Re: Alum irrigation for the control of massive bladder hemorrhage.
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Alum Compounds↗
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Alum irrigation for the control of massive bladder hemorrhage.
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Alum Compounds↗
Major royal jelly protein 3 modulates immune responses in vitro and in vivo.
We have recently shown that royal jelly has potent antiallergic properties in a mouse model of immediate hypersensitivity. However, it is still unclear which components of royal jelly exhibit antiallergic activity. In this study, we have screened for antiallergic factors in royal jelly based on inhibition of IL-4 production by anti-CD3 stimulated spleen cells derived from OVA/alum-immunized mice. Using a series of column chromatographies, we purified a 70 kDa glycoprotein, major royal jelly protein 3 (MRJP3), that suppresses IL-4 production. In in vitro experiments, MRJP3 suppressed the production of not only IL-4 but also that of IL-2 and IFN-gamma by T cells concomitant with inhibition of proliferation. The MRJP3-mediated suppression of IL-4 production was also evident when lymph node cells from OVA/alum-immunized mice were stimulated with OVA plus antigen presenting cells. We next examined the purified suppressive factor on OVA/alum-induced allergic responses in mice. Interestingly, in spite of the antigenicity of MRJP3 itself as an extraneous foreign protein, intraperitoneal administration of MRJP3 inhibited serum anti-OVA IgE and IgG1 levels in immunized mice. In addition, heat-treated soluble MRJP3 treatment reduced its antigenicity while maintaining its inhibitory effects on antibody responses to OVA. These results indicate that MRJP3 can exhibit potent immunoregulatory effects in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, considering the intriguing immunomodulatory effects of MRJP3, it may be of clinical significance to design MRJP3-derived antiallergic peptides by identifying the associated polypeptide regions.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Alum-precipitated autoclaved Leishmania major plus bacille Calmette-Guérrin, a candidate vaccine for visceral leishmaniasis: safety, skin-delayed type hypersensitivity response and dose finding in healthy volunteers.
In a previous efficacy study, autoclaved Leishmania major (ALM) + bacille Calmette-Guérrin (BCG) vaccine was shown to be safe, but not superior to BCG alone, in protecting against visceral leishmaniasis. From June 1999 to June 2000, we studied the safety and immunogenicity of different doses of alum-precipitated ALM + BCG vaccine mixture administered intradermally to evaluate whether the addition of alum improved the immunogenicity of ALM. Twenty-four healthy adult volunteers were recruited and sequentially allocated to receive either 10 microg, 100 microg, 200 microg, or 400 microg of leishmanial protein in the alum-precipitated ALM + BCG vaccine mixture. Side effects were minimal for all doses and confined to the site of injection. All volunteers in the 10 microg, 100 microg, and 400 microg groups had a leishmanin skin test (LST) reaction of > or = 5 mm by day 42 and this response was maintained when tested after 90 d. Only 1 volunteer out of 5 in the 200 microg group had a LST reaction of > or = 5 mm by day 42 and the reasons for the different LST responses in this group are unclear. This is the first time that an alum adjuvant with ALM has been in used in humans and the vaccine mixture was safe and induced a strong delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction in the study volunteers. On the basis of this study we suggest that 100 1 microg of leishmanial protein in the vaccine mixture is a suitable dose for future efficacy studies, as it induced the strongest DTH reaction following vaccination.
Adult↗
The impact of alum discharges on a natural tropical wetland in Uganda.
Alum sludge discharge effects on a natural wetland on the shores of Lake Victoria at Gaba in Uganda has been investigated. The water quality in the swamp, the sediment chemistry and plant growth and productivity were monitored. The subsequent application of alum sludge discharges shows no immediate, noticeable, adverse overall effects on the water quality and sediment chemistry. A distinct effect on plant productivity was noted in Cyperus papyrus L. the dominant macrophyte in the Gaba swamp resulting in a low productivity rate of 5.1 g/m2 d and the apparent phasing out of this macrophyte in the swamp. Phragmites mauritianus (Kunth) exhibited better tolerance to alum sludge. Clear indications are cited of the ecosystem degrading and cumulative effects being marked over a longer time frame.
Alum Compounds↗
Cationic polymer and clay or metal oxide combinations for natural organic matter removal.
The effect of adding suspended matter in the form of clay or metal oxide when a cationic polymer was employed as the primary coagulant was found to be beneficial. The solids provide both an adsorbent for natural organic matter (NOM) and a nucleating species for precipitating the NOM-polymer complex. Metal oxides in conjunction with a cationic polymer were more promising than clay, with effectiveness in the order Fe2O3 > Fe3O4 > Al2O3 > MnO2. Magnesium oxide at a much lower dose was nearly as effective as ferric oxide, but of course raised the pH level significantly. A simpler and more convenient way of having reactive solids present was to add alum to form flocs; for one of the waters studied the alum dose could be reduced by 67% by adding 1 mg/L of polymer, to give equal or better performance than alum alone at the optimum dose.
Adsorption↗
Optimisation of combined coagulation and microfiltration for water treatment.
The effect of upstream coagulant dosing for full-flow microfiltration of an upland-reservoir water has been investigated. The process, run under conditions of constant flux and pH and based on a ferric salt, is compared with a published study of another full-flow process based on alum dosing and operated at constant pressure and coagulant concentration. The current study includes data for the residual deposit remaining following backflushing by reverse flow. Results are presented in terms of the specific-cake resistance (R'o, m(-2)) as a function of pH or coagulant dose. Reasonable correlation with classical cake filtration theory was obtained, such that R' was assumed to be independent of run time and cake thickness. The following trends have been noted: The optimum pH for the alum-based system appears to be between 7.5 and 8 on the basis of cake resistance. The effect of coagulant dose between 18 and 71 microM Fe3+ is much more significant than a change in pH between 5 and 9 for the alum system: a 53-fold increase in specific flux compared with a 7-fold increase with reference to the limiting R'o values at pH 4.8 and 7.7. A low coagulant dose (0.018mM, 1.0 mg l(-1) Fe3+) appears to have a slightly detrimental effect on downstream microfiltration operation. The low coagulant doses apparently cause incomplete aggregation of colloidal particles such that internal fouling of the membrane takes place. The residual (cleaning cycle) deposit resistance followed roughly the same trend as the backflush cycle-cake resistance with coagulant concentration, but with a much reduced value (about 16 times lower, on average). An optimum coagulant dose of 0.055 mM (3.1 mg/l) Fe3+ can be identified on the basis of operational cost based on coagulant cost and cake resistance, all other aspects of the system being substantially unchanged. It is concluded that coagulation with downstream microfiltration offers a cost-effective means of removing natural organic matter, achieving a THMFP removal of around 80% at the optimum dose.
Alum Compounds↗
Dye removal from textile dye wastewater using recycled alum sludge.
The removal of dyes from textile dying wastewater by recycled alum sludge (RAS) generated by the coagulation process itself was studied and optimized. One hydrophobic and one hydrophilic dye were used as probes to examine the performance of this process. It was found that RAS is a good way of removing hydrophobic dye in wastewater, while simultaneously reducing the fresh alum dosage, of which one third of the fresh alum can be saved. The back-diffusion of residued dye from the recycling sludge is detected but is easily controlled as long as a small amount of fresh alum is added to the system. The use of RAS is not recommended for the removal of hydrophilic dyes, since the high solubility characteristics of such dyes can cause deterioration in the water quality during recycling.
Alum Compounds↗
Integrated biological and physiochemical treatment process for nitrate and fluoride removal.
The feasibility of an integrated biological and physiochemical water treatment process for nitrate and fluoride removal has been evaluated. It consisted of two sequencing batch reactors (SBRs) in series. Performance of the process in the treatment of 24 synthetic water samples having nitrate concentrations of 40, 80, 120, 160, 200, and 250 mg/l (as N) and fluoride concentrations of 6, 10, 15, and 20 mg/l at different combinations was studied. Denitrification followed by defluoridation proved to be the best sequence of treatment. In all cases nitrate could be reduced to an acceptable level of less than 10 mg/l (as N) at 3, 5, and 7 h hydraulic retention times (HRTs) depending on its initial concentration. Fluoride concentrations up to 15 mg/l associated with nitrate concentrations up to 80 mg/l (as N) could be reduced acceptable 1.5 mg/l by alum-PAC slurry using alum doses up 850 mg/l [as Al2(SO4)3 x 16H2O] along with 100 mg/l of powdered activated carbon (PAC). Additional alkalinity produced during denitrification was used up during defluoridation for maintenance of pH avoiding the need for lime addition. On the other hand, residual organics, turbidity, and sulfide present in the denitrified water are removed by alum and PAC at the defluoridation stage along with fluoride, eliminating the need for an additional post-treatment step. At higher nitrate concentrations (> or = 120 mg/l as N), the alkalinity produced at the denitrification stage was in the range of 715-1175 mg/l as CaCO3. This excessive alkalinity inhibited reduction of fluoride to the level of 1.5 mg/l at the defluoridation stage, using alum doses up to 900 mg/l along with 100 mg/l of PAC. In all cases a fluoride concentration of 20 mg/l in water could not be reduced to the acceptable level of 1.5 mg/l.
Alum Compounds↗
Interaction between Cryptosporidium oocysts and water treatment coagulants.
The electrokinetic properties of gamma-irradiated Cryptosporidium oocysts in the presence of coagulants (ferric chloride and alum) and coagulant aids (DADMAC based cationic polyelectrolytes) have been studied. The zeta potential of the oocysts was unaffected by the addition of ferric chloride at all pH values (3-10) studied. Addition of alum resulted in reversal of the oocysts charge, which suggests that the initial stage in the coagulation process leading to floc formation proceeds via the adsorption of hydrolysed aluminium species. The cationic polyelectrolyte Magnafloc LT35 was adsorbed onto iron flocs at doses of 0.1 mg/L even against an electrostatic barrier. The cationic polyelectrolyte only adsorbed and caused charge reversal at the oocyst surface at around 0.4 mg/L, suggesting a lower affinity for this surface. These results indicate that the oocysts, unlike inorganic colloidal materials such as metal oxides, appear to possess a lower surface density of active or charged sites. The lower density of sites, combined with the rapid precipitation of iron salts, may be responsible for the lack of specific adsorption of either hydroxylated ferric species or primary iron hydroxide particles on the oocysts. Further, this suggests that a process of sweep flocculation, where oocysts are engulfed in flocs during coagulation and floc formation, is the more likely mechanism involved. By comparison, it is likely that the specific interaction of hydrolysed aluminium species with the oocysts surface would result in a stronger link at the oocyst-floc interface and that the flocculation process may initially proceed via charge neutralisation.
Alum Compounds↗
High-speed sludge freezing.
The investigation examined the feasibility of applying a "high-speed freezing technique, using liquid nitrogen freezing, to condition activated sludges and alum sludges. Experimental results indicate that the freezing speed is much faster than that adopted in most previous works on sludge freezing. Although the filterability and settleability of the alum sludge is improved by 3-min liquid nitrogen freezing, no similar improvement is observed for activated sludge. Moreover, curing affects neither sludge after liquid nitrogen freezing, but affects the slow-freezing activated sludge.
Alum Compounds↗
Effect of dissolved organic material and cations on freeze-thaw conditioning of activated and alum sludges.
Freeze-thaw conditioning effectively dewaters alum and activated sludges, but it works better on alum sludge than it does on activated sludge. The main difference between alum sludge and activated sludge is that activated sludge has high concentrations of both dissolved organic material and ions. Dissolved organic material and ions may possibly alter the freezing process and decrease the effectiveness of freeze-thaw conditioning on activated sludge. The objective of this study is to investigate the effect of dissolved organic material and cations on freeze-thaw conditioning of sludges, and to improve the effectiveness of freeze-thaw conditioning on activated sludge. The results of this study show that although protein, carbohydrate and cation concentrations in activated sludge supernatant are initially high, they dramatically increase after freeze-thaw conditioning. The increase is likely to come from the release of extracellular and intracellular material to sludge supernatant. The observed increase in the DNA concentration in activated sludge supernatant after freeze-thaw conditioning indicates that freeze-thaw causes cell disruption. Alum sludge supernatant, on the other hand, initially contains low concentrations of proteins, carbohydrates and cations which do not noticeably change after freeze-thaw conditioning. When ECPs (extracellular polymers) and cations are extracted from activated sludge before freeze-thaw conditioning. the sludge settles and dewaters better after the freeze-thaw. The resulting aggregates are smaller and denser resembling the "coffee ground" aggregates of alum sludge.
Adjuvants, Immunologic↗
Destabilisation of oil-water emulsions and separation by dissolved air flotation.
The roles of aluminium and ferric sulphates as destabilising agents for oil-water emulsions that have been stabilised by a non-ionic surfactant (Span 20) are investigated in terms of oil removal. The effects of coagulant dose, pH, and the duration and intensity of both slow and fast mixing are considered. Electrokinetic measurements indicate that oil droplets have a negative zeta potential that is weakly dependent on pH. The chosen coagulants are shown to be effective in reducing the zeta potential of the oil droplets, and charge reversal was observed for aluminium sulphate. Oil removals up to 99.3% at pH 8 and 99.94% at pH 7 are seen for aluminium sulphate and ferric sulphate respectively. Rapid mixing times of around 120 s and flocculation times ranging from 15 to 20 min appear to be optimal for the DAF separation. It is concluded that relatively low average mixing speeds for coagulation and flocculation are essential for efficient operation.
Air↗
Optimisation of the coagulation-flocculation process of raw water by optimal design method.
In the present paper, a systematic study of the influence of raw water quality and operating conditions on the effectiveness of the coagulation-flocculation process using aluminium sulphate (AS) is presented. The influence of raw water composition is studied at two levels, fractional factorial designs and a Doehlert uniform shell design to determine the influence of the operating conditions. The analysis of the experimental responses (residual turbidity and minimally AS dose are denoted as (Tu(m)) and (AS(m)), respectively) shows that the parameters which have the greatest influence change depending on the response. It is not always possible, for a given water composition, to obtain simultaneously low residual turbidity and minimally AS dose. However, under the conditions of this study, the search for a criterion of optimisation must bear the minimisation of residual turbidity, because it remains the principal criterion of effectiveness of the process, even, if in a few cases, it results in an increase in the cost of treatment.
Alum Compounds↗
Polymer impact on filter blinding during alum sludge filtration.
This paper describes an experimental investigation into the factors which control clogging phenomenon of the filter medium during alum sludge filtration under conditions of excess polymer dosing. Preliminary studies showed that the hydraulic resistance of the filter medium was associated with the amount of polymer trapped, but was not uniquely determined by the quantity of polymer trapped in the filter. Subsequent investigations showed that filter blinding can arise from the interaction of residual polymer and a colloidal fraction. When either of these components was missing, the trapping efficiency of the filter was low. In particular, the study demonstrated that polymer coatings on the filter did not have any significant impact on the hydraulic resistance. Evidence indicated that clogging and polymer trapping was particle size driven, the aggregate size being dependent on the polymer dose. Diagnosis of trends in the filter resistance suggested that they were being influenced by polymer/colloidal solids ratio through its effects on particle size.
Alum Compounds↗
Enhanced coagulation using a magnetic ion exchange resin.
The objective of this investigation was to examine the effectiveness of a magnetic ion exchange resin (MIEX) to enhance the coagulation of disinfection by-product precursors in nine surface waters, each representing a different element of the USEPA's 3 x 3 enhanced coagulation matrix. The effect of MIEX-pretreatment on the requisite alum dose needed for subsequent coagulation of turbidity was also evaluated. Enhanced coagulation with MIEX was found to be very effective for removing trihalomethane (THM) and haloacetic acid (HAA) precursors from the nine waters examined. THM and HAA formation potential was reduced by more than 60% in all of the waters studied; reductions approaching 90% were seen in the waters with the highest specific ultraviolet absorbance values. The residual total organic carbon concentration, ultraviolet absorbance, and THM and HAA formation potential were all substantially lower as a result of MIEX and alum treatment compared to alum coagulation alone. MIEX pre-treatment also lowered the coagulant demand of each of the waters substantially.
Alum Compounds↗
Laboratory study of electro-coagulation-flotation for water treatment.
An electro-coagulation-flotation process has been developed for water treatment. This involved an electrolytic reactor with aluminium electrodes and a separation/flotation tank. The water to be treated passed through the reactor and was subjected to coagulation/flotation, by Al(III) ions dissolved from the electrodes, the resulting flocs floating after being captured by hydrogen gas bubbles generated at cathode surfaces. Apparent current efficiencies for Al dissolution as aqueous Al(III) species at pH 6.5 and 7.8 were greater than unity. This was due to additional reactions occurring in parallel with Al dissolution: oxygen reduction at anodes and cathodes, and hydrogen evolution at cathodes, resulting in net (i.e. oxidation + reduction) currents at both anodes and cathodes. The specific electrical energy consumption of the reactor for drinking water treatment was as low as 20 kWh (kg Al)(-1) for current densities of 10-20A m(-2). The water treatment performance of the electrocoagulation process was found to be superior to that of conventional coagulation with aluminium sulphate for treating a model-coloured water, with 20% more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) being removed for the same Al(III) dose. However, for a lowland surface water sample, the two processes achieved a similar performance for DOC and UV-absorbance removal. In addition, an up-flow electrocoagulator configuration performed better than a horizontal flow configuration, with both bipolar and monopolar electrodes.
Alum Compounds↗
Electrochemical treatment of cigarette industry wastewater: feasibility study.
The electrochemical treatability of wastewater from the cigarette industry has been investigated in this paper using cast iron electrode. The treatment efficiency was monitored in terms of COD, BOD and suspended solids concentration. The cast iron anode was found effective in treatment of the above-mentioned wastewater. About 56% of COD and 84% of BOD removal was observed at 3.5 A current for 5 h of electrolysis. The effect of increase in surface area of anode reduces electrolysis time and also energy consumption per kg of COD removal. The treated effluent was subjected to chemical coagulation studies using Ca(OH)2 as coagulant. The final treated effluent was found to confirm the stipulated standards for safe disposal into surface water bodies (Indian Standards). It was concluded that the electrochemical treatment followed by chemical coagulation could be opted as an alternate treatment scheme for the present industry.
Alum Compounds↗