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PubMedDate not supplied

Porcine tibia is a poor substitute for human cadaver tibia for evaluating interference screw fixation.

BACKGROUND: Animal tissues are commonly used in anterior cruciate ligament graft fixation studies. HYPOTHESIS: Porcine bones and tendons provide good surrogates for human cadaver tissues in the biomechanical evaluation of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. STUDY DESIGN: Randomized experimental study. METHOD: Three different tissue models-pure porcine (porcine graft fixed in porcine tibia, group 1), combination (human hamstring graft and porcine tibia, group 2), and pure human (human graft and tibia, group 3)-were compared using both cyclic-loading and subsequent single-cycle load-to-failure tests to assess the effect of graft and bone tissue source (porcine vs human) on the fixation strength of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. RESULTS: In the cyclic-loading test, the displacement (slippage) after 1500 cycles was 2.0 mm +/- 0.7 mm, 1.6 mm +/- 0.4 mm, and 4.4 mm +/- 1.9 mm for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively (P <.001 between 1 and 2 vs 3). In the subsequent single-cycle load-to-failure test, the corresponding average yield loads were 668 N +/- 157 N, 962 N +/- 238 N, and 448 N +/- 98 N, all differences being statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In comparison to young human cadaver tibia, porcine tibia underestimate graft slippage and overestimate the failure load of the soft tissue graft in anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Porcine tibia does not provide a reasonable surrogate for human cadaver tibia for evaluating ACL reconstructions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Dorsiflexion contracture after the Weil osteotomy: results of cadaver study and three-dimensional analysis.

For metatarsalgia caused by a dislocated lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint and isolated over-long lesser metatarsals, surgical treatment options without sacrificing the joint are limited. Recently, the Weil osteotomy has been advocated for the treatment of this deformity. In our experience, preliminary results with this technique have revealed a high rate of dorsiflexion contracture of the MTP joints at follow-up. We performed a cadaver study and a three-dimensional analysis on sawbones to investigate this phenomenon. In the cadaveric portion of this study, the second MTP joints of two fresh-frozen cadavers were dissected; the entire ray, with the metatarsal shaft, MTP joint, toe, and plantar fascia, was removed en bloc. After gross anatomic structures were photographed, a Weil osteotomy was performed at 25 degrees relative to the long axis of the metatarsal shaft. The positions of muscles, ligaments, and tendons were noted and photographed before and after the osteotomy. In the sawbones portion of this study, a Weil osteotomy was performed at four different angles (25 degrees, 30 degrees, 35 degrees, and 40 degrees) relative to the long axis of the metatarsal. To ensure reproducibility, the sawbone models were fixed proximally to a vertical milling machine with the second metatarsals inclined 15 degrees to simulate the anatomic position. After making the cut, the plantar fragment was translated along the dorsal fragment proximally for a distance of 5 mm. Before and after the osteotomy, selected x, y, and z coordinates were obtained using a Microscribe 3D digitizer. Data analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel, and ANOVA was used to determine significant differences (p < 0.05) between the various osteotomies. Analysis of the cadaver dissection revealed that after the Weil osteotomy, the tendons of the interosseous muscles move dorsally with respect to the axis of the MTP joint due to the depression of the plantar fragment of the metatarsal. The loss of their flexion effect on the joint permits the pull of the extensor to dorsiflex the toe. The size of the depression for the various osteotomies averaged: 25 degrees osteotomy, 3.03 mm (range, 1.8 to 3.8 mm); 30 degrees osteotomy, 3.2 mm (range, 1.9 to 4.0 mm); 35 degrees osteotomy, 3.5 mm (range, 1.7 to 5.7 mm); and 40 degrees osteotomy, 4.2 mm (range, 2.8 to 6.4 mm). Amounts of shortening relative to the long axis of the metatarsal for the various osteotomies averaged: 25 degrees osteotomy, 5.03 mm (range, 4.77 to 5.30 mm); 30 degrees osteotomy, 4.59 mm (range, 3.47 to 5.19 mm); 35 degrees osteotomy, 4.27 mm (range, 2.87 to 5.00 mm); and 40 degrees osteotomy, 3.65 mm (range, 3.20 to 4.31 mm). According to our analysis, depression of the plantar fragment always occurs after a Weil osteotomy. This depression changes the center of rotation of the MTP joint, and the interosseous muscles then act more as dorsiflexors than as plantarfexors.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1997

Kinematics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint in intact and surgically altered cadavers.

The kinematics of the first metatarsophalangeal joint were investigated in five embalmed cadaver feet (three normal, one hallux valgus, one hallux rigidus). Sagittal displacements of the first metatarsal relative to the proximal phalanx were measured during first metatarsophalangeal joint dorsiplantarflexion; first in intact cadavers, then with an intact capsule sans extracapsular soft tissues (hallux amputated at the first metatarsal cuneiform joint), and finally with a double-stem silicone prosthesis inserted. In the intact cadaver, the base of the metatarsal is raised by FMTP dorsiflexion in a manner similar to a cam. However, this effect ceased when the extracapsular soft tissues were removed. Silicone arthroplasty did not restore cam function.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed2005

A comprehensive, unembalmed cadaver-based course in advanced emergency procedures for medical students.

BACKGROUND: Preparing medical students for residency in emergency medicine involves education in many areas of knowledge and skill, including instruction in advanced emergency procedures. OBJECTIVES: To outline the logistics involved in running a training course in advanced emergency procedures for fourth-year medical students and to report students' perceptions of the impact of the course. METHODS: The course is a cadaver-based training laboratory that utilizes several teaching modalities, including a Web-based syllabus and online streaming video, didactic lecture, hands-on practice with models and ultrasound, and hands-on practice with unembalmed (fresh) cadavers. The course focuses on seven emergent procedural skills, including deep venous access via the subclavian, internal jugular, and femoral veins; tube thoracostomy; saphenous vein cutdown; intraosseous line placement; and emergency cricothyrotomy. The course is taught by attending emergency physicians and anatomy department faculty. After completion of the course, students reported their self-assessments on a five-point Likert scale. Data were evaluated using a paired t-test (two-tailed). RESULTS: Thirty-three students completed the evaluation. The students reported a mean (+/- standard deviation [SD]) increase in their understanding of the indications for all procedures from 3.3 (+/- 1.1) before to 4.8 (+/- 0.4) after the course (p = 0.004, 95% CI = 0.7 to 2.0). The students reported a mean increase in their understanding of how to perform all procedures from 2.1 (+/- 0.9) before to 4.6 (+/- 0.6) after the course (p = 0.003, 95% CI = 1.9 to 3.0). The students reported a mean increase in their comfort level performing all procedures from 1.6 (+/- 0.8) before to 4.2 (+/- 0.7) after the course (p < 0.001, 95% CI = 2.0 to 2.9). CONCLUSIONS: These findings support the value of an advanced emergency procedural training course using an unembalmed cadaver-based laboratory and incorporating several teaching modalities.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2003

A multidimensional workshop using human cadavers to teach bedside procedures.

BACKGROUND: Internal medicine residents should be able to perform bedside procedures safely and efficiently. DESCRIPTION: We developed a human cadaver workshop for teaching internal medicine residents bedside procedures. The workshop consisted of lectures and hands-on experiences with cadavers covering thoracentesis, paracentesis, lumbar puncture, arthrocentesis, and bone marrow biopsy. A Web site was developed to provide technical support to residents on the medical wards after completion of the workshop. EVALUATION: We successfully developed and implemented a procedure workshop for residents using human cadavers. The workshop improved mean scores on knowledge and procedure comfort level assessments. Residents demonstrated the skills required to safely complete each procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Our multidimensional educational intervention may be an effective tool for improving the knowledge, skills, and attitudes required for performing bedside procedures. More research needs to be done to determine if this workshop increases the number and proficiency of bedside diagnostic procedures performed by residents.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2006

Educating anesthesiology residents to perform percutaneous cricothyrotomy, retrograde intubation, and fiberoptic bronchoscopy using preserved cadavers.

Experience with invasive airway procedures may be difficult to obtain during residency training, and anesthesiologists may therefore be hesitant to use these life-saving techniques. We designed a prospective study to determine whether using embalmed cadavers to teach percutaneous cricothyrotomy (PC), retrograde intubation (RI), and fiberoptic intubation to anesthesiology residents would improve their perceived procedural confidence and ability. After demonstration of these techniques by experienced attending physicians, residents were allowed to practice, with instructor guidance, on the cadavers. Residents completed surveys before and after the workshop about their perceived confidence using these techniques. Eighteen residents attended the lecture workshop and completed surveys. The number of residents who reported that they would use PC increased from 0% to 78% (P <or= 0.001) and those who reported they could correctly perform PC technique increased from 17% to 94% (P <or= 0.001). Likewise, the number of residents who reported they would use RI increased from 6% to 67% (P <or= 0.001) and those who reported they could correctly perform RI technique increased from 28% to 83% (P <or= 0.001). There were no significant changes in residents' confidence with fiberoptic intubation. The results of this study demonstrate an improvement in the confidence of anesthesiology residents in performing PC and RI after training using embalmed cadavers.

Anesthesiology↗
PubMed2001

Compartmental divisions of the hand revisited. Rethinking the validity of cadaver infusion experiments.

The results of a cadaver dye-infusion experiment suggested that the hand has ten muscle compartments and that the volar interossei occupy a separate anatomical compartment from the adjacent dorsal interossei. This is not supported by clinical findings. With various minor modifications, we repeated the experiment, infusing Omnipaque into the second dorsal interosseus muscle of four cadaver hands. We used real-time CT imaging to monitor the spread of contrast medium and side-ported needles to measure compartmental pressures. In all four hands, the tissue barrier between dorsal and volar interossei became incompetent at pressures of less than 15 mmHg. Our data indicate that, although cadaver infusion studies can delineate potentially significant musculoskeletal barriers, their physiological relevance must be confirmed clinically.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2006

Improvised cricothyrotomy provides reliable airway access in an unembalmed human cadaver model.

OBJECTIVE: Patients with injuries requiring surgical airway management occurring far from medical care might benefit from the availability of a simple, reliable, improvisational method of cricothyrotomy with materials available in a wilderness or prehospital setting. We evaluated an improvised cricothyrotomy device in an experimental, unembalmed human cadaver model. METHODS: A high-flow intravenous spike and drip chamber was cut through the drip chamber and used as the sole apparatus for performing cricothyrotomy on unembalmed cadavers whose anterior neck surfaces and deep tissues were warmed to or near body temperature. Correct placement in the trachea and damage to the posterior wall of the trachea were assessed by either fiberoptic bronchoscopy or neck dissection. Video recordings were used to time each procedure. Each operator was responsible for both device insertion and bag valve mask attachment and ventilation, modeling as the sole care provider for the patient. RESULTS: One physician and 3 emergency medicine residents, all without previous, specific instruction, performed 10 procedures on 5 female and 5 male unembalmed cadavers weighing a mean of 65 kg (range 45-110 kg). All 10 attempts at placement of the intravenous tubing spike through the cricothyroid membrane were successful. On 2 attempts, the initial placement of the device was incorrect, but the error was immediately identified on attempt to ventilate the patient. Repositioning of the device resulted in appropriate cannulation of the trachea in both attempts. The median time span from manual identification of the cricothyroid membrane to percutaneous access and connection of the bag valve mask with successful ventilation was 27.3 seconds. Violation of the posterior tracheal wall was not seen on any of the 5 procedures in which fiberoptic visualization was available or in the 5 procedures evaluated by neck dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Cricothyrotomy is the quickest and most effective method for obtaining airway access when nonsurgical methods of securing the airway are contraindicated or fail. Although frequently described, no improvised airway devices of this type have been tested in a systematic manner. We tested the reliability and utility of cricothyrotomy with a high-flow intravenous spike and drip chamber. Our results suggest that the spike and drip chamber is a plausible means of temporarily establishing airway access in patients with acute airway obstruction in a wilderness or prehospital environment.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Evaluation of the viability of the canine cadaver lung for transplantation.

We evaluated the viability of the cadaver lung and the effect of lung inflation with 100% oxygen using a canine allotransplantation model. Donor animals were killed by potassium chloride (KCl) injection and were kept at room temperature until lung extraction. The animals were divided into the following 3 groups: group 1 (n = 6) in which the donor lungs were retrieved 2h after sacrifice, group 2 (n = 6) in which the donor lungs were retrieved 3h after sacrifice, and group 3 (n = 6) in which the donor lungs were retrieved 3h after sacrifice as in group 2 except that they were kept inflated for 3h with 100% oxygen using a double lumen endotracheal tube. Heparin was not given and lungs were not flushed with preservation solution. After left lung transplantation, the transplanted lung function including gas exchange and pulmonary hemodynamics was assessed for 6h by ligating the right pulmonary artery of the recipient animals. All 6 animals in groups 1 and 3 survived for 6 h with excellent lung function. Only 2 of 6 animals in group 2 survived for 6h with poor lung function. These results led us to conclude the following: a) the cadaver lung kept at room temperature for 2h might be available for lung transplantation, and b) when the cadaver lung is inflated with 100% oxygen, the length of safe ischemic time could be prolonged up to 3h.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Application of AmpFISTR Profiler PCR Amplification kit for personal identification of a putrefied cadaver.

A putrefied cadaver of a middle-aged woman was found drifting in the 'Kii" water course. Autopsy findings indicated that the postmortem duration was about one week, and the cause of death was assumed to be drowning. In this case, a nail was collected as a sample for personal identification. After five months of police investigation, persons thought to be her family, husband and child, were found. A combination of D1S80 and the short tandem repeat (STR) typing system using an AmpFISTR Profiler PCR Amplification kit was performed for identification. Nine STRs (D3S1358, vWA, FGA, TH01, TPOX, CSF1PO, D5S818, D13S317 and D7S820) and Amelogenin were analyzed by this kit. Those DNA typings successfully confirmed the family relation for personal identification of the cadaver. This analysis system may be useful for identification of a decomposed cadaver.

ABO Blood-Group System↗
PubMed2006

The celiac ganglia: anatomic study using MRI in cadavers.

OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to facilitate the in vivo identification of the celiac ganglia on MRI by using MRI to identify the celiac ganglia in cadavers. CONCLUSION: MRI can show the celiac ganglia accurately in cadavers when the ganglia are large and labeled with gadolinium. The findings in cadavers can be a reference for identifying the celiac ganglia in vivo.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1996

Flexor tendon tears in the hand: use of MR imaging to diagnose degree of injury in a cadaver model.

OBJECTIVE: Treatment of flexor tendon lacerations of the finger partly depends on the degree of injury, which is difficult to determine clinically. We used a cadaver model to investigate the potential of MR imaging in evaluating these injuries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A scalpel was drawn transversely across the volar surface of four cadaver hands, producing various flexor tendon injuries. MR imaging of each hand was performed using axial two-dimensional spin-echo and three-dimensional gradient-recalled-echo sequences. The three-dimensional data sets were interactively reformatted along the long axis of each tendon. The hands were then dissected; injury to each digit was categorized, measured, and compared with the prospective MR interpretations. RESULTS: Twelve high-grade flexor tendon tears (10 complete tears, with 1- to 14-mm separation of the torn ends, and two partial tears involving 50% or more of the total tendon cross-sectional area) and two partial tears of less than 50% of tendon area were produced; four tendons were not injured. Using MR imaging, we diagnosed 11 of the 12 high-grade lesions (those involving at least 50% of the total tendon cross-sectional area); the MR images did not show one complete tear whose separation measured 2 mm long at dissection. All intact tendons were correctly identified. We underestimated the extent of five lesions but overestimated none. Using the reformatted images, we reduced the number of errors that we would have made interpreting the transverse images alone. CONCLUSION: In this cadaver model, using MR imaging we accurately distinguished different degrees of flexor tendon tears. The potential of this technique for noninvasively diagnosing flexor tendon injury in patients awaits clinical studies.

Cadaver↗
PubMed2002

Determining the resting position of the glenohumeral joint: a cadaver study.

STUDY DESIGN: Single-session repeated-measures design. OBJECTIVE: To define the resting position of the glenohumeral joint by investigating the magnitude of the anterior and posterior displacements of the humeral head and medial and lateral rotation ranges of motion (ROMs) of the glenohumeral joint at different abduction angles in cadaver specimens. BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The resting position of a joint is the position in the joint's ROM at which the joint capsule has its greatest laxity. It is frequently chosen as the position for assessing and treating joints with dysfunction. However, no study has been conducted to determine the resting position of the glenohumeral joint. METHODS: Seven freshly frozen cadaver shoulder specimens (age at time of death [mean +/- SD] was 66.9 +/- 2.5 years) were studied. Specimens were mounted on a system that uses computer-controlled hydraulics and motors to induce and monitor translation and rotation movements of the glenohumeral joint. The magnitudes of total displacement (DTotal) of the head of the humerus and total ROM (RTotal) of the glenohumeral joint were measured in the plane of the scapula at 0 degrees (neutral), 30 degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, and the end range of glenohumeral joint abduction. The resting position was determined as the midpoint of the shared range of the 95% to 99.9% confidence intervals of the predicted abduction position where the peaks of displacement and rotation occurred. RESULTS: The DTotal measurements (mean +/- SD) at 0 degrees, 30 degrees, 40 degrees, 50 degrees, 60 degrees, and the end range of glenohumeral joint abduction were 30.53 +/- 9.35, 44.87 +/- 7.34, 45.35 +/- 8.53, 43.99 +/- 10.02, 39.63 +/- 9.85, and 23.80 +/- 10.42 mm, respectively. The RTotal measurements (mean +/- SD) for the same positions were 67.15 degrees +/- 15.87 degrees, 95.64 degrees +/- 24.26 degrees, 98.88 degrees +/- 29.56 degrees, 97.08 degrees +/- 30.17 degrees, 90.91 degrees +/- 28.73 degrees, and 63.48 degrees +/- 25.93 degrees, respectively. The resting position was located at 39.33 degrees +/- 4.37 degrees of glenohumeral abduction (45.13% +/- 7.58% of the available abduction ROM). The resting position (Y) varied linearly with the maximum available abduction ROM (X) (Y = 0.607X - 13.120, R2 = 0.679, F = 10.61, P = 0.023). There was a main effect of joint position on both displacement (P<0.001) and rotation ROM (P<0.001). CONCLUSION: In the plane of the scapula, the resting position of the glenohumeral joint (angle measured between the scapula and humerus) occurred at 39 degrees of abduction (45% of the maximum available abduction ROM) and varied linearly with the amount of available abduction ROM. This finding suggests that in patients with glenohumeral joint hypomobility the resting position is located closer to neutral and that evaluation and treatment should be initiated accordingly at a smaller angle of abduction than the traditional resting position. Our data were derived from cadaver specimens, therefore, caution should be taken when generalizing the results of the present study to a patient population.

Aged↗
PubMed2003

Posterior-anterior glide of the femoral head in the acetabulum: a cadaver study.

STUDY DESIGN: Descriptive study employing cadaver dissection and measurement of posterior-anterior (PA) glide of the femoral head in the acetabulum. OBJECTIVE: To quantify PA glide of the femoral head in the acetabulum in a cadaveric sample. BACKGROUND: Posterior-anterior glide of the femoral head within the acetabulum is a joint mobilization procedure described in orthopaedic physical therapy texts, yet there is no published evidence that the joint structures of the hip allow such movement. This study attempted to quantify PA glide of the femoral head in the hip joints of embalmed cadavers. METHODS: Twelve hips, 3 male and 9 female, from 8 embalmed cadavers were employed in this study. Hips were dissected to the level of the joint capsule and a metal rod inserted through the femoral neck served as a mobilizing handle. A load cell was installed into this handle so that mobilizing forces could be monitored. A dial gauge, which recorded displacement of the femoral head, was mounted to the pelvis via bone pins and an external fixator. RESULTS: Using mobilizing forces of 89, 178, 267, and 356 N, mean femoral head displacements of 0.57, 0.93, 1.20, and 1.52 mm were recorded. Within the 89-N trials, PA displacement ranged from a minimum of 0.04 mm to a maximum of 1.54 mm. Within the 356-N trials, PA displacement of the femoral head ranged from a minimum of 0.25 mm to a maximum of 2.90 mm. CONCLUSION: In an embalmed cadaveric model, measurable PA glide of the femoral head within the acetabulum does exist and it is highly variable between individuals.

Acetabulum↗
PubMed2006

Neuroanatomy and cadaver dissection in Italy: History, medicolegal issues, and neurosurgical perspectives.

Despite the significant Italian tradition of important anatomical studies, an outdated law historically influenced by the Catholic church restricts the use of cadavers for teaching and scientific purposes. The object of the present paper was to trace the historical evolution of the Italian anatomical tradition, particularly neuroanatomical studies, in relation to the juridical regulations on the use of cadavers today. Special attention was paid to the opportunities offered to neurosurgery by using cadavers and to the scientific and social issues in neurosurgical training in the twenty-first century. Considering the new Common European Constitution, the authors advocate a political solution from the European community to improve the quality of training in the disciplines with a social impact such as neurosurgery.

Cadaver↗
PubMed1988

Imaging of the stomach, and localization of the stomach meridian & its acupuncture points in a human cadaver by the use of the indirect "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Imaging Technique".

Since 1984, using the "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (Molecular Identification, Localization and) Imaging Technique" originally developed by Y. Omura, the imaging of the outline of normal and abnormal internal organs has been successfully applied for clinical diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic effects, without the use of expensive imaging instrumentation. Not only has it become possible to non-invasively image each internal organ and localize specific malignant tumors of specific internal organs, as well as neurotransmitters, but it has also recently become possible to demonstrate the presence and exact locations of the meridians corresponding to specific internal organs and their acupuncture points along the meridians through the use of either the Direct or Indirect "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (Molecular Identification, Localization and) Imaging Techniques" while holding a microscopic slide of the specific human internal organ tissue. However, very little information was available to demonstrate the presence of the meridians and their acupuncture points in a human cadaver. In this study, we were able to demonstrate by use of the Indirect "Bi-Digital O-Ring Test (Molecular Identification, Localization and) Imaging Technique" the presence of meridians corresponding to specific internal organs and acupuncture points on the meridians, all of which were nearly identical to those found in a living human. For example, the authors found that the stomach meridian at both ends of one of the most well-known acupuncture points, Stomach 36, is located within 1 mm of the surface of the skin, and the average diameter of the meridian is less than 1 mm. Stomach 36 in this particular cadaver had a round shape with a diameter of approximately 1.8 cm at the skin surface. The acupuncture point, St. 36, in this cadaver at the skin surface was round in shape and extended to the deepest underlying muscle layer of the tibialis anterior muscle, in three dimensions. In spite of the fact that the Indirect Bi-Digital O-Ring Test Imaging Technique showed a distinct pathway for the stomach meridian and the location of St. 36, there was no apparent difference to the naked eye between the meridian and the surrounding non-meridian tissue, nor between St. 36 and surrounding non-acupuncture point area. However, there seems to be a more dense connective tissue network between the skin layer and the fascia on the muscle tissue at the acupuncture point, as compared with the surrounding non-acupuncture point area.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Acupuncture Therapy↗
PubMed1999

The use of cadaver dogs in locating scattered, scavenged human remains: preliminary field test results.

Specially trained air scent detection canines (Canis familiaris) are commonly used by law enforcement to detect narcotics, explosives or contraband, and by fire investigators to detect the presence of accelerants. Dogs are also used by police, military, and civilian groups to locate lost or missing persons, as well as victims of natural or mass disasters. A further subspecialty is "cadaver" searching, or the use of canines to locate buried or concealed human remains. Recent forensic investigations in central Alberta demonstrated that the use of cadaver dogs could be expanded to include locating partial, scattered human remains dispersed by repeated animal scavenging. Eight dog-and-handler teams participated in a two-month training program using human and animal remains in various stages of decay as scent sources. Ten blind field tests were then conducted which simulated actual search conditions. Recovery rates ranged between 57% and 100%, indicating that properly trained cadaver dogs can make significant contributions in the location and recovery of scattered human remains.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

An individualistic approach to routine cadaver organ removal.

Consenting to the taking of one's organs after death is a moral duty--the duty to consent--which derives from a more general moral duty--the duty to attempt an easy rescue of an endangered person. These two duties can be justified within the framework of factual and value beliefs associated with the general intellectual orientation called "individualism," which informs the liberal democratic tradition in the spirit of John Locke. Individualists value personal liberty and would accept these two duties on the ground that personal liberty is likely to be better protected and advanced in a society that abides by them than in a society that does not. The same reasoning justifies a social policy of routine removal of cadaver organs. Individualists would find it prudent to give up their right to be buried whole and adopt a policy of routine removal of cadaver organs, with organs distributed according to some principle of fair allocation. Since they recognize that their own organs will be of no use to them after death, giving up their right to be buried whole will not be viewed as a significant sacrifice of personal liberty. Some people of basic individualistic sympathies may, however, embrace additional special values that favor their being buried whole. To accommodate such persons, two compromises on a policy of routine taking of cadaver organs are possible: Allow these persons to "opt out" of the system by signing a legally binding document prohibiting the taking of their organs after death, or require everyone to state on their driver's licenses a positive or negative decision concerning organ removal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cadaver↗