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PubMed2005

[Muramidase and lactoferrin in adenoidal hypertrophies, hypertrophic and chronic infected tonsil tissue--a quantitative analysis].

BACKGROUND: Muramidase and lactoferrin are important components of the antimicrobial defense system. Muramidase has the ability of opsonization and immunopotentiation and therefore a close relation to the lymphatic tissue. Till now there are only immunohistochemical and microbiological studies on the presence of muramidase and lactoferrin in adenoid and tonsil tissue available. METHOD: We investigated the concentrations of muramidase and lactoferrin in palatine tonsils and adenoidal hypertrophies quantitatively using ELISA. MATERIAL: We investigated tissue of 18 palatine tonsils and 16 pharyngeal tonsils. RESULTS: We found a significant difference in the concentration of muramidase but no difference in the concentration of lactoferrin between adenoids and tonsils. There was no significant difference in the concentration of lactoferrin and muramidase between the hypertrophic and chronic infected tonsils. There was no correlation between the age of the patients and the concentration of muramidase and lactoferrin. A connection between the microbial biofilm, the concentration of the proteins and the recurrent tonsillitis is discussed. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the production of muramidase and lactoferrin adenoids and tonsils play an important role in the local antimicrobial defense in any age or inflammation.

Adenoids↗
PubMed2006

Cytokines produced by T cells in adenoid surface secretion are mainly downregulatory or of Th1 type.

CONCLUSIONS: T cells in adenoid surface secretion (AdSS) possess the property of cytokine production and are mainly downregulatory or of Th1 type. These results strengthen the hypothesis of an active immunological defense in AdSS. OBJECTIVES: Recently, we demonstrated the presence of activated T cells in AdSS. The aims of this study were to elucidate the ability of these T cells to produce cytokines and to reveal their cytokine profile. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Eight children subjected to adenoidectomy were enrolled. Samples of AdSS, adenoid tissue and peripheral blood were obtained, as well as a nasopharyngeal culture. T cells obtained from AdSS, adenoid tissue and peripheral blood were then cultured and stimulated with anti-CD3 and -CD28 for 5 days. The production of interferon (IFN)-gamma, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a and IL-2, -4, -5 and -10 was then analyzed using flow cytometry. RESULTS: All children had T cells in AdSS capable of cytokine production. T cells in AdSS, adenoid tissue and peripheral blood samples from all children produced IFN-gamma. Of the cytokines analyzed, IFN-gamma was produced in the highest concentrations. In 6/8 children, T cells in AdSS also produced TNF-a and IL-10.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed2001

Demonstration of Chlamydia pneumoniae in the adenoid from children with and without secretory otitis media using immunohistochemistry and PCR.

Chlamydia pneumoniae has been found in patients with middle ear inflammation. The adenoid, which has a central role in the development of secretory otitis media (SOM), may act as a reservoir for bacteria causing ear infection. Adenoid tissue was examined for the presence of C. pneumoniae. Twenty children undergoing adenoidectomy because of hyperplastic adenoids, 10 with SOM and 10 without SOM, were examined with nasopharyngeal swabs for routine bacteriological culture, serology for C. pneumoniae and throat swabs for C. pneumoniae PCR. The removed tissues were analyzed for C. pneumoniae using immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis and PCR. In the group of children with SOM samples were also taken from the middle ear fluid for routine bacteriological culture and PCR for C. pneumoniae. C. pneumoniae was found in the adenoid by PCR in 3 cases from each group and from all 20 children by IHC. Four children in each group had increased levels of specific antibodies to C. pneumoniae. Two children with SOM had high antibody titers and a positive PCR from a throat swab. Two children were PCR-positive for C. pneumoniae in fluid from the middle ear. The significance of these findings is not yet clear.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1984

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate. A case report with immunoperoxidase staining for prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma occurs most commonly in the major and minor salivary glands, but also has been recognized in numerous other locations. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate gland is, however, extremely uncommon with only two other reported cases. The authors have studied a case of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the prostate with immunoperoxidase staining for both prostate-specific acid phosphatase and prostate-specific antigen, which have been shown to be specific for normal prostatic epithelium and prostatic carcinoma. The negative staining for these antigens in this tumor distinguishes adenoid cystic carcinoma from the usual acinic adenocarcinomas of the prostate, and suggests an origin from periurethral glands or metaplastic urethral mucosa.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1992

The solid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix.

We studied seven examples of the solid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the uterine cervix in postmenopausal women who presented with vaginal bleeding and a large ulcerated or polypoid cervical mass. The tumors lacked the characteristic cribriform pattern of conventional adenoid cystic carcinoma. The neoplastic cells were small, undifferentiated, or basaloid and grew in cords, nests, trabeculae, and nodules. Foci of squamous cell carcinoma were seen in three tumors and areas of necrosis in four. A characteristic feature was the production of abundant periodic acid-Schiff's procedure (PAS)-positive basement membrane material that was immunoreactive for collagen IV and that in some areas compressed tumor cells. Electron microscopy on three cases showed globules and cylinders of redundant basal lamina. The tumor cells were joined by desmosomes and contained bundles of tonofilaments. Material similar to basement membrane material appeared to be intracytoplasmic in two tumors. No neurosecretory granules or myoepithelial cells were found. Four deaths were tumor related. Two patients are currently alive, but with local recurrence or metastases; another is alive and well 19 months after surgery. We believe that the solid variant of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervix is a distinctive neoplasm that should be separated from small cell carcinomas with or without endocrine features, adenoid basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the cervical trachea mimicking thyroid tumor: CT evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: Our goal was to describe the CT characteristics of adenoid cystic carcinomas of the trachea mimicking thyroid tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Computed tomography of four patients with pathologically proved adenoid cystic carcinomas extending into the thyroid gland was retrospectively reviewed. One case was also examined with MR. RESULTS: The masses encircling the trachea and circumferential thickening of the tracheal wall were demonstrated in all four cases. The longitudinal extent of the tracheal wall thickening was also demonstrated in all cases. The tumors had a broad base on the trachea and convex margin on the thyroid gland. They were all homogeneous, generally smoothly marginated, and isoattenuating on postcontrast CT scans. CONCLUSION: Adenoid cystic carcinomas were usually seen on CT scans as homogeneous masses encircling the posterolateral trachea with thickening of the tracheal wall in the transverse and longitudinal planes. These CT characteristics may be helpful in the differential diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinomas mimicking thyroid tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Adenoid cystic carcinoma metastasizing before detection of the primary lesion.

Although adenoid cystic carcinomas are occasionally manifested in atypical ways, metastatic disease preceding detection of the primary tumor has not been previously reported. We have described a patient in whom multiple pulmonary metastatic nodules were found one year before identification of primary adenoid cystic carcinoma of the maxilla. This case illustrates the need to include adenoid cystic carcinoma in the differential diagnosis of patients with metastatic disease and an unknown primary lesion. The use of special stains and electron microscopy can be helpful in confirming a diagnosis of adenoid cystic carcinoma.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Basaloid squamous carcinoma of the anal canal with an adenoid cystic pattern: histologic and immunohistochemical reappraisal of an unusual variant.

Two cases of a distinctive variety of basaloid squamous carcinoma (BSC) of the anal canal are described. Both occurred in female patients who presented with bleeding per rectum. Histologic evaluation of the tumors showed lobules and aggregates of medium-sized basaloid cells with distinctive peripheral palisading and focal areas of central, comedo-necrosis. Accompanying dysplasia of the overlying squamous mucosa was absent. However, the microscopic pattern was dominated by the presence of eosinophilic, hyaline, paucicellular basement membrane-like material around and within tumor nests. This appearance together with microcystic spaces simulated that of an adenoid cystic carcinoma. Immunohistochemistry of the tumors revealed the following profile: CK7, CK5/CK6, 34betaE12 positive, CK14 focally positive but CK20 negative. The following were all negative: EMA, CEA, smooth muscle and muscle-specific actin, calponin, and S-100. The tumor cells exhibited diffuse nuclear positivity with p63. The eosinophilic basement membrane hyaline material was positive for collagen type IV and also for laminin. BSC of the anal canal with an adenoid cystic pattern is an infrequently encountered and reported variant, although it is seen more often in the aerodigestive tract. There may be an increased propensity for BSC with an adenoid cystic pattern to metastasize to the liver, but the number of cases encountered are too small to be definitive. The histologic differential diagnosis is true salivary gland-type adenoid cystic carcinoma and basal cell adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry and awareness of this unusual pattern of BSC will facilitate the correct diagnosis being reached.

Anal Canal↗
PubMed1992

Inhibition profiles of sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium on mediator release from mast cells of human skin, lung, tonsil, adenoid and intestine.

We have studied an aspect of the functional heterogeneity of human mast cells, namely responsiveness to the inhibitory effects of sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium. The effects of these drugs were examined on the release of histamine and PGD2 from mast cells of human skin, lung, tonsils, adenoids and intestine. A high concentration, 1000 microM, of sodium cromoglycate was required to significantly inhibit histamine release from lung and tonsillar mast cells. Nedocromil sodium, 1000 microM, was more effective than sodium cromoglycate against histamine release from lung, tonsillar and adenoidal cells. Both compounds showed tachyphylaxis in lung and tonsillar mast cells but not in adenoidal and intestinal mast cells. In contrast, in intestinal mast cells, the effect of nedocromil sodium was weaker and more variable than sodium cromoglycate. Skin mast cells differed from mast cells of the other anatomical sites in being unresponsive to sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium. Our results confirm that high concentrations of sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium are required to achieve even modest inhibition of mediator release from human mast cells under in vitro conditions. Notwithstanding this, the results also indicate that differences exist among skin, lung, tonsillar, adenoidal and intestinal mast cells with respect to their sensitivity to sodium cromoglycate and nedocromil sodium, thus extending our knowledge of functional heterogeneity within the human mast cell populations.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1978

The assessment of adenoidal size by radiological means.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of radiology in the assessment of both adenoidal size and the size of the nasopharyngeal airway. There was a good correlation between the preoperative assessment of the size of the adenoid by radiology and the actual size of the adenoid removed at surgery. A method of estimating the size of the nasopharyngeal airway is described. There was a good inverse correlation between the size of the airway and the weight of the adenoid.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1982

The role of enlarged adenoids in the aetiology of serous otitis media.

The size of the adenoid in a series of children with middle ear fluid was compared radiologically with the size of the adenoid in a series of age and sex-matched children who had sustained a head injury. There was no significant difference in the size of the adenoid in the 2 series of children. This therefore casts doubt on the role of enlarged adenoids in the aetiology of serous otitis media in the majority of children with this condition.

Adenoidectomy↗
PubMed1987

Adenoid infection: its relationship to otitis media, glue ear and tonsillitis.

In a prospective study, 69 children admitted for adenoidectomy were divided into 4 subgroups according to their symptomatology. These were: nasal obstruction alone; glue ear; recurrent ear aches and probable otitis media; and recurrent sore throats and probable tonsillitis. The adenoids removed were bacteriologically analysed to assess both the spectrum of organisms present and the colony counts per gram of adenoid tissue (10(5) organisms per gram was regarded as representing infection). There was no significant difference between the subgroups with regard to either the presence of infection or the spectrum of organisms grown. We conclude that while infection in the adenoid bed must be involved in the pathogenesis of bacterial otitis media, the concentration of organisms present in the adenoids is unimportant and other factors must be responsible for the migration of organisms up the Eustachian tube.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1985

Ultrastructural similarities of adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma.

Ultrastructural examination of five adenoid cystic carcinomas, three breast and two salivary gland, reveals identical patterns of tumour cell differentiation, organization and distribution of cellular products (Zaloudek, Oertel & Orenstein 1984). In both sites, there is proliferation of two populations of cells, one with characteristics and organization of duct-type luminal epithelial cells and a second that forms the principal proliferating component and has the overall organization and appearance that would suggest that they represent modified myoepithelial cells. Recent ultrastructural studies also indicate that tumour cell types and histological organization similar to those described for adenoid cystic carcinoma occur during histodifferentiation of salivary gland pleomorphic adenoma (Dardick et al. 1983a, b). The characteristic histological pattern of adenoid cystic carcinoma is dependent on the formation of pseudolumina containing proteoglycans and reduplicated basal lamina. Similar, but smaller, lumina of like organization and contents are evident in some cases of pleomorphic adenoma. Both the ultrastructural similarities of the tumour cell types and their organization, in adenoid cystic carcinoma and pleomorphic adenoma, suggest that these tumours have a similar histogenetic basis. The fact that one lesion is malignant and the other benign does not preclude common types of tumour cells and developmental processes.

Adenoma, Pleomorphic↗
PubMed1991

Basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract and so-called adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus: the same tumour type?

Basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the larynx, pharynx and base of tongue and the so-called adenoid cystic carcinoma of the oesophagus are rare but distinctive tumours associated with a grave prognosis. They occur most commonly in elderly males and present at an advanced stage. Our study of four such laryngeal tumours and five such oesophageal tumours shows that they are histologically and immunohistochemically identical, providing support for the idea that they are the same tumour type. They show a biphasic pattern in which basaloid tumour is intimately associated with a neoplastic squamous component which can be invasive or in situ. The basaloid component is in the form of invasive lobules with frequent comedo-necrosis and hyalinization. The constituent cells possess pale pleomorphic nuclei with frequent mitoses. Immunoreactivity for cytokeratin in the basaloid component is remarkable for its absence or weak and focal nature. Review of the literature shows that only a few cases of 'adenoid cystic carcinoma' of the oesophagus are bona fide examples of adenoid cystic carcinoma as it occurs in the salivary glands, while the others are identical to basaloid-squamous carcinoma of the upper aerodigestive tract. Their distinction is important because genuine adenoid cystic carcinoma is much less aggressive than basaloid-squamous carcinoma.

Actins↗
PubMed1979

HLA, DRW (IA-like) and additional surface antigens expressed on adenoid T and B lymphocytes.

Pregnancy sera were found to react differently when screened simultaneously with adenoid and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) obtained from the same individual. Some of the reactions were attributed to the higher sensitivity of adenoid lymphocytes to a low titer HLA or Ia antibody, while others were shown to be due to the expression of DRw (Ia-like) antigens on both T and B lymphocytes separated from adenoids. Positive reactions specific to adenoid lymphocytes, or manifested only following anti-beta2-microglobulin (a-beta2-m) treatment, suggest the presence of antigens other than HLA or Ia on the cell membrane. Unmasking of antigenic sites by the a-beta2-m capping process and rearrangement of the membrane structure may also contribute to the observed phenomena.

Adenoids↗
PubMed1973

Relationship of adenovirus to lymphocytes in naturally infected human tonsils and adenoids.

Purified lymphocytes from human tonsil and adenoid specimens were cultured with and without phytohemagglutinin. Adenovirus was isolated from lymphocytes of 8 of 90 specimens tested. With one exception, it was necessary to culture the lymphocytes before infectious virus could be detected. Phytohemagglutinin stimulation enhanced the recovery of virus. The results suggest that lymphocytes in tonsils and adenoids may be naturally infected with adenovirus and that, in positive cultures, at least 1 of every 10(7) cells harbors virus or viral precursor at initiation of the cultures. Adenovirus was demonstrated directly in fresh suspensions of unpurified cells from tonsils and adenoids in seven cases. In five of these cases, at least 1 of every 10(6) cells contained infectious virus. Adenovirus was isolated from 61 (62%) of 98 tonsil and adenoid specimens by the conventional method of tissue fragment culture after various periods of cultivation. The viruses isolated were of serotypes 1, 2, 5, and 6.

Adenoids↗
PubMed2002

Immune responses to novel pneumococcal proteins pneumolysin, PspA, PsaA, and CbpA in adenoidal B cells from children.

Studies of mice suggest that pneumococcal proteins, including PspA, pneumolysin, PsaA, and CbpA, are promising vaccine candidates. To determine whether these proteins are good mucosal immunogens in humans, adenoidal lymphocytes from 20 children who had adenoidectomies were isolated and tested by ELISpot for antigen-specific antibody-secreting cells (ASCs). Cells were also cultured for 7 days in the presence of a concentrated culture supernatant (CCS) from a type 14 strain of pneumococcus which contained secreted pneumococcal proteins, including PspA, pneumolysin, PsaA, and CbpA, and then tested by ELISpot. ELISpot assays done on freshly isolated cells detected ASCs to all four antigens in most children studied. However, there were differences both between antigens and between isotypes. The densities of immunoglobulin G (IgG) ASCs against both PsaA and CbpA were significantly higher than those of ASCs for PspA and PdB (pneumolysin toxoid B) (P < 0.001). For all antigens, the numbers of IgA ASCs tended to be lower than those of both IgG and IgM ASCs. The numbers of anti-CbpA and -PsaA IgA ASCs were higher than those of anti-PdB IgA ASCs (P < 0.01). Concentrations of IgA antibodies to PspA and PsaA in saliva correlated with the numbers of IgA ASCs to PspA and PsaA in freshly isolated adenoidal cells, but no such correlation was found between salivary IgG antibody concentrations and IgG ASCs to the four antigens in adenoidal cells. In cultured cells, anti-PspA, -PsaA, and -CbpA IgG ASCs proliferated significantly, but only two of eight samples showed >2-fold increases in anti-CbpA and -PspA IgA ASCs after CCS stimulation. The results suggest that CbpA, PsaA, and PspA may be good upper respiratory mucosal antigens in children. Adenoids may be important inductive sites for memory IgG responses and important sources of salivary IgA. Some protein antigens may also prime for mucosal IgA memory. These data support the effort to explore mucosal immunization against pneumococcal infection.

Adenoids↗
PubMed2004

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin's Gland. Case report with review of the literature.

Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin's gland is characterized by slow growth, local invasion, and sometimes distant metastasis. There is no consensus regarding the optimal treatment. We report herein a rare case of stage II adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin's gland that was successfully treated by wide local excision of the tumor and ipsilateral inguinal and pelvic lymphadenectomy. A 54-year-old Japanese woman was admitted complaining of painless, gradually increasing vulvar mass existing from ten years before. Local examination revealed a 3 x 2-cm hard mass in the left labium major. Pathological examination of subsequent excisional biopsy revealed adenoid cystic carcinoma originating in the Bartholin's gland. A wide local resection of the tumor with inguinal and pelvic lymphadenectomy was performed. The tumor was completely excised with free margins. There was no metastasis in the resected lymph nodes. The patient was diagnosed as having stage II vulvar cancer according to the International Federation of Gynecologists and Obstetricians classification (1988). The patient is now healthy without evidence of recurrence at 5 years after surgery. Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Bartholin's cyst at early stage can be treated by wide local excision as a primary surgery.

Bartholin's Glands↗