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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed1969

Ionic mechanisms controlling behavioral responses of paramecium to mechanical stimulation.

A mechanical stimulus applied to the anterior part of Paramecium causes a transient increase in membrane permeability to calcium. This permits a calcium current to flow into the cell, causing the membrane potential to approach the equilibrium level for calcium. The transient depolarization which results elicits a reversal in the direction of ciliary beat. When the organisms are free-swimming this is seen as the reversed locomotion of Jennings' "avoiding reaction." In contrast, a mechanical stimulus applied to the posterior part results in increased permeability to potassium ions, and hence an outward potassium current. The hyperpolarization which results causes an increase in the frequency of ciliary beat in the normal direction. In free-swimming specimens this is seen as an increase in the velocity of forward locomotion.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Modulation of serotonin-controlled behaviors by Go in Caenorhabditis elegans.

Seven transmembrane receptors and their associated heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) have been proposed to play a key role in modulating the activities of neurons and muscles. The physiological function of the Caenorhabditis elegans G protein Go has been genetically characterized. Mutations in the goa-1 gene, which encodes an alpha subunit of Go (G alpha o), cause behavioral defects similar to those observed in mutants that lack the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-HT), and goa-1 mutants are partially resistant to exogenous 5-HT. Mutant animals that lack G alpha o and transgenic animals that overexpress G alpha o [goa-1(xs) animals] have reciprocal defects in locomotion, feeding, and egg laying behaviors. In normal animals, all of these behaviors are regulated by 5-HT. These results demonstrate that the level of Go activity is a critical determinant of several C. elegans behaviors and suggest that Go mediates many of the behavioral effects of 5-HT.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Dynamics in the fine structure of schedule-controlled behavior.

The variability in the behavioral equilibrium established by six basic schedules was characterized. The measures were the pause preceding the first response in each interreinforcement interval; the mean rate of responding in each interreinforcement interval; and the relative frequency of each interresponse time. The temporal windows ranged across the 780-session exposure, across a session, and across the interreinforcement interval. A display of individual interresponse times as a function of time in the interreinforcement interval indicated clear recurrent responding at somewhat less than 3 Hz in every bird, even after extended exposure to a schedule and regardless of the contingency. No strong sequential dependencies in the interresponse-time distributions were identified. A simulator, based on a simple recurrent pulser, was presented that produced output similar to the obtained data. An archival data base of the behavior chronically maintained by the simple schedules was also generated.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Punishment of schedule-controlled behavior with beta-carboline injections: antagonism and comparisons with other compounds.

Squirrel monkeys were trained to press a key under a multiple schedule of food presentation. In the presence of either green or red stimulus lights, the 30th response produced a food pellet (fixed-ratio schedule). In the presence of the red stimulus lights (punishment component), the first response of each fixed-ratio produced either an i.v. injection of histamine [30.0-100.0 micrograms/kg/injection (inj)] or saline, accompanied by a 200-msec presentation of amber stimulus lights. Sessions in which histamine was injected alternated with sessions in which saline was injected. Another group of subjects was studied under identical schedule conditions except that electric shock was scheduled with the 200-msec stimulus light. During alternate sessions, electric shock at a high or low intensity with the stimulus, or the stimulus alone was scheduled. When performances stabilized, histamine or high intensity electric shock selectively suppressed responding in the punishment component; saline, low intensity electric shock or the stimulus light alone had no effects. Subsequently, different doses of histamine, I-nicotine, cocaine or beta-carboline-3-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (beta-CCE) were substituted for histamine during single sessions. Histamine (17.8-100 micrograms/kg/inj), I-nicotine (32 micrograms/kg/inj) and beta-CCE (10-56 micrograms/kg/inj), but not cocaine (10.0-100.0 micrograms/kg/inj), produced a dose-related selective suppression of responding similar to that obtained with electric shock, suggesting that the drugs were functioning as punishers. Punishment by beta-CCE was antagonized with the benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Effects of kappa opioids on schedule-controlled behavior of squirrel monkeys.

The behavioral effects of U50,488 [( trans]-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N[2-(1- pyrrolidinyl)cyclohexyl]benzeneacetamide), bremazocine, Mr2266 [(-)-5,9-diethyl-2-(3-furylmethyl)-2'-hydroxy-6,7-benzomorphan] and morphine were compared in squirrel monkeys responding under multiple fixed-ratio fixed-interval (FR FI) schedules of food presentation or stimulus-shock termination. Doses of bremazocine (0.001-0.003 mg/kg), U50,488 (0.03-0.1 mg/kg) and Mr2266 (1.0-3.0 mg/kg) that markedly increased overall rates of FI responding maintained by stimulus-shock termination had little effect on or only decreased overall rates of FI responding maintained by food presentation. Each of the kappa opioids decreased FR responding maintained by either consequence. Morphine (0.03-1.7 mg/kg) only decreased responding under all conditions. Pretreatment with Mr2266 (0.1 mg/kg) produced a 10-fold or more rightward shift in the dose-effect functions for morphine under the two multiple schedules and U50,488 under the multiple schedule of food presentation. A 3-fold higher dose of Mr2266 produced an approximately 10-fold rightward shift in the descending portion of the dose-effect functions for U50,488 and bremazocine under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination but did not appreciably alter their rate-increasing effects. Naltrexone (0.1 mg/kg) antagonized the effects of selected doses of morphine or bremazocine on overall rates of responding under the schedule of stimulus-shock termination. In contrast to its effects in combination with morphine, however, naltrexone (0.1-3.0 mg/kg) did not block alterations in patterns of FI responding produced by bremazocine.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cycloh↗
PubMed1989

Effects of cocaine and related drugs in nonhuman primates. II. Stimulant effects on schedule-controlled behavior.

The behavioral effects of cocaine were compared with those of several cocaine derivatives and structurally distinct drugs that inhibit monoamine uptake. Squirrel monkeys were trained to respond under a fixed-interval schedule of stimulus-shock termination, and dose-effect curves were determined by administering cumulative doses i.v. Among the cocaine congeners, (-)-cocaine, (+)-pseudococaine and 1 alpha H, 3 alpha, 5 alpha H-tropan-3-yl-3,5-dichlorobenzoate produced dose-related increases in response rate, whereas (-)-pseudococaine, (-)-benzoylecgonine and (-)-benzoylnorecgonine did not increase responding consistently over a 100-fold or greater range of doses. 1-(2-[bis(4-fluorophenyl)methoxy]ethyl)-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine, which selectively inhibits uptake of dopamine, and mazindol, methylphenidate, nomifensine and bupropion, which inhibit uptake of dopamine as well as other monoamines, had behavioral effects similar to those of cocaine. In contrast, desipramine and citalopram, which selectively inhibit uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin, respectively, produced only dose-related decreases in response rate. The results combined with previous studies demonstrate a close correspondence between the potencies of 15 different drugs for producing cocaine-like behavioral effects and for displacing specifically bound [3H]cocaine in caudate-putamen. These findings are consistent with the view that the behavioral effects of cocaine and related drugs are linked to their actions at specific cocaine recognition sites associated with the dopamine uptake system.

Animals↗