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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1992

The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius)--I. Changes in metabolic profiles and growth performance.

1. The main forage for camels in northern Djibouti (mangrove with Avicennia marina) is very poor in nitrogen and energy. In a trial, 32 young camels (less than 2 years old) were used in four groups of eight each. 2. All the camels received mangrove as basal diet ad lib. 3. After 1 month, the camels received mineral supplementation in copper and zinc (groups 1 and 3) or/and a concentrate rich in protein and energy (groups 2 and 3) or continued with the basal diet (controls). 4. Any supplementation was stopped after 2 months for 1 month. 5. Growth performance was 550 g/day (concentrate-supplemented camels) and 570 g/day (concentrate+mineral-supplemented camels). 6. The growth was negative for the two others groups (-260 g/day). 7. Food intake of mangrove was slightly more important with mineral supplementation only and with mineral+concentrate supplementation. 8. The changes in metabolic profiles have shown an important catabolism in non-supplemented animals, an increase of urea and free fatty acid concentrations in plasma and a decrease of glucose concentrations. 9. Three camels died in the control group with symptoms of starvation and signs of liver damage (increase of liver enzymes glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma-glutamyl transferase).

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1992

The influence of high dietary protein, energy and mineral intake on deficient young camel (Camelus dromedarius)--II. Changes in mineral status.

1. Mangrove Avicennia marina is poor in some trace elements such as copper, zinc and manganese. In a trial we used 32 young camels divided into four groups. 2. Groups 1 and 3 were supplemented with copper and zinc in drinking water after 1 month of mangrove feeding. 3. Groups 2 and 3 received concentrate rich in protein and energy. The supplementation was stopped after 2 months. 4. All the camels were deficient in trace elements at the beginning of mineral supplementation. 5. The plasma concentration of copper increased significantly up to normal levels (less than 70 micrograms/100 ml) in energy protein supplemented groups, but the quantity supplied (100 mg of copper sulphate/day) was not sufficient to maintain this level after the end of supplementation. 6. The original zinc deficiency was too severe to observe a significant effect of the mineral supplementation. 7. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus levels were improved during the supplementation period in protein-energy supplemented groups. 8. A high interaction between mineral absorption and quality of the diet was observed. A well-balanced diet seems essential to avoid deficient mineral status.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Normal concentrations of some blood constituents in young Najdi camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Normal concentrations of some blood constituents were determined in young male Najdi (Saudi) camels. The mean values were as follows: total protein = 62.3 +/- 8.9 g/l, albumin = 33.5 +/- 8.9 g/l, bilirubin = 8.7 +/- 1.7 mumol/l, urea = 6.6 +/- 1 mumol/l, uric acid = 232 +/- 35.7 mumol/l, iron = 10.4 +/- 5.7 mumol/l, total iron binding capacity = 40.4 + 7.3 mumol/l, AST = 12 +/- 5 IU/l ALT = 9 +/- 4 IU/l and ALP = 42.6 + 21.3 IU/l. These values were compared with those reported by other investigators in camels with different ages, sexes and breeds as well as with blood constituents in true ruminants.

Alanine Transaminase↗
PubMed1982

The pathology of nasopharyngeal myiasis in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Thirty-two out of thirty-five camels examined at Jeddah and Riyadh slaughter houses were infected with the camel nasal bot Cephalopina titillator. The larvae occurred mainly in the nasopharynx and, occasionally, degenerated larvae were found embedded between the turbinated bones. In the pharynx, the pathological changes included the formation of lymphoid nodules, with central abscesses, at the sites of larval attachment, and a combination of inflammatory, degenerative and reparative processes in other parts of the pharyngeal wall. The nasal cavity was congested and filled with mucus in which some larvae were entangled.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in Saudi Arabian camels (Camelus dromedarius).

Serum samples from 227 Saudi Arabian camels were examined for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies by the indirect haemagglutination test, using a microtitre technique. Agglutinations (greater than 2+) occurring at 1:64 dilution were considered positive. A total of 36 (16%) camels were serologically positive for toxoplasmosis, giving titres ranging between 1:64 and 1:8192. The prevalence was much higher in female compared to male camels and in adults compared to young individuals.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in pastoral camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Butana plains, mid-Eastern Sudan.

A total of 482 serum samples from pastoral camels in the Butana plains, mid-Eastern Sudan, were tested for Toxoplasma antibodies by the latex agglutination test (LAT). Sixty-seven percent of the camels were seroreactive. The prevalence rate of seroreactivity increased significantly with age (P less than 0.01) and was highest among camels aged over 7 years (74.2%). The prevalence rate of seropositivity decreased proportionally with the level of serum dilution. At dilutions of 1:32 and above, the prevalence rate was 25.9%. There were no sex-linked differences in seroreactivity. This study suggests widespread infection with Toxoplasma gondii among pastoral camels, a finding that warrants a closer look into the possible ways infection is acquired by camels in their arid environment, its economic impact, as well as its public health significance, especially among the nomads who consume cameline milk and liver raw.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1995

Isolation of tissue cysts of Toxoplasma, Isospora, Hammondia and Sarcocystis from camel (Camelus dromedarius) meat in Saudi Arabia.

Meat samples were collected from the oesophagus and tongue of 38 camels slaughtered at the main abattoir of Al-Ahsa city, Saudi Arabia. Five cats and three dogs, conventionally reared and coccidia-free, were caged individually in steel cages. Camel meat was pooled, minced and fed to four cats and two dogs. One cat and one dog were not fed meat and were kept as noninfected controls. Faecal samples from infected and control animals were examined daily for a period of 2 months after feeding the meat. Three cats fed camel meat passed in their faeces oocysts of Toxoplasma gondii, Isospora felis and Isospora rivolta. The fourth cat passed only T. gondii and I. felis oocysts. One of the dogs fed camel meat passed oocysts of Isospora canis, Hammondia heydorni and Sarcocystis cameli sporocysts. The second dog excreted only S. cameli sporocysts.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Prevalence and monthly variations of the second and third instars of Cephalopina titillator (Diptera: Oestridae) infesting camels (Camelus dromedarius) in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia.

Nine hundred and twenty-three camels slaughtered at Al-Ahsa abattoir, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia, were examined for infestation with second and third instars of Cephalopina titillator during the period from December 1991 to November 1992. Four hundred and eighty camels (52%) were infested with second and third instars, with an annual mean of 19.29 +/- 1.09 larvae per camel (L/C). The percentage of infested camels and the mean monthly total number of larvae per camel showed two peaks of abundance, during February (96.06% and 25.06 +/- 2.1 L/C) and September (88.90% and 27.50 +/- 3.97 L/C). Variations in the percentage of infestation were inversely correlated with monthly average temperature and positively correlated with relative humidity. Mean numbers of third instars were significantly greater than those of the second instars during each month of the study period. Two peaks of abundance were observed for each of the second (February and September) and third instars (January and October). Infestation levels showed that the percentages of camels infested with 1-10, 11-20 and 21-30 larvae were 47.90%, 19.16% and 12.71%, respectively. Fewer camels were infested with 31-40 (6.25%), 41-50 (4.37%), 51-60 (3.54%) and 61-70 (2.08%). The greatest number of larvae (101-110) was observed in only three camels (0.62%). It is concluded that adult flies appear twice a year, during the period from late March to early May and in December. Twice-annual larvicidal treatment of camels during February and September is recommended to eliminate most of the larvae infesting camels.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Prevalence of Sarcocystis in camels (Camelus dromedarius) from Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia.

The oesophagus, diaphragm and heart of 103 camels slaughtered at Al-Ahsa abattoir were investigated for infection with sarcocysts. Sarcocystis cysts were found in 91 camels (88.35%): in the diaphragm of 79.6%, oesophagus of 72.8% and heart of 71.8%. Two morphologically distinct sarcocysts were found. Thin-walled cysts (141-400 x 70.5-188 microns) were in all the three indicator organs while the thick-walled cysts (170-194 x 117.5-188 microns) were only found in the oesophagus. Experimental feeding of four cats and two dogs with sarcocysts-infected meat showed that cats were refractory to the infection while dogs excreted Sarcocystis sp. sporocysts (10.7-14.3 x 8.3-10.7 microns mean, 13.2 +/- 0.32 x 9.4 +/- 0.20 microns) after a prepatent period of 9-10 days. It was concluded that dogs may be the final host of both types of sarcocysts or that one of these cysts develops in dogs while the other one uses other carnivores living in the desert as the final host.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Studies on purine turnover in the camel (Camelus dromedarius) and zebu (Bos indicus).

Significantly higher hypoxanthine over uric acid ratios were found in camel plasma and urine, with respect to those of zebu. Enzyme levels of purine catabolism were markedly lower in camel than in zebu liver. Oxidation of hypoxanthine appears to be the limiting step of purine metabolism in camel liver. Any hepatic hypoxanthine appears to be actively converted into IMP in camel liver, rather than oxidized to uric acid.

5'-Nucleotidase↗
PubMed1987

The purification, characterization and regulatory properties of liver phosphofructokinase in the Arabian one-humped camel (Camelus dromedarius).

1. Phosphofructokinase from camel liver was purified to homogeneity more than 3600-fold, and the yield of the preparation was 46%. 2. The sodium dodecyl sulphate-treated purified enzyme migrated as a single band in 10% polyacrylamide gel. 3. The enzyme is a tetramer, with a monomer Mr 90,000. 4. The regulatory properties of the purified enzyme from camel liver were studied at pH 7.0. 5. The enzyme displayed cooperativity with respect to fructose 6-phosphate and was inhibited by high concentrations of ATP. 6. The enzyme was also inhibited by citrate, phosphocreatine and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. 7. On the other hand, ADP, AMP, glucose 1,6-bisphosphate and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate were all found to be strong activators for camel liver phosphofructokinase.

2,3-Diphosphoglycerate↗
PubMed1987

Purine salvage as metabolite and energy saving mechanism in Camelus dromedarius: the recovery of guanine.

The preservation of purine ring as purine bases appears to be a common feature of camel liver. Hepatic guanine appears to be actively converted into GMP in the camel rather than further degraded. The limiting step of guanine degradation appears to be the lack of hepatic guanase activity. Higher purine bases over uric acid ratios were found in camel urine with respect to those of zebu.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Purification and comparison of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase from the liver and kidney of the Arabian camel (Camelus dromedarius).

1. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase was partially purified from camel liver and kidney by ammonium sulphate fractionation, gel filtration and ion-exchange chromatography. 2. The specific activity of the purified preparation from liver was 39.2 mumol/min per mg protein. 3. When isolated from the kidney the specific activity of the enzyme was very much higher 155.5 mumol/min per mg protein. 4. The enzyme from the two sources were similar in their pH optimum which was approx. 7.2 and their relative stability to thermal inactivation at 60 degrees C. 5. The mol. wt of the enzyme from both organs was estimated at 80,000 +/- 5000.

Animals↗