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At least 253 records · Page 14Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

An elutriation apparatus for assessing settleability of combined sewer overflows (CSOs).

An elutriation apparatus was proposed for testing the settleability of combined sewer outflows (CSOs) and applied to 12 CSO samples. In this apparatus, solids settling is measured under dynamic conditions created by flow through a series of settling chambers of varying diameters and upward flow velocities. Such a procedure reproduces better turbulent settling in CSO tanks than the conventional settling columns, and facilitates testing coagulant additions under dynamic conditions. Among the limitations, one could name the relatively large size of the apparatus and samples (60 L), and inadequate handling of floatables. Settleability results obtained for the elutriation apparatus and a conventional settling column indicate large inter-event variation in CSO settleability. Under such circumstances, settling tanks need to be designed for "average" conditions and, within some limits, the differences in test results produced by various settleability testing apparatuses and procedures may be acceptable. Further development of the elutriation apparatus is under way, focusing on reducing flow velocities in the tubing connecting settling chambers and reducing the number of settling chambers employed. The first measure would reduce the risk of floc breakage in the connecting tubing and the second one would reduce the required sample size.

Drainage, Sanitary↗
PubMed1998

[Validation of dissolution testing: evaluation of vibration levels of dissolution apparatuses].

The collaborative study participated by seven laboratories was carried out to develop a dissolution standard for evaluating vibration levels of dissolution apparatuses using enteric-coated granules of cefalexin (EG). Dissolution apparatuses could be divided into two groups according to their vibration levels and the dissolution test results of EG by the rotating basket method at 50 rpm. The critical value of acceleration was about 0.05 m/s2. The upper limit of normal dissolution rates of EG was calculated from the results of the rotating basket method at 50 rpm obtained from low vibration apparatuses. All high vibration apparatuses used in this study were distinguished by the limit from low vibration apparatuses, although most of them were not distinguished by current USP calibrators. These results suggest that EG would be useful as a calibrator for detection of apparatuses on high vibration levels.

Calibration↗
PubMed2003

Developmental assembly of transduction apparatus in chick basilar papilla.

Hair cells, the sensory receptors of auditory and vestibular systems, use a transducer apparatus that renders them remarkably sensitive to mechanical displacement as minute as 1 nm. To study the embryonic development of the transducer apparatus in hair cells of the chick auditory papilla, we examined hair cells that have been labeled with N-(3-triethylammoniumpropyl)-4-(4-(dibutylamino)styryl) pyridiniumdibromide, which has been shown to permeate the transducer channels. In addition, mechanotransduction currents were recorded directly using whole-cell patch-clamp techniques. The structure of the hair bundle was examined using scanning electron microscopy, and immunofluorescence labeling for myosin 1c, myosin 7a, and plasma membrane Ca2+ ATPase 2 was studied to determine the developmental expression of these proteins in embryonic chick papillas. We demonstrate that the transducer apparatus is assembled jointly at embryonic day 11 (E11) of the developing chick basilar papilla. The resting open probability of the transducer channels was high at E12 (approximately 0.5) and remained substantially elevated at E14-16; it then declined to the mature value of approximately 0.15 at E21. The displacement sensitivity of the transduction apparatus, the gating force, increased from E12 to E21. Although the expression of different components of the transducer apparatus and the transduction current peaked at approximately E14-16, marked refinement occurred beyond E16. For example, myosin 1c appeared diffusely localized in hair bundles from E12 to E16, but subsequently consolidated into punctate pattern. The fine temporal and precise spatial assembly of the transducer apparatus likely contributes toward the exquisite sensitivity of the transduction ensemble.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

[Development of portable LED-based NIR integrity wheat component measuring apparatus].

A integrity wheat component quickly measuring apparatus which based on NIR LED was developed, by using new chip and designing software. While providing a lower cost apparatus, it also provides quick answer speed and smaller size for fieldwork of wheat's components measuring. The apparatus is made up of NIR LED, interference filter, lens, Si photronic detector, microprocessor system and calibration model. Compared with other instrument, the apparatus has many advantages, such as compact space, simple structure, low power waste, and anti-shake. This paper introduces the design of the apparatus, and predicts the concentration of wheat protein. The apparatus can realize non-damage measurement of wheat components' concentration on fieldwork.

English Abstract↗
PubMed1990

[Modified Klammt apparatus for treatment of stomatognathic abnormalities in preschool children].

Klammt apparatus was modified adapting it for treatment of occlusal abnormalities in milk teeth. The resting and functional positions of the tongue were used for this aim through appropriate directing of its action in the apparatus for widening of anterior parts of dental arches. The usefulness of the modified apparatus in the treatment of stomatognathic system abnormalities was assessed in 90 preschool children with malocclusions of crossbite type, open bite, anterocclusion and posterocclusion. The control group comprised 90 preschool children with similar abnormalities treated with monoblock. The results were significantly better after treatment with the modified Klammt apparatus, the dental arches were rapidly widened, therapeutic effects were better, rehabilitation of the muscles was more complete. Using the modified Klammt apparatus the children could easily speak, and thus the apparatus could be used longer than monoblocks which had a positive effect on the final therapeutic results in these cases.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1990

[Specific features of osteosynthesis using a pivotal compression-distraction apparatus].

The article is devoted to the analysis of 5-year-long application experience of the rod-based apparatus with external fixation. The apparatus have been developed at the institute named after prof. M. I. Sitenko. Certain advantages and indications for rod-fixation in traumatology have been substantiated. In urgent traumatology the apparatus made the best showing in treatment of the open fractures. Possibility of these apparatus application as the treatment-and-transportation immobilization facilities in case of mass entrance of victims has been demonstrated. Rod-based apparatus are widely used for fixation in case of correcting osteotomies, limb stretching (especially of the femoral segment) in children as well as for fixation of the instable spine damages. Complications in case of rod application manifest themselves as suppuration of the soft tissues and osteomyelitis. But their number is lower as compared with the wire apparatus application.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

The vesicular compartment of the mitotic apparatus in mammalian cells.

Intracellular membranes might play an eminent role in regulating several events during mitosis: In this paper the appearance and changing configurations of the vesicular compartment of the mitotic apparatus of HeLa cells was studied from anaphase to telophase. In early prophase electron opaque and transparent membranous vesicles are found in the pericentriolar region outside the nucleus. During prometaphase when the nuclear envelope opens and starts to disappear, an increasing number of these vesicles appears in the mitotic apparatus near the chromosomes. During metaphase vesicles are spread all over the mitotic apparatus, the number of electron opaque vesicles decreases while the total amount of vesicles does not change significantly. Anaphase shows the same pattern of distribution in the half-spindle and in the midbody. In telophase the amount of electron opaque vesicles increases again. They are now found around vacuoles and near the newly appearing Golgi-cisternae. We assume that the electron opaque vesicles are derived from the Golgi- apparatus which disintegrates during prophase and reappears in late telophase. The change in the appearance of the different types of vesicles during metaphase coincides with drastic changes in the ionic milieu in the mitotic apparatus (Wolniak et al., 1983).

Anaphase↗
PubMed1963

Localization of thiamine pyrophosphatase activity in the golgi apparatus of a mollusc, Helix aspersa.

Spermatids of the snail Helix aspersa were studied after fixation in buffered osmium tetroxide and after applying Novikoff and Goldfischer's method (15) for demonstrating thiamine pyrophosphatase (TPPase) activity both with the light and the electron microscope. The appearance of cells in the light microscope after localizing the enzyme is very similar to the appearance after the application of classical Golgi techniques. The electron microscope shows the "dictyosomes" to consist of non-granular membranes, vesicles, and vacuoles typical of the ultrastructure of the Golgi apparatus. Sites of TPPase activity are localized by deposits of lead phosphate, and are found between the membranes of the Golgi apparatus, in the small vesicles, in multivesicular bodies often found associated with it, but not within the large Golgi vacuoles. Heavy deposits are found on the caudal part of the nuclear envelope, but not in the acrosomal granule. It is suggested that TPPase may act as an intermediary in acrosome formation by the Golgi apparatus or "acroblast" of this cell. The finding of diphosphatase activity in the Golgi apparatus of an invertebrate is suggested as additional evidence for the existence of a homology between the Golgi apparatus of all animal cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Three-dimensional architecture of the cortical region of the Golgi apparatus in rat spermatids.

Glutaraldehyde-fixed testes were impregnated with the Ur-Pb-Cu technique of Thiéry and Rambourg ('76) or postfixed in ferrocyanide-reduced osmium (Karnovsky, '71). Thin and thick (0.5 micron) sections were examined with a Philips 400 electron microscope at 80 or 100 kv. Stereopairs were prepared from pictures of the same field after tilting the specimen every 6 degrees from the -45 degree to the +45 degree position of EM goniometric stage. The cortex of the compact hemispherical Golgi apparatus of young spermatids (steps 2-8) was found to be composed of saccular and intersaccular regions similar to those described in the Golgi apparatus of Sertoli cells (Rambourg et al., '79). In the saccular region, the stacks were composed of three to nine parallel saccules perforated with pores of various dimensions. On the mature or trans-face of the stack, one or two membranous elements with a wider lumen were either closely applied to the overlying saccules or were separated from them and intermixed with the vesicular components of the medulla. On the forming or cis-face of the stack, three or four saccules were frequently interrupted by gaps in register from one saccule to another. In three dimensions, these gaps appeared as pan-shaped spaces or "wells," often containing a few vesicles. Immediately overlying the first saccule on the cis-face, a regular network of anastomotic tubules was present, corresponding to the cis-osmiophilic element observed in other cell types. In the intersaccular region, membranous tubules connected to the edges of the saccules branched, intertwined, anastomosed, and bridged adjacent stacks of saccules. Such membranous tubules bridged saccules with the cis-osmiophilic element or saccules of the same stack. Between the ER cisternae capping the surface of the Golgi apparatus and the cis-network of anastomotic tubules, there was a space called the peripheral Golgi region containing small vesicles and membranous tortuous tubules. The vesicles were frequently arranged in clusters that were capped by an ER cisterna and displayed a size gradient from the periphery to the center of the cluster. Thus, although there were similarities between the three-dimensional architectures of the Golgi apparatus in Sertoli cells and young spermatids (e.g., saccular and intersaccular regions), several structural features distinguished the spermatid's Golgi apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Perspectives on Golgi apparatus form and function.

In 1898, Camillio Golgi reported a new cellular constituent with the form of an extensive intracellular network (the apparato reticolare interno), which now bears his name. However, the history of Golgi's apparatus is replete with controversy regarding its reality, what components of the cell should be included under its aegis, and what terminology should be used when referring to it. Electron microscopy has resolved many of these controversies and it is appropriate that this volume emphasize that aspect of Golgi apparatus discovery. The principal structural component of the Golgi apparatus is the stack of cisternae, or dictyosome. As determined both biochemically and at the level of electron microscopy, the dictyosome is a highly ordered and polarized structure. The maintenance of order within the stack is thought to result from either intercisternal bonding constituents, or filamentous structures (or both) that bridge the space between adjacent cisternae. Mechanisms proposed for movement of membrane and product into and out of the dictyosome (i.e., the Golgi apparatus stack) include a serial mode which functions exclusively by the formation, displacement, and loss of cisternae from the stack, and a parallel mode which functions exclusively by the movement of membrane, product, or precursor molecules directly into the peripheral edges of the cisternae. In the parallel mode, all cisternae can be accessed either singly or simultaneously, at least in theory, at any position within the stack. It is probable that both the serial and the parallel modes function concomitantly and need not be mutually exclusive. Finally, the peripheral tubules of the cisternae represent a major membranous constituent of the cell with potentially unique functions. These tubules interconnect cisternae of adjacent stacks and may represent the major site of receptors for the shuttle (i.e., parallel) type of transfer among cisternae. Peripheral tubules as extensions of the cisternal lumina into the cytoplasm presumably have other functions, but these, like the tubules themselves, have only rarely been accommodated into functional models of Golgi apparatus dynamics in secretion or membrane flow.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Failure of copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin in the Golgi apparatus of LEC rat hepatocytes.

Copper incorporation into ceruloplasmin during ceruloplasmin synthesis was studied by comparing LEC and control rats. Major 132 and 136 kDa ceruloplasmins were found in microsomes and the Golgi apparatus, respectively, isolated from liver homogenates of LEC and control rats. Copper analysis showed that no copper was detected in the ceruloplasmin in the microsomes of either rat. Copper was present in ceruloplasmin in the Golgi apparatus and serum of controls, while it was not detected in ceruloplasmin in the Golgi apparatus and serum of the LEC rat. These results indicate that copper is incorporated into ceruloplasmin in the Golgi apparatus of normal hepatocytes. LEC rats fail to incorporate copper into ceruloplasmin in the Golgi apparatus.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Ultrastructural distribution of lectin-binding sites on gastric superficial mucus-secreting epithelial cells. The role of Golgi apparatus in the initial glycosylation.

Normal human gastric epithelial cells were examined by electron microscopy using each of five biotinylated lectins [Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-I), peanut agglutinin (PNA), wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), soybean agglutinin (SBA) and Dolichos biflorus agglutinin (DBA)] as a probe. We employed 35 gastric surgical specimens removed from complicated peptic disease. The lectin-binding sites were revealed with streptavidin-colloidal gold complex. All specimens were embedded in Spurr and LR White resins. In superficial foveolar epithelial cells, the lectins used were generally positive in all cell types (mainly UEA-1 and PNA) on the Golgi region and mucus cytoplasmic vacuoles, with many variations among cells in the same case. On the other hand, extracellular mucus was negative for WGA. Labelling with PNA revealed a biphasic pattern (peripheral positivity) on mucous droplets in surface and foveolar cells. The cis side of the Golgi apparatus was labelled with SBA and PNA and rough endoplasmic reticulum with SBA (only five cases). Lectin-binding variability could be related to heterogeneous composition of gastric mucus. Our results with SBA suggest initiation of O-glycosylation at the Golgi apparatus; however a role of the rough endoplasmic reticulum cannot be excluded (N-glycosylation). We propose the following sequence of sugar addition to the carbohydrate side-chains of gastric glycoproteins: (1) GaNAc (Golgi apparatus cis-side), (2) GlcNAc (Golgi apparatus intermediate face), (3) GalNac or Gal, alpha-L-fucose (Golgi apparatus trans-side).

Acrylic Resins↗
PubMed1996

Golgi apparatus and intraneuronal inclusions of anterior horn cells in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: an immunohistochemical study.

We applied immunohistochemical techniques to study alterations of the Golgi apparatus, and to determine possible relationships between this complex and the intraneuronal inclusions of lower motor neurons of patients with the sporadic form of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Spinal cords from normal individuals served as controls. Monoclonal antibodies to the Golgi zone and to Golgi beta-COP protein were used. Immunoreactivity with these antibodies was seen in frozen sections of paraformaldehyde-fixed spinal cord tissue, but not in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. The immunoreaction products were seen as granular structures, diffusely distributed in neurons and glial cells. Although immunostaining of some ALS neurons was reduced, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus was not evident with either antibody. Bunina bodies and skein-like inclusions, characteristically found in spinal anterior horn cells of ALS patients, were not stained by these antibodies to epitopes of the Golgi apparatus, nor were Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions, present in some cases of sporadic ALS and reported to be characteristic to familial ALS with posterior column degeneration. These results suggest that components of the Golgi apparatus are not directly incorporated into intraneuronal inclusions. However, the possibility that abnormal proteinaceous material of the Golgi apparatus may be involved in their genesis cannot be ruled out.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Enlargement of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients with microalbuminuria.

Kidney biopsies from 15 insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients with microalbuminuria were investigated to obtain quantitative data on the juxtaglomerular apparatus. The IDDM patients were young and normotensive with a mean duration of microalbuminuria of 2 years. Eight healthy kidney donors served as controls. Measurements taken by light microscopy, using 1-microm serial sections of epon blocks, included volumes of the juxtaglomerular apparatus and of glomeruli, areas of the macula densa and luminal area of the juxtaglomerular (afferent and efferent) arterioles at the level of the glomerular vascular pole. The volume of the juxtaglomerular apparatus was significantly larger in the IDDM group than in controls [6.08 (2.96-18.8) 10(4) microm3 vs 3.48 (1.84-5.21) 10(4) microm3, P=0.003, median and (range)], as was the volume of the juxtaglomerular apparatus relative to glomerular volume [1.89(1.28-4.21)% vs 1.48 (1.13-1.71)%, P=0.004]. The area of the macula densa was also larger in the IDDM patients (1370 microm2 vs 937 microm2, P=0.03). Luminal areas of the afferent and efferent arterioles and the ratio between them did not differ significantly between the two groups. In conclusion, the juxtaglomerular apparatus is enlarged more than would be expected from the glomerular hypertrophy in IDDM patients with microalbuminuria.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Ultrastructure and cytochemistry of the Golgi apparatus and related organelles of the secretory ameloblasts of the rat incisor.

Glutaraldehyde-fixed rat incisors were either post-fixed in ferrocyanide-reduced osmium impregnated with the Ur-Pb-Cu technique or incubated in the medium for acid-phosphatase (AcPase) reaction. The Golgi apparatus of the secretory ameloblast was composed of 4-7 cisternae, small vesicles and condensing vacuoles. It formed an elongated, continuous membrane system over from one- to two-thirds of the supranuclear cytoplasm. Condensing vacuoles seemed to be produced from the dilated margins of both Golgi cisternae and GERL. AcPase activity was demonstrated in the inner 2 or 3 Golgi cisternae, in GERL and in some condensing vacuoles and secretory granules within the Tomes process. It thus seemed that primary lysosomes originate from both the Golgi apparatus and GERL. Whereas many lysosomal bodies appeared in the supranuclear cytoplasm, autophagic vacuoles were rare. A well-developed Golgi apparatus and GERL were, therefore, considered to be involved in the digestion of exogeneous materials as well as in the formation of the precursor of enamel matrix. The simple Golgi apparatus consisting of only compactly stacked cisternae and small vesicles, were sometimes observed in the supranuclear cytoplasm and having no clear relationship with rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticula or GERL, may serve as a source of the plasma membranes necessary for continuous renewal of the cisternae of the well-developed Golgi apparatus.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1991

Behavior of a transitional tubulovesicular compartment at the cis side of the Golgi apparatus in in vivo fusion studies of mammalian cells.

We have investigated the behavior in in vivo cell fusion experiments of a transitional compartment lying between the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus to determine if the compartment, as recognized by the antibody G1/93, might congregate in a similar manner to Golgi apparatus [W. C. Ho et al. (1990) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 52, 315-327]. The distributions of the transitional tubulovesicular compartment, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus in HeLa cells were assessed by immunofluorescent staining using mouse monoclonal antibody G1/93, mouse monoclonal antibody HP 24, and rabbit anti-galactosyltransferase, respectively. In agreement with previous results [W. C. Ho et al. (1990) Eur. J. Cell Biol. 52, 315-327], the Golgi apparatus was observed to congregate gradually over a 3- to 6-h period, forming a large, extended, central Golgi complex in uv-inactivated Sindbis virus-fused HeLa cells. Concomitant with this was a marked congregation of the transitional tubulovesicular compartment. Congregation of the tubulovesicular compartment was not affected by cycloheximide. The endoplasmic reticulum retained its web-like distribution throughout the syncytoplasm and rimmed the nuclear periphery. Treatment of HeLa cells with nocodazole prior to fusion followed by incubation of the syncytia in drug-containing media blocked congregation of the G1/93-positive compartment. With this long-term nocodazole treatment, Golgi apparatus was dispersed into scattered Golgi elements and the G1/93 distribution was endoplasmic reticulum-like. These results suggest that the transitional tubulovesicular compartment recognized by G1/93 is normally structured on microtubules and microtubule organizing centers and may be considered to be a subcompartment of a greater, perinuclear, Golgi complex.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1994

Inhibition by brefeldin A of NADH oxidation activity of rat liver Golgi apparatus accelerated by GDP.

Reduced pyridine nucleotide has been reported to enhance cell-free transfer of membrane material from a radiolabeled Golgi apparatus donor fraction from rat liver to an acceptor fraction consisting of inside-out plasma vesicles immobilized on nitrocellulose [(1992) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1107, 131]. As part of a continuing effort to identify NADH-requiring enzymes in the Golgi apparatus which may be important to membrane trafficking, highly purified fractions of Golgi apparatus from rat liver were tested for their ability to oxidize NADH and the inhibition of the oxidation of NADH by brefeldin A. The isolated Golgi apparatus fractions were found to oxidize NADH with a specific activity comparable to that of the plasma membrane of rat liver. The activity was inhibited by brefeldin A and this inhibition was augmented by GDP. At near optimal concentrations of 7 microM brefeldin A and 1 microM GDP, the activity was > 90% inhibited. Brefeldin A inhibition of NADH oxidation by the Golgi apparatus was time-dependent and GDP appeared to accelerate the inhibition by brefeldin A.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Citrate accumulation by a Golgi apparatus-rich fraction from lactating bovine mammary gland.

1. Golgi apparatus-rich fractions from lactating bovine mammary gland rapidly accumulated citrate from incubation medium. Characteristics of this process suggested that a citrate transport system may be present in Golgi apparatus membranes. 2. Endoplasmic reticulum fractions accumulated citrate at nearly the same rate as Golgi apparatus; secretory vesicle fractions displayed lower ability to accumulate citrate. Intact epithelial cells (acini) from lactating mammary gland did not accumulate citrate. 3. Citrate accumulation by Golgi apparatus was pH and temperature sensitive but was not altered by metabolic inhibitors. 4. These observations suggest a role for Golgi apparatus in packaging intracellular citrate for secretion into milk.

Animals↗