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PubMed2004

Within- and between-laboratory precision in the measurement of body volume using air displacement plethysmography and its effect on body composition assessment.

OBJECTIVE: To determine and compare the extent of within- and between-laboratory precision in body volume (BV) measurements using air displacement plethysmography (ADP), the BOD POD body composition system, and to interpret any such variability in terms of body composition estimates. DESIGN: Repeated test procedures of BV assessment using the BOD POD ADP were reproduced at two laboratories for the estimation of precision, both within and between laboratories. SUBJECTS: In total, 30 healthy adult volunteers, 14 men (age, 19-48 y; body mass index (BMI), 19.7-30.3 kg/m2) and 16 women (age, 19-40 y; BMI, 16.3-35.7 kg/m2), were each subjected to two test procedures at both laboratories. Two additional volunteers were independently subjected to 10 repeated test procedures at both laboratories. MEASUREMENTS: Repeated measurements of BV, uncorrected for the effects of isothermal air in the lungs and the surface area artifact, were obtained using the BOD POD ADP, with the identical protocol being faithfully applied at both laboratories. Uncorrected BV measurements were adjusted to give estimates of actual BV that were used to calculate body density (body weight (BWt)/actual BV) from which estimates of body composition were derived. The differences between repeated BV measurements or body composition estimates were used to assess within-laboratory precision (repeatability), as standard deviation (SD) and coefficient of variation; the differences between measurements reproduced at each laboratory were used to determine between-laboratory precision (reproducibility), as bias and 95% limits of agreement (from SD of the differences between laboratories). RESULTS: The extent of within-laboratory methodological precision for BV (uncorrected and actual) was variable according to subject, sample group and laboratory conditions (range of SD, 0.04-0.13 l), and was mostly due to within-individual biological variability (typically 78-99%) rather than to technical imprecision. There was a significant (P<0.05) bias between laboratories for the 10 repeats on the two independent subjects (up to 0.29 l). Although no significant bias (P=0.077) was evident for the sample group of 30 volunteers (-0.05 l), the 95% limits of agreement were considerable (-0.68 to 0.58 l). The effects of this variability in BV on body composition were relatively greater: for example, within-laboratory precision (SD) for body fat as % BWt was between 0.56 and 1.34% depending on the subject and laboratory; the bias (-0.59%) was not significant between laboratories, but there were large 95% limits of agreement (-3.67 to 2.50%). CONCLUSION: Within-laboratory precision for each BOD POD instrument was reasonably good, but was variable according to the prevailing conditions. Although the bias between the two instruments was not significant for the BV measurements, implying that they can be used interchangeably for groups of similar subjects, the relatively large 95% limits of agreement indicate that greater consideration may be needed for assessing individuals with different ADP instruments. Therefore, use of a single ADP instrument is apparently preferable when assessing individuals on a longitudinal basis.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Associations between body weight, psychiatric disorders and body image in female adolescents.

OBJECTIVES: The study explored associations between body weight, psychiatric disorders and body image in a nonclinical sample of female adolescents. It was also investigated whether complaints of negative body image could be an indicator of psychiatric morbidity. METHODS: A sample of 136 Swiss female high school students, 15-20 years of age, initially had weight, height and body image (FBeK questionnaire) assessed and were screened for psychiatric morbidity (SSQ). Subsequently, they were assessed using the DIA-X psychiatric interview which generates DSM-IV diagnoses. Univariate, multivariate, regressive and canonical correlation analyses were performed. RESULTS: Being overweight was significantly correlated with a more negative body image (attractiveness/self-confidence). There were also significant correlations between psychiatric diagnoses and unfavorable body image (3 of the 4 FBeK scales). Besides having a more disturbed body image, overweight subjects also evidenced more psychiatric morbidity. The multiple regression analysis revealed that psychiatric disorders had the greatest association with negative body image, followed by age and weight. The canonical correlation indicated that body image, psychiatric disorder, age and weight clearly correlated with one another (R(xy) = 0.43). CONCLUSION: Psychosomatic research should be more concerned about issues of obesity and concurrent psychiatric morbidity and aim to develop preventative as well as therapeutic treatment methods. Physicians should be aware of the associations between obesity, negative body image and psychiatric morbidity.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Measurement of body size and shape perception in eating-disordered and control observers using body-shape software.

A disturbance in the perception of personal body size and shape is a key feature of both anorexia and bulimia nervosa, but it has proved difficult to quantify. Previous attempts have used methods like the distorting video technique (DVT), which alters an image by stretching the figure in either the X- or Y-axis. This is a poor representation of the way fat is added to or lost from the body, and the pattern of distortion provides a host of cues to the degree to which the image has been altered. To overcome these problems we have used a specially designed software system that uses biometric data based on real body shapes, instead of simply stretching or compressing images of bodies. This technique also allows individual body parts to be altered separately, so we can determine whether a specific body part is overestimated relative to others. We can also calculate the apparent body mass index (BMI) of our modified pictures, using the perimeter-area ratio (PAR). This allows us to compare an observer's actual BMI with that calculated for their estimated and ideal bodies. We tested 30 anorexic, 30 bulimic and 137 control observers. Our results show that all three observer groups tend to overestimate their body size, but not significantly so. Both the control and bulimic observers prefer an ideal body with a BMI of 20, which is at the lower end of the 'normal' BMI range. However, the anorexics ideal BMI is 15, which is on the border between the emaciated and underweight BMI categories.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Relationship between body image and percent body fat among British school children.

The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between body image and percent body fat in British school children. A total of 223 11- to 14-yr.-old children from central England took part in the study. Body image was measured using a self-report questionnaire, and percent body fat was measured using skinfold indices. Analysis indicated that body image and adiposity were significantly (p<.01) related for the whole sample, for boys and girls and for White children, Black children, and Asian children. An analysis of variance further indicated significant differences in body image and adiposity between boys and girls, with boys having a more positive body image and a lower percent body fat. Differences (p<.05) were also evident between Black and Asian children, with Black children having a more positive body image and lower percent body fat. No differences were evident between Black and White children or Asian and White children.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1999

A computer-graphic technique for the study of body size perception and body types.

We present a novel approach for measuring body size estimation in normal and eating-disordered women and men. Clinical categories of body types were used as prototypes. By comparing the subjective appearance of a person's body with prototypes, we can understand how different attributes of his or her body shape contribute to perception of body size. After lifelike random distortions have been applied to parts of their body image, individuals adjust their body shapes until they converge on their perceived veridical appearance. Exaggeration and minimization of particular body areas measured with respect to their true shape and with different prototypes can be expressed as numerical deviations. In this way, perceived body size and body attractiveness can be appraised during the course of diagnosis and treatment of eating disorders.

Body Constitution↗
PubMed1989

Body composition in subjects with surgically obtained stable body weight normalization.

The body composition of lean control subjects was compared with that of subjects following biliopancreatic diversion for morbid obesity, when their excess weight had been stabilized at under 40 per cent of the ideal body weight value for over two years. Lean body mass, body cell mass and fat were indirectly calculated from total body water and total body sodium, measured by isotope dilution technique. The body composition in the two groups of subjects was essentially normal, as was indicated by the percentage values of the body composition parameters and by the linear correlations between body weight and the lean body compartments size.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Age changes in skinfolds, body fat and lean body mass in Jat-Sikh and Bania females during 20 to 80 years.

The present paper reports the changes in body fat and lean body mass during 20 to 80 years. The data consist of 502 Jat-Sikh and 510 Bania females. The body fat has been calculated by applying Durnin & Womersley's (1974) formulae. The body fat reaches a maximum value of 20.06 kg at age-group 60-64 in Jat-Sikh females and 22.15 kg at age-group 45-49 in Bania females followed by a decline, reaching a value of 15.28 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 14.93 kg in Banias in the 70+ age group. The redistribution of fat with ageing has also been observed from skinfold measurements and changing body contours. The lean body mass reaches a maximum value of 35.64 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 36.22 kg in Bania at age-group 35-39 followed by a steady decrease reaching a value of 30.47 kg in Jat-Sikhs and 28.27 kg in Banias at age-group 70+. The females of the present study possess significantly lesser body fat and lean body mass as compared to American and British females. But in terms of percentages the Jat-Sikh females of the present study possess the largest lean body mass and the least body fat.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1998

Normalization of protein catabolic rate to a new body weight derived from lean body mass in dialysis patients.

BACKGROUND: Since dietary protein is required for replenishment of lean body mass and since dialysis patients may have a significant increase in body fat, it makes sense to express protein intake normalized per lean body mass. However, this may be complicated since the daily protein requirements of man, based on studies done in the past with normal subjects, are usually expressed in grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analyzed our data on urea and creatinine kinetics obtained in the routine clinical care of our peritoneal dialysis patients and calculated lean body mass from creatinine appearance rate. Using this lean body mass, we then reconfigured the patients' body to match the same proportion of lean body mass as in reference young men in which the initial recommendations for normal intake of protein were made. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: We believe that this new theoretical body weight obtained by assuming that lean body mass always represents 85% of it may provide a more rational way to normalize daily protein intake.

Blood Urea Nitrogen↗
PubMed2002

Impact of body habitus on quantitative and qualitative image quality in whole-body FDG-PET.

Obtaining consistent high image quality is desirable for clinical positron emission tomography (PET). Body morphology may impact image quality. The purpose of this study was to define the average and the range of body sizes in patients undergoing tumor PET studies in our center and to determine how the body habitus affects the statistical and visual quality of PET images. Height, weight, body surface area (BSA), and body mass index (BMI) were determined in 101 male and 101 female patients (group 1) referred for clinical PET. The summed total counts from three consecutive transaxial slices on non-attenuation-corrected (NAC) 2D fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET images, which included the largest liver section and no lesions, were determined and compared with body morphology and injected doses (ID) in a representative group of 30 male and 30 female patients (group 2) spanning a range of body morphologies. The visual quality of images was also evaluated using a scoring system by three readers. The average height, weight, and BSA were greater in male than in female patients, but the average BMI was not different between them in group 1. The largest value of weight or BMI was more than four times the smallest value in female patients. The total true counts were best correlated with ID/weight (mCi/kg) in group 2 ( r=0.929, P<0.0001). Intermediate to high total counts (930,000 or more) corresponded to ID/weight of 0.22 or higher. The average visual score was positively correlated with the total counts (rho=0.63, P<0.0001) and with ID/weight (rho=0.68, P<0.0001) on NAC images. The image quality in 22 (84.6%) of 26 patients with intermediate to high total counts was adequate to good, whereas that in 21 (61.8%) of 34 patients with lower total counts was suboptimal. A wide variety of body morphologies was observed in patients referred for clinical FDG-PET tumor studies in our center. The total counts and average image visual score were negatively correlated with weight. Counts in heavy patients were as low as one-fourth those in light patients. Adjusting injected FDG dose in each patient on the basis of body weight may be more appropriate to achieve consistent PET image quality than giving a fixed injected FDG dose.

Body Mass Index↗
PubMed2005

Development and validation of instruments measuring body image and body weight dissatisfaction in South African mothers and their daughters.

OBJECTIVE: We sought to validate questionnaires concerning body image perception, body size dissatisfaction and weight-related beliefs in multi-ethnic South African mothers and their daughters. SETTINGS AND SUBJECTS: Girls attending primary school (ages 9-12 years, n = 333) and their mothers (n = 204) were interviewed regarding their demographics and body image. Weight, height and skinfold thicknesses were measured. Body image questions and body mass index (BMI) were compared with silhouettes adapted from the Pathways Study for girls and Stunkard's body image figures for mothers. A Feel-Ideal Difference (FID) index score was created by subtracting the score of the silhouette selected by the participants as 'Ideal' from the one selected as most closely representing their current appearance or 'Feel'. We hypothesised that a higher FID index score would be associated with greater body size dissatisfaction. RESULTS: BMI percentiles in girls (r = 0.46, P < 0.05) and BMI in mothers (r = 0.68, P < 0.05) were positively correlated with the selected silhouettes based on size. Participants who reported feelings of being 'fat' and those who perceived that their family and friends were more dissatisfied with their body size had significantly higher FID index scores. Scores were lower in black than white girls (all P<0.05). No differences were found in FID index scores between ethnic groups of mothers. Internal reliability of the 'thin' and 'fat' belief constructs for girls was demonstrated by standardised Cronbach's alpha values > or = 0.7. CONCLUSION: Silhouettes, FID index, 'fat' and 'thin' belief constructs (in girls) are age-appropriate, culturally sensitive and can be used in further intervention studies to understand body image.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Differences in resting metabolic rate between paraplegic and able-bodied subjects are explained by differences in body composition.

BACKGROUND: Little is known about the relation between body composition and energy metabolism in paraplegia. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the relation between body composition and energy metabolism in healthy paraplegics as compared with able-bodied control subjects. We hypothesized that paraplegics would have lower fat-free mass (FFM), body cell mass (BCM), resting metabolic rate (RMR), and thermic effect of feeding (TEF). DESIGN: This cross-sectional study included 34 control subjects and 28 paraplegics (mean age: 29.1 +/- 7.6 and 33.9 +/- 9.2 y, respectively) with body mass indexes (in kg/m(2)) of 23.5 +/- 1.8 and 24.3 +/- 6.0, respectively. We measured RMR and TEF with indirect calorimetry, total body water with deuterium dilution, and extracellular water with corrected bromide space. We calculated FFM (total body water/0.732) and BCM [(total body water - extracellular water)/0.732)]. RESULTS: FFM was higher in control subjects than in paraplegics (77.2 +/- 7.2% and 69.2 +/- 8.7%, respectively; P = 0.0002), as were BCM (47.4 +/- 6.7% and 35.9 +/- 8.1%, respectively; P < 0.0001) and RMR (7016 +/- 935 and 6159 +/- 954 kJ/d, respectively; P = 0.0007). FFM was the single best predictor of RMR in both groups (r(2) = 0.83 for control subjects and 0.70 for paraplegics, P < 0.0001 for both). RMR adjusted for FFM did not differ significantly between control subjects and paraplegics (6670 +/- 504 and 6588 +/- 501 kJ/d, respectively). TEF also did not differ significantly between control subjects and paraplegics (6.25 +/- 2.2% and 5.53 +/- 1.8% of energy intake, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: FFM, BCM, and RMR, but not obligatory TEF, are lower in paraplegics than in control subjects. RMR does not differ between control and paraplegic subjects after adjustment for FFM, indicating similar metabolic activity in the fat-free compartment of the body.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2005

Fetal programming of body composition: relation between birth weight and body composition measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and anthropometric methods in older Englishmen.

BACKGROUND: Reduced fetal growth is associated with differences in body composition in adult life that may predispose to cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Most published data are based on simple anthropometric measures, which incompletely describe body composition. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to assess body composition and fat distribution by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). DESIGN: This was a case-control study of 64-72-y-old white men (n = 32) with a low (mean: 2.76 kg) or high (mean: 4.23 kg) birth weight. RESULTS: Compared with the high-birth-weight group, after adjustment for weight and height, the low-birth-weight group had a higher percentage body fat (29.31% compared with 25.33%; P = 0.029) and fat mass (P = 0.039) but a lower fat-free soft tissue (56.32 compared with 59.22 kg; P = 0.024), muscle mass (27.25 compared with 29.22 kg; P = 0.022), and muscle-to-fat ratio. Low birth weight was also associated with a higher trunk-to-limb fat ratio after control for total fat mass (1.42 compared with 1.16; P = 0.005) or percentage body fat (P = 0.041). The same body mass index predicted a greater percentage body fat (P = 0.019) in the low- than in the high-birth-weight group, and the same ratio of trunk-to-limb skinfold thickness (or waist-to-hip ratio) predicted a higher trunk-to-limb fat ratio (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Lifelong differences in adult body composition and fat distribution between the low- and high-birth-weight groups are consistent with programming in early life. The use of BMI to predict percentage body fat and the use of the trunk-to-limb skinfold thickness ratio (and waist-to-hip ratio) to predict the trunk-to-limb fat ratio measured by DXA can be misleading when low- and high-birth-weight groups are compared.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed1992

Variability of body density and body impedance at different frequencies.

Body density and body impedance at 15 selected frequencies ranging from 1 to 1350 kHz were determined in 13 subjects on four consecutive days of the week. Bioelectrical impedance at the same frequencies was also determined in 11 subjects on the same day of the week during four consecutive weeks. Day-to-day variability of body density and body impedance and week-to-week variability of body impedance were studied. Statistical analyses did not reveal significant day- or week-effects in variabilities. The mean within-person variation in body density between days was 0.0019 kg/l (CV 0.2%). Mean within-person variation in body impedance between days was 57 ohms (CV 8.7%) at 1 kHz. At 5, 50 and 100 kHz the within-person variation between days was 16 ohms (CV 2.4%), 12 ohms (CV 2.1%) and 11 ohms (CV 2.0%), respectively. Mean within-person variation between weeks was 44 ohms (CV 2.4%) at 1, 5, 50 and 100 kHz, respectively. Overall the within-subject variability in impedance at all frequencies was higher in females. The larger mean within-person variation in impedance at 1 kHz could only partly be explained by variation in body weight and may be a real error in the measurement. Electrodes with a larger surface area reduced the variability to values comparable with those at higher frequencies. The day-to-day variation in impedance at higher frequencies causes an error in calculated FFM, which is about two times larger compared to the estimated error in FFM by body density.

Adult↗
PubMed2007

Static and dynamic body image in bulimia nervosa: mental representation of body dimensions and biological motion patterns.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to find out whether in bulimia nervosa the perceptual component of a disturbed body image is restricted to the overestimation of one's own body dimensions (static body image) or can be extended to a misperception of one's own motion patterns (dynamic body image). METHOD: Participants with bulimia nervosa (n = 30) and normal controls (n = 55) estimated their body dimensions by means of a photo distortion technique and their walking patterns using a biological motion distortion device. RESULTS: Not only did participants with bulimia nervosa overestimate their own body dimensions, but also they perceived their own motion patterns corresponding to a higher BMI than did controls. Static body image was correlated with shape/weight concerns and drive for thinness, whereas dynamic body image was associated with social insecurity and body image avoidance. CONCLUSION: In bulimia nervosa, body image disturbances can be extended to a dynamic component.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Body size, body shape, and long bone strength in modern humans.

To identify behaviorally significant differences in bone structure it is first necessary to control for the effects of body size and body shape. Here the scaling of cross-sectional geometric properties of long bone diaphyses with different "size" measures (bone length, body mass, and the product of bone length and body mass) are compared in two modern human populations with very different body proportions: Pecos Pueblo Amerindians and East Africans. All five major long bones (excluding the fibula) were examined. Mechanical predictions are that cortical area (axial strength) should scale with body mass, while section modulus (bending/torsional strength) should scale with the product of body mass and moment arm length. These predictions are borne out for section moduli, when moment arm length is taken to be proportional to bone length, except in the proximal femoral diaphysis, where moment arm length is proportional to mediolateral body breadth (as would be expected given the predominance of M-L bending loads in this region). Mechanical scaling of long bone bending/torsional strength is similar in the upper and lower limbs despite the fact that the upper limb is not weight-bearing. Results for cortical area are more variable, possibly due to a less direct dependence on mechanical factors. Use of unadjusted bone length alone as a "size" measure produces misleading results when body shape varies significantly, as is the case between many modern and fossil hominid samples. In such cases a correction factor for body shape should be incorporated into any "size" standardization.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Effects of caloric restriction on body composition and total body nitrogen as measured by neutron activation.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of two isocaloric diets (800 Kcals) on the changes in body composition during weight reduction. While the protein content of both diets was 70 g, the carbohydrate content of diet A was 10 g and that of diet B was 70 g. The various parameters of body composition were determined as follows: Total body potassium (TBK) by 40K counting, total body water (TBW) by the tritiated water technique, total body nitrogen (TBN) by prompt gamma neutron activation analysis (PGNAA) and total body fat was estimated by measuring the skinfold thickness. Routine serum chemistries were performed every 2 wk and serum insulin and triiodothyronine by radioimmunoassay were done at 4-wk intervals. Seventeen obese women who were at least 30% above ideal body weight volunteered for the outpatient study, (group A--10 subjects, group B--7 subjects). At the end of the 12 wk study, the percent changes in the above parameters of body composition were not significantly different for the two groups. The biochemical changes were consistent with the degree of caloric restriction. We conclude that: (1) the technique of prompt gamma neutron activation analysis can be used effectively to determine long term changes in total body nitrogen during weight reduction, (2) loss of lean tissue (water, potassium and nitrogen) as well as fat tissue occurred during weight reduction. The loss of TBN in absolute quantities was less for diet A compared to diet B; however, there was no significant difference between the two diets when the data was expressed as a percent change from the baseline values, and (3) TBK determination probably provides the best estimate of total body fat.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Precedence of bone loss over changes in body composition and body fat distribution within a few years after menopause.

OBJECTIVE: The present study investigated the sequence of certain phenomena with a few years after menopause: bone mineral loss, decrease in lean body mass, increase in body fat mass, or the shift toward upper body fat distribution. METHODS: Subjects were 64 postmenopausal women aged 50-53 years with right side dominance (mean age+/-S.D., 51.4+/-1.1 years), and 59 age-matched regularly menstruating premenopausal women (51.7+/-1.2 years) serving as controls. Height, weight, body mass index (BMI, wt./ht.(2)), age at menopause (in postmenopausal women), and years since menopause (YSM) were recorded. Anthropometries, bone mineral density (BMD), and body fat distribution were assessed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. RESULTS: Age at menopause and YSM in postmenopausal women were 51.7+/-1.2 and 2.3+/-1.7 years, respectively. Age, height, weight, BMI did not differ between the two groups. BMD of the bilateral arm, lumbar spine (L2-4), pelvis, and total body were significantly lower in postmenopausal women. However, leg BMD, trunk-leg fat ratio, body fat mass, and the lean body mass did not differ between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Within a few years after menopause, bone mineral loss precedes lean mass loss, increase in body fat mass, and a shift toward upper body fat distribution. We can say that bone tissue is more sensitive to hypogonadism than lean and fat tissues are.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed2002

[Changes of body image and body awareness in eating-disorder and non eating-disorder patients after inpatient-therapy].

Altered body image and body awareness have significant clinical implications not only for patients with eating disorders. We evaluated therapy-outcome including distortions in body image in 61 inpatients using two instruments assessing body image (FKB-20 Clement and Löwe, and FBeK Strauss and Richter-Appelt ). Eating disorder subjects, as expected, showed the most severely disturbed body image with negative attitudes towards their own body and restricted body dynamics. While body image improved over all diagnostic groups after treatment, anorectic patients improved less than others. This finding confirms the clinical observation of the limited therapeutic influence on body image distortions in anorectic patients. Our results show, that the body image questionnaire FKB-20 discriminates well between healthy and psychosomatically diseased patients and is a suitable instrument for process- and outcome-evaluation.

Adolescent↗