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PubMed1997

Wheelchair users' experience of non-adapted and adapted clothes during sailing, quad rugby or wheel-walking.

The purpose of the present quasi-experimental post-test-design study was to compare 32 wheelchair users' (mostly para/tetraplegics) experience of wearing specially adapted clothes and non-adapted clothes for sailing, quad rugby or wheel-walking. Four existing assessment instruments were used: the Klein-Bell Activities of Daily Living Scale; a two-part Basic Information Questionnaire eliciting experience of effort, comfort and feeling of physical condition; the Experience Sampling Form for investigating the individuals' attitudes in terms of involvement and affective and activity mood states, and the Occupational Therapy Assessment of Leisure Time interview framework for collecting data about experience of leisure time. The wheelchair users all associated significantly greater comfort with use of the adapted clothes and, particularly the 'sailors', better physical condition. Overall, significantly greater involvement and more positive affect states were associated with the adapted clothes than with conventional garments, and mood state changed for the better. The wheelchair users set a higher priority upon work or leisure activities than upon independence in activities of daily living, and for this reason the Klein-Bell ratings showed great variation between the 'sailors' and the 'quad rugby players' (range 57%-93%), though these groups demonstrated more independence than the 'wheel-walkers'. The results of the study confirm the value of adapting sportswear for handicapped people. Such adaptations should also be of benefit for other activities than those studied.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1992

Protective clothing against cold--performance standards as method for preventive measures.

Survival, function and comfort in the cold are dependent on a rational and cautious use of protective measures to reduce and control heat losses. International standards are now available for establishing a basis for the rational assessment of protection requirements and the subsequent selection of appropriate clothing. Protection requirements may be readily calculated by the IREQ-index (ISO/TR-11079), which specifies required resultant clothing insulation for given conditions. Performance of selected clothing ensemble can be tested by measuring the insulation value on a moveable, thermal manikin according to prEN-342. Similarly, performance of protective gloves against cold may be tested with a heated hand model (prEN-511). It is important to emphasize that the outlined procedure should only be applied as a guide-line for action. Due to considerable individual variation in capacities, preference and demand, room must be available for behavioral adjustments, as well as clothing must be flexible enough to accommodate these adjustments.

Cold Climate↗

PubMed2003

[New methodological approaches to the hygienic standards of clothes for children and adults].

The hygienic assessment is presently a research issue related mainly with commissioning new materials into production; the above issue is equally related with materials' diversity, with expanding the choice of commodities and with the multi-functionality of the latter as well as with modern technologies and with the forthcoming admittance of our country to the WTO, which necessitates a harmonization of regulating requirements in various countries. The old approaches towards regulations of cloths are outdated and are no longer in line with the requirements of today. The chemical stability of contemporary synthetic fibers and the narrowing-of-gap between their physical-and-hygienic indices and those of natural fibers ensures unified approaches towards the hygienic evaluation of both. A real load that is conceptually found as a product of the impact intensity on the impact duration time is a hygienically valuable criterion ensuring a universal approach towards regulating the cloths hygienic safety. A hygienic classification provides, in case of each item, for defining the index of its hygienic safety (HIS), which is a basis for designing the differential requirements towards cloths of various functional purposes and for various age groups. The area of contact with the skin during wear and the age of consumer are the key components of system (The Hygienic Classification of Cloths". The article is supplemented by 1 drawing, 2 tables and a list of literature (8 entries; article's volume is 5 pages).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Heat stress in protective clothing: validation of a computer model and the heat-humidity index (HHI).

Ability to work while wearing protective clothing is often limited by rising body temperature. Peterson analyzed the combined effects of heat, humidity and workload using the Texas Model of Thermoregulation and suggested that environmental heat load imposed on a person wearing heavy, semipermeable clothing could be predicted using the Heat-Humidity Index (HHI = 0.5 Tdb + 0.5 Twb), where Tdb = dry bulb temperature and Twb = wet bulb temperature. Our study was designed to: 1) test the validity of this computer model; and 2) evaluate the applicability of the HHI to heavily clothed subjects working in a variety of thermal environments. Nine men wearing chemical defense clothing were each studied under eight conditions over the range Tdb = 20 - 40 degrees C, Tbg = Tdb + 5 degrees C, relative humidity = 9-75%, and oxygen uptake = 14-27 ml.kg-1 x min-1. Variables analyzed included tolerance time (TT), rectal temperature (Tre), skin temperature, heart rate (HR), weight loss, sweat rate, evaporation rate, and evaporative efficiency. Experiments were designed to last 30-180 min, and continued until Tre = 39 degrees C except when subjective tolerance limits occurred first (12 of 72 experiments). The observed time to reach Tre = 39 degrees C bracketed the predicted time in the more severe conditions, but the model seriously underestimated heat storage in the milder conditions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Acclimatization↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Medico-criminal examination of damages to clothes in flight accidents].

Examination of cloths is a permanent sphere in the practice of forensic-medical expert and an indispensable expertise stage providing for decision-making on the key issues set before the expert. Although, the examination of cloth in forensic-medical expertise has been productive, research in this field slowed down during the recent decades; definition of new sets of evident informative signs has been also suspended. The methodological potentialities of examination of cloths items were demonstrated by examples of aviation incidents because such incidents reflect the principle variations of impacts, i.e. blow, explosion, fire, compression and chemical factors etc., which are subject to examination in the forensic-medical practice. Identification of mechanism causing damage and other signs on cloths helps a lot the forensic-medical expert in solving quite a number of issues related with circumstances of an incident and with a nature of an impact encountered by a person.

Accidents, Aviation↗

PubMed2005

[Natural airborne pollen contamination of clothes and facial skin].

OBJECTIVE: To clarify natural airborne Japanese cedar pollen contamination of clothes (cotton made T shirt and cap) and face skin for preventive strategy against pollinosis. METHODS: Ten non-pollinosis high school students, wearing T-shirt and cap, stayed after face washing in outdoor (school yard) and in-door (school room) for 2 hours alternatively. Wet clothes of each of three different qualities (cotton, cotton blended polyester and wool) were also left at ten points of the schoolyard. Contaminated pollens were collected using adhesive tape and counted under a microscope. RESULTS: Pollen contaminations were lesser in school room than school yard. Lesser contamination was revealed on the surface of cotton-polyester blended clothes without statistical difference when compared with cotton and wool made clothes. CONCLUSION: From this study, in going out wearing of cotton-polyester blended coat and cap, and after returning home, face washing and keeping coat and cap on a hanger at entry hall are recommended for pollen prevention.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

Uniforms vs. business clothes for occupational health nurses. A needs survey.

The occupational health nurses' role has grown to that of manager. They work to achieve corporate goals such as cost containment through promotion of wellness. They are well suited to the changing technology of the corporate community. The changing role of the occupational health nurse has been accompanied by a change in what they wear to work. Uniforms are no longer standard, and business clothes are increasing in popularity. A uniform committee at AT&T Bell Laboratories was formed to assess the need for change in clothing. A non-random survey was used to investigate what others in the field were wearing. Nurses from 89 companies in eight states completed a total of 274 questionnaires. As a result of the survey, nurses at AT&T Bell Laboratories were given the option of wearing a uniform, street clothes and laboratory coat, or just street clothes as job function indicated.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

PubMed1990

Clothing interests, body satisfaction, and eating behavior of adolescent females: related or independent dimensions?

Adolescents' clothing interests, body satisfaction, and eating behaviors were examined for conceptual dimensions and possible interrelationships. Generation of hypotheses was the goal of this exploratory research. Instruments measuring adolescents' dress concerns, body satisfaction, and eating behaviors were administered to 751 females. Principal component analysis was used to identify five clothing dimensions (experimentation, self-enhancement, conformity, economics and practicality, and modesty), two body satisfaction dimensions (face and extremities, midsection and weight), and two eating dimensions (drive for thinness and binging). Items measuring clothing interests, body satisfaction, and eating behaviors were conceptually independent; clothing factors showed little or no correlation with either body satisfaction or eating factors. Hypotheses were generated related to concepts identified in the factors.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

The actual insulation of multilayer clothing.

The effect of geometric factors on insulation was calculated mathematically for standing humans. It was found that internal radiative heat transfer in an ensemble was significant for insulation, that intrinsic clothing insulation is a useful concept only for indoor climates, and that shape plays a minor role. The literature agrees closely on insulation and clothing surface area figures, and the latter are compatible with model predictions. Finally, it was shown that wind, body motion, the effects of posture, and the fit of garments are predictable. Sitting provides more insulation than standing for light clothing, but the reverse is true for heavy clothing. Insulation is decreased by about 20% by cycling and by about 40% by walking, and a reasonable estimate can be made of the effect of wind and wind and motion together. The effect of air motion on vapor permeability is stronger than the effect on heat transfer.

Air Movements↗

PubMed1989

Heat stress in protective clothing. Interactions among physical and physiological factors.

Data from experiments on animals and humans have supported the development of computer models that predict human response to various combinations of the three main heat stress factors work, clothing, and environment. However, recent application of such models shows that the validity of their output is limited in part by the need to represent more faithfully the interactions among the primary heat stress factors and certain physiological variables. Examples of such interactions include the weight and stiffness of protective outfits increasing the metabolic cost of a task, profuse sweating that wets clothing and alters its heat transfer characteristics, task-related movements altering air exchange rates through clothing, individual aerobic capacity affecting thermoregulatory response to a given metabolic load, and sweat retention in clothing raising skin wettedness and possibly inducing sweat suppression. This paper reviews recent research in these areas and identifies certain areas where further data are needed.

Adaptation, Biological↗

PubMed1989

[Study of dissemination and penetration of microorganisms in protective clothing].

Microorganism-protective working clothes should be considered one of the most important elements determining general culture of the production process, health state of the staff and technical and economic level of enterprises. In order to improve quality of special protective clothes, microbic contamination of overalls was studied in industrial premises with different levels of air bacterial contamination. Under laboratory conditions microorganism permeability of 15 articles of cotton cloth used for clothes weaving was also defined. Proceeding from the complex studies the recommendations on the use of fibre in microorganism-protective overalls' manufacture were presented.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1987

Effectiveness of controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellents and permethrin-impregnated clothing in the field.

Two topical controlled-release personal-use arthropod repellent formulations of diethyl methylbenzamide (deet) and permethrin-impregnated clothing were tested on human volunteers in a tropical rain forest near Innisfail, Queensland, Australia. The field trials were arranged in a four-way factorial design which compared fabric types, permethrin treatment and repellent treatments over a 14-hour test period. An analysis of variance with each factor treated as a fixed effect indicated that treatment of the clothing with permethrin and use of topical repellents were effective in preventing bites. The controlled release formulations were not significantly better than the current U.S. Army formulation of deet under field conditions. The repellent formulations and the permethrin-treated clothing used as one system provided better protection than the repellent formulations or permethrin-treated clothing used separately.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMed1988

Thermal comparison of aircrew clothing aboard OV-10 aircraft.

Thermal evaluation of aircrew clothing in the field usually involves conditions which make it difficult to distinguish clothing effects from other, confounding factors. This paper reports a field study designed to solve this problem. The question concerned possible heat stress effects caused by adding an oxygen mask, an anti-g suit, or both to the usual clothing worn by pilots of OV-10 (twin turboprop) aircraft during 20 hot-weather flights (actual experimental temperatures of Tdb = 28-38 degrees C, rh = 18-20%). The four test ensembles were flown simultaneously, allowing side-by-side comparison to compensate for variations in flight profile and weather. Subjects (n = 10) encountered noticeable heat stress in flight, with rectal temperature = 37.4-37.6 degrees C, skin temperature = 35.0-35.5 degrees C, and weight losses = 2.1-2.4 kg. There were no measurable differences among the four clothing outfits, indicating that the anti-g suit does not present a heat stress problem. The mask and anti-g suit did contribute to aircrew discomfort as their impermeable materials prevented evaporation of sweat and caused 100% skin wetting in covered areas. Under these dry, desert conditions, the body was apparently able to compensate for the loss of evaporative surface area.

Gravitation↗

PubMed1987

Clinical and microbial effects of cloth, cellulose core, and cellulose core/absorbent gel diapers in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is an inherited cutaneous inflammatory condition which may affect 10% of infants. Persons with this diathesis are more susceptible to irritants and to superficial infections. Little is known about diaper rash and diapering materials in AD. In this study we set firm criteria to identify a large group of infants with AD for comparison with a nonatopic, normal control group in terms of severity of diaper dermatitis; relationship of diaper dermatitis to diaper materials; and influence of modifying factors (bacterial and candidal colonization/infection, diarrhea, antibiotics, other illnesses, food allergy or intolerance). Babies with eczema were recruited and, from a group of 2,443 respondents, 87 satisfied carefully defined criteria for atopic dermatitis. A similarly sized (90) control group matched for age, sex, and weight was selected for absence of features of atopy or familial atopic history. Infants were assigned into balanced subgroups wearing cloth diapers, conventional cellulose diapers, or diapers containing cellulose and absorbent gelling material (AGM). Assessment of grading for atopic parameters showed statistically significant differences between the AD and normal groups at every visit. Mean diaper rash grades, as assessed by the same physicians at each visit, were significantly higher in the AD group wearing cloth diapers compared with those in AGM subgroups at five of eight visits. There was significant correlation between AD severity and diaper rash scores overall and in the AD cloth group, but not in other subgroups. Quantitative total bacterial plate counts were significantly lower in AGM than cloth diaper areas on three of eight sampling periods in the AD group.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cellulose↗

PubMed1987

A comparison of the amount of dust produced by disposable and cloth diapers in incubators.

Disposable diapers are now being used in incubators, raising questions concerning the amount of dust they produce during diaper change, and the subsequent effects on premature infants. This study compares the amount of dust produced during change of disposable diapers and during change of cloth diapers. The disposable diapers tested were Pampers (premature baby size, sterilized), manufactured by the Procter & Gamble Company. Cloth diapers tested included diaper covers. Results of the study indicated that disposable diapers produce far less dust than cloth diapers. Thus, disposable diapers can be satisfactorily used in incubators for premature infants. The difference in results between the two types of diapers might stem from their different structures: cloth diapers have a monolayer structure, whereas disposable diapers have a double cover over the refined pulp they contain, which might otherwise tend to generate dust.

Clothing↗

PubMed1985

The influence of clothing on human intrathoracic pressure during airblast.

Exposure to airblast can result in injury to the lungs and other gas-containing organs. The mechanism of lung injury is not clearly understood, but may be related to the rapid increase in intrathoracic pressure (ITP) which is produced when the blast wave strikes the chest wall. The purpose of this study was to determine if ITP during airblast would be influenced by several different types of protective clothing. Ten healthy young male volunteers were exposed to airblast while standing face-on and wearing 1) military fatigues (control condition); 2) fatigues with field jacket; 3) fatigues with ballistic armor vest; 4) fatigues with ceramic vest; 5) fatigues with ceramic vest over the ballistic vest. The incident blast waves simulated artillery muzzle blast. In each subject, an esophageal strain-gauge pressure transducer measured ITP during the blast. The pressure signal was analyzed for ITPmax, and maximum rate of rise of ITP (dP X dt max-1). In addition, the power density spectra of each ITP wave was computed and the peak frequency (fp) and centroid frequency (fc) were calculated. When the subjects wore the ballistic vest, the mean ITPmax was higher (p less than 0.05) than when they were exposed to airblast in fatigues alone. ITPmax was not influenced by the other clothing ensembles. The mean dP X dtmax-1 was not significantly different with any protective clothing ensemble. Clothing had no significant effect of fp, but with the ballistic vest, the mean calculated fc was higher (p less than 0.05) than that for the fatigues alone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aerospace Medicine↗

PubMed1979

Need for protective clothing and equipment in small workplaces.

Some kind of protective clothing and personal safety items was needed in 90% of the 163 workplaces surveyed. Protective clothing was used in 31%, ear protectors in 28%, eye protectors in 22%, respiratory tract protectors in 18% and other safety items in 1% of the firms. Gloves were the most commonly used type of protective clothing. Protection against risks was proper in one-fourth of the firms, satisfactory in half, and poor or lacking in the rest. Ninety-five percent of the protectors available were appropriate, but only in a few companies were they properly cared for. Seven (12%) industrial firms, 15 (20%) service establishments and 1 (7%) other firm lacked proper protective clothing or safety items. Faults were generally attributed to insufficient knowledge or negligence of responsibilities on the part of the employers. Management should provide more appropriate instruction for workers in the use and, particularly, the maintenance of personal protectors. To be effective, the inspection of the appropriateness of the protectors requires suitable training. This training should also be received by the staff providing occupational health services. Visits to workplaces, as well as health examinations, provide an opportunity to discuss protection and to advise employers and employees on protection. The problems of protection against harmful exposures is closely connected with health counseling. Yet, the provision of proper protectors and the supervision of their use is still the responsibility of the employer.

Accidents, Occupational↗

PubMed1984

Clothing factors and vaginitis.

Associations of clothing factors and vulvovaginal symptoms, signs, and microbiology were sought in 203 women seeking care at a university family medicine clinic. Clothing factors studied were use of panty hose, underwear for sleep, cotton lining panels, and pants vs skirts. Women wearing and not wearing panty hose had similar rates of vaginitis symptoms and signs, but yeast vaginitis was about three times more common among wearers. Relationships of other clothing factors to vaginitis were not found. Nonspecific vaginitis was not found to be related to clothing.

Adolescent↗