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Introduction.

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Advance Directives↗

Models of ethical consultation: the Frankfurt model.

The Center for Medical Ethics at the Markus-Hospital in Frankfurt/Main is the first institute of its kind in Germany to be located within a confessional (Protestant) hospital, yet without being subordinate to hospital management--financed instead by the Protestant church of Hesse. Besides its main focus on ethical consultation for hospital employees and the execution of in-house seminars, the Center enjoys a close cooperation with the Protestant Academy Arnoldshain, where conferences and seminars can be held on bioethical issues outside the hospital boundaries and open to the interested public.

Academies and Institutes↗

A legacy of silence: bioethics and the culture of pain.

For over 20 years the medical literature has carefully documented the undertreatment of all types of pain by physicians. During this same period, as the field of bioethics came of age, the phenomenon of undertreated pain received almost no attention from the bioethics literature. This article takes bioethicists to task for failing to recognize the undertreatment of pain as a major ethical, and not merely a clinical, failing of the medical profession. The nature and extent of the problem of undertreated pain is examined, as well as possible reasons for its disregard by bioethicists. The factors contributing to undertreated pain in the clinical setting are considered, as well as the hazards posed by recent failures to address ethically questionable clinical practices. Finally, suggestions are offered for refocusing the attention of bioethicists to this significant problem.

Attitude↗