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PubMed2003

Acculturation and psychosocial stress show differential relationships to insulin resistance (HOMA) and body fat distribution in two groups of blacks living in the US Virgin Islands.

The objective of this study was to determine whether acculturation and psychosocial stress exert differential effects on body fat distribution and insulin resistance among native-born African Americans and African-Caribbean immigrants living in the US Virgin Islands (USVI). Data collected from a non-diabetic sample of 183 USVI-born African Americans and 296 African-Caribbean immigrants age > 20 on the island of St. Croix, USVI were studied. Information on demographic characteristics, acculturation and psychosocial stress was collected by questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements were taken, and serum glucose and insulin were measured from fasting blood samples. Insulin resistance was estimated by the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) method. The results showed that in multivariate regression analyses, controlling for age, education, gender, BMI, waist circumference, family history of diabetes, smoking and alcohol consumption, acculturation was independently related to logarithm of HOMA (InHOMA) scores among USVI-born African Americans, but not among African-Caribbean immigrants. In contrast, among USVI-born African Americans psychosocial stress was not significantly related to InHOMA, while among African-Caribbean immigrants psychosocial stress was independently related to InHOMA in models that included BMI, but not in those which included waist circumference. This study suggests that acculturation and psychosocial stress may have a differential effect on body fat distribution and insulin resistance among native-born and immigrant blacks living in the US Virgin Islands.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2003

Acculturation process and its effects on dietary habits, nutritional behavior and body-image in adolescents.

Previous studies have indicated that the acculturation process may contribute to psychosocial and health problems among immigrants through the mediation of acculturation stress. This study focuses on adolescents with immigrant background permanently settled in the Croatian region of Dalmatia and the influences of the acculturation process on their dietary habits, nutritional behavior and perceived body-image. The survey was conducted on the total sample of 510 adolescents (aged 14-19) including 52 first generation and 248 second generation immigrants. The analysis included dietary habits and questions of restrictive diet as indicators of unhealthy influence on physical health. Psychological factors (stress and self-esteem) have been found to be associated with dietary habits, diet behavior and dissatisfaction with body-image among adolescents with significant differences by immigrant status. Immigrant status is viewed as a risk factor for psychological distress and unhealthy dieting behavior. Research stresses the need to study the interaction between acculturation and health not only from an individual perspective, but also from the broader socio-ecological context of population subgroups.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1992

Mexican-American migrant students' academic success: sociological and psychological acculturation.

This study attempted to describe and compare academically successful and academically unsuccessful high-risk Mexican-American migrant high school students. The two groups were compared on sociological and psychological indicators of acculturation, urbanization, and socioeconomic status (SES). It was hypothesized that the successful group would have higher SES, be more acculturated, urbanized, and psychologically adjusted to modern value systems, and have higher occupational aspirations and expectations than the unsuccessful group. In addition, their world views were compared by exploring early recollection data. The results showed that the unsuccessful group came from families that were larger, poorer, more rural, and more "foreign" (i.e., more parents and children born in Mexico) than the successful students' families. Regarding the psychological indicators of acculturation, the successful group was found to score higher on modernism, to be more stably acculturated, to have a clearer sense of themselves, to have higher occupational aspirations and expectations, and tended to desire jobs with greater responsibility and stability than did the unsuccessful group.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2005

A short acculturation scale for Mexican-American populations.

Acculturation is important to examine variables that differentiate members of ethnic groups so that interventions can be appropriately targeted. By using a population-based sample of Mexican-origin adults, we sought to validate an acculturation scale for Mexican-American populations. The acculturation instrument included eight items adapted from the Acculturation Rating Scale for Mexican Americans (ARSMA). By using principal component analysis, we calculated eigenvalues for the eight items. The first principal component accounted for 66% of the variance. Language spoken most of the time, by itself, explained 62.4% of the variance of the full model, whereas birthplace, by itself, accounted for 74%. Slight increases in correlation values were observed beyond a four-item model that included language spoken most of the time, language thought, ethnic identity, and birthplace. Future studies should compare this scale with other multidimensional scales.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2005

Acculturation and cardiovascular disease screening practices among Mexican Americans living in Chicago.

OBJECTIVE: To examine acculturation as a correlate of cardiovascular disease screening practices among Mexican Americans. METHODS: A modified Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) survey was administered to adults age 18 and older in four Chicago neighborhoods during the winter of 2000 (N=435). RESULTS: Regression analyses that accounted for complex sampling design found that Mexican Americans who were acculturated, were female, and had healthcare coverage were more likely to have been screened after controlling for age, healthcare coverage, education, and marital status. Acculturated Mexican Americans were 4.97 times more likely to have had blood cholesterol screening, 3.4 times more likely to have had blood pressure screening, and 7.99 times more likely to have had a routine checkup in the preceding two years when compared to unacculturated Mexican Americans. Mexican Americans with healthcare coverage were more likely to have had their blood pressure checked and to have obtained a routine check-up than did those without coverage. Women were more likely to have had a blood pressure screening and have obtained a routine check-up in the past two years. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that more acculturated Mexican Americans, as well as those who are female and who have healthcare coverage, are more likely to obtain cardiovascular disease (CVD)-related screenings. The findings indicate a need for promoting CVD-related screenings among Mexican Americans and underscores the need for Spanish-speaking health professionals.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2005

Acculturation attitudes, perceived attitudes of the majority, and adjustment of Israeli-Arab and Jewish-Ethiopian students to an Israeli University.

The authors investigated adjustment to an Israeli university by students from two minority groups, Israeli Arabs and Jewish Ethiopians, as a function of their different acculturation attitudes (J. W. Berry, 1990). Social adjustment of both Arabs and Ethiopians was contingent on acculturation attitudes supporting participation with the majority. Psychological adjustment of both groups was negatively associated with personal acculturation preferences that deviated from the shared acculturation attitudes of the respective in-group (i.e., assimilation in the Arab group, and separation in the Ethiopian group). The perceived attitude of the majority also contributed to the psychological adjustment of both groups. Major theoretical implications are that both attitudes of the majority and adjustment to the in-group play an important role in psychological adjustment of immigrants.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2005

Acculturation and its association with health-risk behaviors in a rural Latina population.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the performance of proxy measures of acculturation and to examine the association between acculturation and selected health-risk behaviors. METHODS: Participants were 1062 Latina pregnant women who received prenatal care at clinics in San Joaquin County, California between 1999 and 2001. We used the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of proxy measures and regression analysis to examine health-risk behaviors. RESULTS: Using the ARSMA-II short version scale as a reference, age at immigration had the highest percentage of correctly classified individuals. Acculturation was significantly associated with a lifetime history of substance use, risky sexual behavior, low fruit consumption, and high fast-food meal consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Acculturation is an important predictor of health-risk behavior among women. Further research is needed to better understand the phenomenon and to avert associated adverse health consequences.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2006

The relationships among acculturation, biobehavioral risk, stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone, and poor birth outcomes in Hispanic women.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the predictive ability of acculturation as an antecedent of stress, biobehavioral risk, corticotropin-releasing hormone levels, and poor birth outcomes in pregnant Hispanic women. DESIGN: A prospective, observational design with data collected at 22-25 weeks of gestation and at birth through medical record review. SETTING: Public prenatal health clinics in south Texas serving low-income women. PARTICIPANTS: Self-identified Hispanic women who had singleton pregnancies, no major medical risk complications, and consented to answer questionnaires as well as a venipuncture and review of their prenatal and birth medical records. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gestational age, Apgar scores, length, weight, percentile size, and head circumference of the infant at birth. RESULTS: Significant differences were seen in infant birth weight, head circumference, and percentile size by acculturation. English acculturation predicted stress, corticotropin-releasing hormone, biobehavioral risk, and decreased gestational age at birth. CONCLUSIONS: Investigation must continue to understand the circumstances that give rise to the decline in birth outcomes observed in Hispanics with acculturation to the dominant English culture in the United States.

Acculturation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of gender and acculturation on nutrition-related factors among limited-English proficient Hispanic adults.

Hispanic adults (n = 132) attending adult English language classes completed self-report surveys that assessed gender, acculturation level, and nutrition-related factors (i.e., knowledge, beliefs, self-efficacy, intentions, and fat avoidance). Descriptive statistics showed low nutrition knowledge among the group overall, although beliefs that changes in diet lead to better health, self-efficacy for changing diet, and intentions to make positive changes in diet were quite high. Analysis of variance procedures showed women avoided dietary fat and had greater intentions to make positive dietary changes than did men. In addition, higher acculturation level was related to greater dietary fat avoidance. Gender-by-acculturation interactions were seen for nutrition knowledge and beliefs, indicating complex relationships for these two nutrition variables. Results suggest that dietary interventions to reduce cardiovascular disease risks need to take into account that nutrition knowledge, attitudes and behaviors may vary by gender and the acculturation level of the targeted Hispanic group.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1999

Psychosocial predictors of acculturative stress in Central American immigrants.

Little previous research has examined acculturative stress among Central American immigrants in the United States. This study explored psychosocial predictors of acculturative stress in a sample of Central American immigrants in Los Angeles. Bivariate and multivariate analyses revealed that family dysfunction, nonmarried status, ineffective social support, nonpositive expectations for the future, infrequent church attendance, and lack of agreement with the decision to migrate were significantly associated with greater levels of acculturative stress. The findings highlight the importance of using culturally relevant clinical methods when assessing and treating acculturating individuals.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2002

Acculturation attitudes, need for cognitive closure, and adaptation of immigrants.

The author validated Berry's model of acculturation (J. W. Berry, 1990a, 1990b, 1991; J. W. Berry, U. Kim, S. Power, M. Young, & M. Bujaki, 1989) and examined the relation between acculturation attitudes and sociocultural and psychological adaptation among Croatian and Polish immigrants to Italy, 2 groups whose cultures are not very different from the Italian culture. Moreover, the author investigated the relation between the need for cognitive closure (NCC; M. D. Webster & A. W. Kruglanski, 1994) and psychological and sociocultural adaptation. The participants completed a questionnaire including measures of sociocultural adaptation, psychological adaptation, social relationships, acculturation attitudes, and NCC. The results of a multivariate analysis of variance revealed main effects of acculturation strategies for both forms of adaptation and a main effect of NCC for psychological adaptation. The Croatian and Polish immigrants differed in the level of sociocultural adaptation but not in the level of psychological adaptation.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2003

Dieting and its relationship to smoking, acculturation, and family environment in Asian and Hispanic adolescents.

The objective of this article was to examine dieting and its relationship to smoking behaviors and attitudes, acculturation, and family environment in an ethnically diverse sample of adolescents. Participants were 211 adolescent girls and boys: 57% Asian, 16% Hispanic, 27% White. Regular dieting was determined using the Restraint Scale (Herman, 1978). Dependent variables were measured using the Smoking Beliefs and Attitude Questionnaire (Pederson & Lefcoe, 1985), Family Functioning in Adolescence Questionnaire (Roelofse & Middleton, 1985), and Suinn-Lew Asian Self-Identity Acculturation Scale (Suinn, Rickard-Figurroa, Lew, & Vigil, 1987). Dieting girls, as compared to nondieters, had more favorable attitudes toward smoking, more strongly believed that smoking keeps one from eating, and first experimented with cigarettes at an older age. Chronic dieting was related to reports of poorer family functioning, and Asian dieters were more acculturated than nondieters. For boys, there was no relationship between dieting and smoking, acculturation, or family environment. Smoking prevention programs targeted toward ethnic minority adolescent females need to address the issue of weight concern.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

Acculturation, access to care and use preventive health services by Vietnamese women.

PURPOSE OF THE PAPER. The purposes of this study were to examine the relationships between acculturation and (1) access to health services and (2) use of preventive services among Vietnamese women in western Massachusetts. METHODS. The telephone survey method was conducted with 141 Vietnamese women ages 18 years or over. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Of the acculturation variables, language acculturation was significantly related to having a routine place for health care and a regular provider. Women tended to have better access to health service with an increase in the length of residence in the US. Length of residence in the US was an independent predictor of prior use of Pap test and clinical breast examination. CONCLUSIONS. Utilization level of preventive health services among study group participants was low. The findings indicate that length of residence and increase in language capacity (more English usage) lead to more adequate access to health care. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN PACIFIC ISLANDER AMERICAN POPULATIONS. This study is particularly relevant to Vietnamese American women in the U.S. KEY WORDS. Vietnamese women; acculturation; preventive heaslth services; Massachusetts.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1998

Developing Brief Versions of the SuinnLew Asian SelfIdentity Acculturation (SLASIA) Scale for Counseling Research.

PURPOSE. The goal of the present article is to create two fiveitem brief forms of the SuinnLew Asian SelfIdentity Acculturation Scale (SLASIA), compare the forms for reliability and validity, and make a recommendation as to which form is better and/or more appropriate for use. METHODOLOGY. Data from two data sets (University of Illinois and University of Washington) were used in this study. The ITC brief form (ItemTotal Correlation Form) and the CFL brief form (CrossFactor Loading Form) were created for each data set. Reliability analyses (i.e. Cronbach's alpha) were conducted for the forms in each of the two studies. Differential construct vailidity was examined by comparing each brief form to target variables in each of the data sets. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS. Reliability analyses of the SLASIA administered at the University of Illinois indicated that the SLASIA, ITC brief form, and CFL brief form were all internally consistent. The three scales were also shown to be highly correlated with each other. Differential concurrent validity was assessed by comparing the ITC and CFL forms to target variables (negative socialnetwork orientation, individualism, and attitude toward seeking professional psychological help). It was found that both versions of the brief SLASIA had similar correlations to the target variables as the full scale SLASIA. Reliability analyses of the SLASIA administered at the University of Washington indicated that the SLASIA, ITC brief form, and CFL brief form were all internally consistent. The three scales were also shown to be highly correlated with each other. Differential constuct validity was assessed by comparing the ITC and CFL forms to target variables (counseling orientations: behavioral, clientcentered, existential, gestalt, Freudian, rationalemotive, and trait factor). As with the University of Illinois data set, both versions of the brief SLASIA had similar correlations to the target variables as the full scale SLASIA in this data set, providing even further evidence of their concurrent validity. CONCLUSIONS. It is possible to develop two reliable and valid brief versions of the SLASIA in order to encourage more research to use the acculturation variable. We recommend that researchers who need a short form of an acculturation scale for Asian Americans use either version of the brief SLASIA. Both have adequate levels of reliability and are highly correlated to the full scale. Neither version has a clear advantage over the other. RELEVANCE TO ASIAN AMERICAN AND PACIFIC ISLANDER POPULATIONS. This article is particularly relevant to Asian American college student populations. KEY WORDS. Acculturation, Mental Health

Journal Article↗

PubMed2000

Does Acculturation Influence Physical Activity in Japanese American Older Adults?

PURPOSE: Despite the health benefits of physical activity, demographic and health factors as well as cultural backgrounds are thought to influence participation in physical activity. The aim of this study is to examine whether acculturation is associated with physical activity in a sample of Japanese American older adults living on the continental United States. METHODS: A survey was mailed to Japanese Americans identified from the mailing list of two communitybased organizations. The survey included questions on physical activity, acculturation, demographics, health behaviors, and selfreported health status. Data were analyzed using bivariate and multiple regression techniques. FINDINGS: Acculturation was not a significant predictor of phsical activity in either community sample, or the pooled sample, after conrolling for other sociodemographic andhealth status variables. The models explained 23% to 2% of the variance in physical activity. Statistically significant predictors of physical activity included gender, work status, age, income, and health status. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings differ from studies of Japanese Americans in Hawaii and other racial/ethnic groups, suggesting that accultraion may have differential effects depending on the environment and the racial/ethnic group under study. KEY WORDS: Japanese American, physical activity, acculturation

Journal Article↗

PubMed1987

Acculturation and attitudes toward appropriate drinking among U.S. Hispanics.

This paper examines the relationship between attitudes toward appropriate drinking and acculturation among U.S. Hispanics. Respondents comprise a multi-stage probability sample of the U.S. Hispanic population. A total of 1453 individuals were interviewed. The overall response rate is 72%. In accordance with previous findings establishing a positive association between drinking and acculturation, it was hypothesized that the more acculturated individuals would have more liberal attitudes, allowing more drinking especially for women. The results support this hypothesis. Generally, respondents who are more acculturated have more liberal attitudes independent of sex and age. However, these results are more consistent when attitudes refer to specific gender and age groups than when attitudes refer to specific drinking contexts.

Adult↗

PubMed1985

Mexican Americans' performance on the MMPI as a function of level of acculturation.

Previous researchers have concluded that differences in MMPI performance between Anglo and Mexican American surnamed subjects were due to cultural differences. The present research directly investigated this assumption by comparing MMPI scale score differences of 365 Anglo and Mexican American college students, with Acculturation, Age, and Socioeconomic status statistically controlled. Anglos scored significantly differently from Mexican American subjects on 10 of the 13 MMPI scales. With Acculturation and Age statistically controlled, however, Anglo vs. Mexican American subjects differed on only the L and MF scales. These results support previous conclusions that most MMPI differences between Anglo and Mexican American subjects are due to culture, or Acculturation. Our results are consistent with major findings within the MMPI literature and also support the hypothesis that personality differences identified by the L and MF scales reflect genuine characteristics of the Mexican-American culture.

Acculturation↗

PubMed1992

Mexican-Americans' performance on the Psychological Screening Inventory as a function of acculturation level.

The present study investigated 261 Mexican-American college students' performance on the Psychological Screening Inventory (PSI), a brief personality instrument designed to detect persons who might benefit from more extensive evaluations in mental health settings. In addition to providing PSI results against which other Hispanic-American populations can be compared, this study examined the relationship between the acculturation level of the subjects and their PSI performance. Only one of the five PSI subscales (Alienation) correlated significantly with acculturation, which suggests that increases in acculturation are associated with fewer feelings of alienation.

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