophylaxis, the authors emphasize the necessity of resensitizing the public at large with respect to personal protection against biting anopheline mosquitos, especially during the hours of darkness. The medical profession should equally be made aware of these new problems. Three types of chemoprophylaxis in relation to the areas visited are proposed: the first for West Africa; the second for Central Africa, neighbouring regions and the Malagasy Republic and the Comores; the third for the 3 East Africa countries the most affected, which are Kenya, Burundi and Tanzania.

Africa↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Epidemiologic and clinical study of paragonimosis in Cameroon. Results of niclofolan treatment].

Paragonimiasis does not occur only in the South West Province of Cameroon. Four foci exist in the country. They are the well known focus in the Mount Kupe area, the Mbam focus, the Nyong focus and the Ntem focus. All of them are located in the rainforest within the distribution area of Potadoma. This disease, characterized by the presence of eggs in sputum and feces, has often been confused with tuberculosis. In the villages where paragonimiasis is diagnosed by means of parasitological techniques circulating antibodies, revealed with a P. westermani antigen (ELISA), are often found in blood specimens taken from inhabitants. Teen agers suffer the most from the disease and females more often than males. Women and children are traditionally concerned with crabs fishing and they eat them after partly raw. Crabs of the genus Sudanautes contain the infective metacercariae. Paragonimiasis is enzootic and the civet cat V. civetta seems to be the main natural definitive host in Cameroon. Niclofolan given orally in a single dose of 2 mg/kg body weight showed a 100% cure rate. Side reactions are mild and transient.

Cameroon↗
PubMed1995

[Use of the B19 strain in the prevention of bovine brucellosis in northern Cameroon. Study of effect of the dose on seroconversion rate and duration in female zebu].

Four herds of zebus from northern Cameroon totalling 136 animals were vaccinated subcutaneously with the following doses of Brucella abortus strain 19: 5 x 10(9) colony-forming units (CFU), 10(9) CFU, 5 x 10(8) CFU and 10(7) CFU. Twenty-eight days after vaccination, the following seroconversion rates were observed respectively: 97.4, 96.2 84.2 and 73.3%. Of the 52 animals which could be tested subsequently including 39 over one year old on the vaccination day, only one showed antibodies 6 months after vaccination. The cost price of the strain 19 vaccine produced at the Boklé National Veterinary Laboratory was estimated to be 65 F CFA at the 10(9) CFU dose and 1,740 F CFA at the 5 x 10(10) CFU dose usually recommended. The use of the Buck 19 strain in the medical prophylaxis of bovine brucellosis in northern Cameroon is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Malaria vectors and transmission in an area deforested for a new international airport in southern Cameroon.

Nsimalen, a village in Southern Cameroon, has been deforested over a surface of 370 hectares for the construction of the new Yaounde international airport (Cameroon). Mosquitoes night catches on human bait were performed over a year in two hamlets of this village, one adjoining the airport and the other situated 3 kilometers off the deforested area. The aim of the survey was to observe malaria vectors and transmission around the airport and to record malaria epidemiological changes resulting from deforestation. The findings showed that the main malaria vector was Anopheles moucheti (95% of the vector population). Anopheles gambiae was also present but in very small quantities. The increased density of the latter near the airport combined with the low parity rates, indicated that deforestation favoured the breeding of this species. Malaria transmission was estimated at 106 and 68 infective bites per man per year in hamlets close to and far away from the airport zone respectively. An. gambiae accounted for 13% of the transmission in the hamlet adjoining the airport and 0% three kilometers off the airport.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

[First case of an outbreak of hemorrhagic septicemia caused by Pasteurella multocida serotype B6 in northern Cameroon].

For the first time in Cameroon, a strain of Pasteurella multocida serotype B6 was isolated from a haemorrhagic septicaemia outbreak in Zebu cattle in the area of Maga (Far Northern Province). Through the mouse protection test, evidence was given that there was no cross protection between this strain and the strain of Pasteurella multocida serotype E6 which is used as an inactivated vaccine in Cameroon. Hence, it is recommended to use a combined vaccine including both serotypes for the Central and West African countries.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Characteristics of HIV/AIDS patients attending a rural hospital in Cameroon. Manyemen HIV/AIDS Team.

Manyemen, a rural community in Cameroon, has now been hit by the HIV epidemic. This paper describes the experiences gained at the Presbyterian General Hospital in Manyemen between 1990 and 1992 regarding HIV infection in pregnant women, AIDS case management, counseling and home visits. A total of 383 pregnant women attending antenatal clinics were tested. We found a 2.9% HIV-1 seroprevalence and a 17% reactivity to a non-specific syphilis test, rapid plasma reagin, RPR. In 1990, 1991 and 1992, we diagnosed 55, 89 and 94 cases of clinical AIDS respectively. New TB cases seen in the same period showed the following HIV positive rates 3.5%, 2.4% and 5.8%. A detailed study of 78 AIDS patients revealed that the five most common presenting signs in our patients were wasting (80%), prolonged fever (28%), chronic diarrhoea (17%), oropharyngeal candidiasis (14%) and pulmonary TB (10%). Pretest and post test counseling is routinely done by the AIDS team. About 79% of the patients were post counselled as were 27% of their relatives. Home visits have been started. These results show that AIDS is no longer an issue confined to cities in Cameroon and that rural hospitals should institute a programme, similar to ours, to help them cope with the AIDS epidemic.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1993

Prevalence of cytomegalovirus seropositivity in an urban childhood population in Cameroon.

In 1989, the prevalence of antibody to cytomegalovirus (CMV) was determined by the ELISA method in serum samples from 198 apparently healthy children 4-14 years old in Kumba City (Cameroon). Children were randomly recruited from six primary schools located in different districts of the city. The overall prevalence was 94.0%, increasing from 88.5% in 4-6 years old to 98% in subjects 11-14 years old. A slight male predominance was observed (96.2% versus 92.4%), which was not statistically significant. Family size and father's occupation were not associated with anti-CMV prevalence. These findings demonstrate a virtually total exposure to CMV infection by late childhood in Cameroon. However, the undesirable consequences of congenitally acquired CMV infection are rare, because nearly 100% of the women are seropositive by the time they reach childbearing age.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Short term projections of infection by the human immunodeficiency (HIV) and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in Cameroon].

As of December 1991, Cameroon has reported 827 cases of AIDS. The results from the Sentinel Surveillance System show a seroprevalence of 1.3% HIV1 among pregnant women, 2.5% in people attending STD clinic and 3.5% in tuberculosis patients. The World Health Organization projection model was used to make a short term projection of HIV infection and AIDS cases. Results show that the number estimated of HIV infected populations varies between 24 to 45,000 people by the year 1995. Results show also an estimated 8,500 cumulative AIDS cases. Even in a low prevalence country as Cameroon the impact of the HIV epidemic is important and will result in a burden for the health care system.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1995

[Social, economical and educational causes of late diagnosis and treatment of cancer in Cameroon].

The aim of the study was the identification of the social, economical and educational causes of late diagnosis and treatment of cancer in Cameroon. The interview of 200 consecutive patients with histologically proven cancer was performed between November 1988 and November 1990 in the Department of Radiotherapy at the University of Yaoundé Hospital. The interview followed a pre-written questionnaire. There were 12% early stages and 88% advanced diseases. The median time interval between the first symptom and the first consultation was 10 months (extremes: 3 weeks-5 years). The median time interval between first consultation and diagnosis was two months (extremes: 7 days-7 years). Finally the time interval between diagnosis and treatment was one month (extremes: 7 days-3 months). The major reasons for consultation delay were: cost, inaccessibility of health structures, ignorance, fear and attempts of traditional medicine. The major causes of diagnosis delay were cost of procedures and misdiagnosis. The reasons for late treatment were the cost of treatment and lack of confidence of patients on treatment results. It is concluded that advances in cancer treatment results in Cameroon require educational efforts, health care reorganization, and development of regional and international cooperation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Circadian rhythm of hypertensives in a Cameroon population: a pilot study.

The present study was designed to determine diurnal blood pressure (BP) variations in black hypertensive Africans in Cameroon. Also the study assessed sex differences associated with ambulatory BP measurements in this black population. A total of 69 adult Cameroonians aged 25-55 years, who attended a hypertensive clinic in Yaounde, Cameroon, were recruited on a voluntary basis. The mean ages of the males and females were 48.9 and 45.8 years, respectively. Ambulatory BP monitoring was recorded with Spacelabs ICR Model 5300 ambulatory BP monitoring systems. SBP, DBP and heart rate were measured every 30 min over a 24 h period. There were no significant mean differences observed between males and females on 24 h, daytime or night-time BPs. Among the Cameroonians, 31.7% (20 of 63) of the study population were 'non-dippers'. There were no sex difference for dippers compared with non-dippers. Significant nocturnal declines were noted for SBP, DBP, heart rate and mean arterial pressure. The results of the present study reveal that in this select Cameroonian population, there exists a nocturnal decline in BP.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

[Treatment of ectopic pregnancies by laparotomy in under-equipped countries. A series of 144 cases at the Yaounde University Hospital Center (Cameroon)].

We report in the context of a developing country the results of ectopic pregnancies treated by laparotomy in the last ten years (1984-1993) in the maternity unit of the Teaching Hospital Yaounde (Cameroons). There were 144 cases of ectopic pregnancies from a total of 12,507 deliveries; this corresponds to 11 cases of ectopic pregnancies for 1,000 deliveries. In 75 cases (52%) the patients were operated in emergency situations with clinical signs of ruptured ectopic pregnancy which were later confirmed at laparotomy. In 69 cases (47.9%) the patients were retained in hospital for definitive diagnosis and in the follow-up, the diagnosis was confirmed by laparoscopy in 37 cases (53.6%) and by ultrasonography in 22 cases (31.9%). In this study the frequency of ectopic pregnancy was most common among primiparous women (36 cases) and second parity (37 cases). The highest frequency of ectopic pregnancies was found in women in the age range between 25 and 30 years. Radical treatment of ectopic pregnancy was performed in 62 cases (43.0%) and conservative treatment in 82 cases (56.9%). The main complication during the operation was represented by severe hemorrhage in 65 cases (45.1%); blood transfusion was required in 25 cases. Among the patients who were followed up in the prenatal clinic (98 cases) 16 patients (16.3%) presented an intra-uterine pregnancy and 12 patients (12.2%) a recurrence of ectopic pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy is a frequent pathology in Cameroon. In the absence of methods for early diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy such as endovaginal ultrasonography and the measurement of beta human chorionic gonadotropin (beta hCG), primary use of laparotomy is necessary when clinical signs of ectopic pregnancy exist. This procedure permits the avoidance of severe complications such as hemorrhage and maternal death. It can be said that laparotomy still has its place in the treatment of ectopic pregnancy in developing countries.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Lipid profile in a rural population in western Cameroon].

Cardiovascular disease is becoming more prevalent in Cameroon. To help understand the underlying situation, we determined the blood levels of various forms of cholesterol total cholesterol (TC), free cholesterol (FC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and serum lipid concentrations : total lipids (TL) triglycerides (TG), phospholipids (PL), in 176 volunteers chosen randomly in west Cameroon. The six variables measured were all in the normal range. There were no significant differences between the two sexes and other characteristics of the subjects. There were significant associations between: age and atherogenic ratio of cholesterol (ARC): age and TL (at p < 0.01); age and TC; TL and TC; ARC and TC and TL and TG (at p < 0.001). Analysis of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease indicated that 17.79% of the women and 11.36% of the men had two or more risk factors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

[Burkitt lymphoma in Cameroon children: descriptive and clinico-anatomical aspects].

This retrospective study is armed to indicate the descriptive and pathological aspects of children Burkitt lymphoma in Cameroon. It was performed on a 4 year period between July 1988 and July 1992. Children from 0 to 15-year-old who were hospitalized and who had histologically provern Burkitt lymphoma were included. There were 39 patients, that is 27% of all malignant tumors in children during this period. Twenty-four were boys and 15 were girls; the median age was 90 months (+/-46) (range from 3 to 180 months). All children had Plasmodium falciparum infection. EBV serology was positive in 18 patients out of 25 (72%), 14 (36%) had a good nutritional status, the 25 other patients suffered malnutrition. Tumor localizations were: maxillary in 29 (74%) patients, abdominal in 7 (18%), other in 3 patients. Clinical stages according to Murphy classification were: stage I in 6 (15%) patients, II in 3 (8%), III in 20 (51%) and IV in 10 (26%). It is concluded from this series that clinical aspects and histological pattern in children Burkitt lymphoma in Cameroon are not different from what is observed in other endemic areas.

Abdominal Neoplasms↗
PubMed1997

Initial resistance to antituberculosis drugs in Yaounde, Cameroon in 1995.

SETTING: Tuberculosis centre of Hôpital Jamot, Yaounde, Cameroon, the sole referral and tuberculosis treatment facility for Yaounde and its surroundings. OBJECTIVES: To identify Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains responsible for pulmonary tuberculosis in Yaounde, determine the prevalence of initial resistance to the main antituberculosis drugs and compare this prevalence in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive and HIV-negative patients. DESIGN: In total, 576 consecutive and previously untreated adult patients admitted with sputum smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis to the tuberculosis centre from July 1994 to December 1995 were included in the study. Sputum specimens collected from each eligible patient were cultured on Löwenstein-Jensen and Coletsos media. Identification of the cultured strains was based on their cultural aspects and standard biochemical tests. The susceptibility of isolates to the major antituberculosis drugs was tested using the indirect proportion method. HIV testing was done using two ELISAs and confirmed by Western blot. RESULTS: Growth of M. tuberculosis complex strains was obtained from specimens of 516 (89.6%) of the 576 patients: 53 (10.3%) were identified as M. africanum and 463 (89.7%) as M. tuberculosis. Of the 516 patients with culture positive specimens, 92 (17.8%) were HIV-positive. Of the 516 strains isolated, 164 (31.8%) were resistant to at least one drug. The pattern of resistance was noted as 25% to one drug, 5.8% to two drugs and 1% to three or more drugs. Initial resistance to streptomycine was the most frequent (20.5%), followed by isoniazid (12.4%), thiacetazone (5.6%), rifampicin (0.8%) and ethambutol (0.4%). No significant difference in the rate of initial resistance was observed between HIV-positive and HIV-negative patients. CONCLUSION: The rate of initial drug resistance of M. tuberculosis in Yaounde is relatively high. There is therefore an urgent need to reestablish a tuberculosis control programme in Cameroon.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

The urgent need for environmental sanitation and a safe drinking water supply in Mbandjock, Cameroon.

Studies were conducted to assess the physical, chemical, and bacteriological qualities of drinking water in Mbandjock, Cameroon. Study results indicated that the vast majority of drinking water sources possessed acceptable physical and chemical qualities, according to the World Health Organization standards. However, microbiological analyses revealed that only the waters treated by the Cameroon National Water Company (SNEC) and the Sugar Processing Company (SOSUCAM) were acceptable for human consumption. All spring and well waters presented evidences of fecal contamination from human and/or animal origin. Water from these sources should, therefore, be treated before use for drinking. Since the majority of the population gets its water from wells and springs, there is an urgent need to develop a health education program, within the framework of primary health care, with respect to environmental sanitation and safe drinking water supply in this community.

Health Education↗
PubMed2002

Aroma compound analysis of Piper nigrum and Piper guineense essential oils from Cameroon using solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography, solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and olfactometry.

The investigation of aroma compounds of the essential oils of dried fruits of black pepper (Piper nigrum) and black and white "Ashanti pepper" (Piper guineense) from Cameroon by means of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was carried out for the first time to identify the odorous target components responsible for the characteristic odor of these valuable spices and food flavoring products. By means of GC-flame ionization detection (FID) and GC-MS (using different polar columns) the main compounds (concentration >3.0%, calculated as area of GC-FID analysis using a non-polar fused-silica open tubular RSL-200 column) of the SPME headspace samples of P. nigrum (black) and P. guineense (black and white) were found to be: P. nigrum (black)--germacrene D (11.01%), limonene (10.26%), beta-pinene (10.02%), alpha-phellandrene (8.56%), beta-caryophyllene (7.29%), alpha-pinene (6.40%) and cis-beta-ocimene (3.19%); P. guineense (black)--beta-caryophyllene (57.59%), beta-elemene (5.10%), bicyclogermacrene (5.05%) and alpha-humulene (4.86%); and P. guineense (white)--beta-caryophyllene (51.75%), cis-beta-ocimene (6.61%), limonene (5.88%), beta-pinene (4.56%), linalool (3.97%) and alpha-humulene (3.29%). The most intense odor impressions of the essential oils of the various dried pepper fruits were given byprofessional perfumers as follows: P nigrum (black)--fine, pleasant black pepper note; P. guineense (black)--black pepper top-note; and P. guineense (white)--pleasant white pepper note. These analytical results for the SPME headspace samples of three different pepper species from Cameroon are in accordance with the olfactoric data of the corresponding essential oils. A GC-sniffing technique was used to correlate the single odor impression of the identified SPME headspace volatiles of the three investigated pepper samples with the following results: themain compounds such as beta-caryophyllene, germacrene D, limonene, beta-pinene, alpha-phellandrene and alpha-humulene, as well as minor constituents such as delta-carene, beta-phellandrene, isoborneol, alpha-guaiene, sarisan, elemicin, calamenene, caryophyllene alcohol, isoelemicin, T-muurolol, cubenol and bulnesol, are of greatest importance for the characteristic pepper odor notes of these three Piper samples. Further aroma impressions can be attributed to mono- and sesquiterpenes, hexane, octane and nonane derivatives.

Chromatography, Gas↗