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PubMed2006

Molecular identification of Tritrichomonas foetus-like organisms as coinfecting agents of human Pneumocystis pneumonia.

Trichomonads closely related to the bovid parasite Tritrichomonas foetus were identified in the bronchoalveolar lavage sample from a patient with AIDS in association with Pneumocystis pneumonia. This human case of T. foetus-like infection emphasizes the zoonotic potential of trichomonads, although the existence of a human-host-adapted T. foetus strain cannot be excluded.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2001

Evidence of infection with simian type D retrovirus in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates.

Simian type D retrovirus (SRV) is enzootic in many populations of Asian monkeys of the genus Macaca and is associated with immunodeficiency diseases. However, the zoonotic potential of this agent has not been well defined. Screening for antibodies to SRV was performed as part of an ongoing study looking for evidence of infection with simian retroviruses among persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates (NHPs). Of 231 persons tested, 2 (0.9%) were found to be strongly seropositive, showing reactivity against multiple SRV antigens representing gag, pol, and env gene products by Western immunoblotting. Persistent long-standing seropositivity, as well as neutralizing antibody specific to SRV type 2, was documented in one individual (subject 1), while waning antibody with eventual seroreversion was observed in a second (subject 2). Repeated attempts to detect SRV by isolation in tissue culture and by using sensitive PCR assays for amplification of two SRV gene regions (gag and pol) were negative. Both individuals remain apparently healthy. We were also unable to transmit this seropositivity to an SRV-negative macaque by using inoculation of whole blood from subject 1. The results of this study provide evidence that occupational exposure to NHPs may increase the risk of infection with SRV and underscore the importance of both occupational safety practices and efforts to eliminate this virus from established macaque colonies.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Detection of infectious baboon cytomegalovirus after baboon-to-human liver xenotransplantation.

Xenotransplantation is considered to be a solution for the human donor shortage. However, there is a potential risk of transmitting animal infections from the transplanted organ. The known transmissibility and clinical significance of human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infection after allotransplantation led us to evaluate whether baboon cytomegalovirus (BCMV) transmission could occur after a baboon-to-human liver xenotransplant. We examined serial blood samples from a baboon liver recipient and isolated replication-competent CMV-like agents on days 29, 36, and 42 after xenotransplantation. BCMV and HCMV DNAs were detected in the day 29 isolate, while only HCMV DNA was detected in the other isolates. This is the first report of detecting a replication-competent virus from a source animal after xenotransplantation and is a concern with regard to potential zoonotic transmission to others.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Continuing evolution of H9N2 influenza viruses in Southeastern China.

H9N2 influenza viruses are panzootic in domestic poultry in Eurasia and since 1999 have caused transient infections in humans and pigs. To investigate the zoonotic potential of H9N2 viruses, we studied the evolution of the viruses in live-poultry markets in Hong Kong in 2003. H9N2 was the most prevalent influenza virus subtype in the live-poultry markets between 2001 and 2003. Antigenic and phylogenetic analysis of hemagglutinin (HA) showed that all of the 19 isolates found except one belonged to the lineage represented by A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97 (H9N2). The exception was A/Guinea fowl/NT184/03 (H9N2), whose HA is most closely related to that of the human isolate A/Guangzhou/333/99 (H9N2), a virus belonging to the A/Chicken/Beijing/1/94-like (H9N2) lineage. At least six different genotypes were recognized. The majority of the viruses had nonstructural (and HA) genes derived from the A/Duck/Hong Kong/Y280/97-like virus lineage but had other genes of mixed avian virus origin, including genes similar to those of H5N1 viruses isolated in 2001. Viruses of all six genotypes of H9N2 found were able to replicate in chickens and mice without adaptation. The infected chickens showed no signs of disease, but representatives of two viral genotypes were lethal to mice. Three genotypes of virus replicated in the respiratory tracts of swine, which shed virus for at least 5 days. These results show an increasing genetic and biologic diversity of H9N2 viruses in Hong Kong and support their potential role as pandemic influenza agents.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

In vitro characterization of a koala retrovirus.

Recently, a new endogenous koala gammaretrovirus, designated KoRV, was isolated from koalas. The KoRV genome shares 78% nucleotide identity with another gammaretrovirus, gibbon ape leukemia virus (GALV). KoRV is endogenous in koalas, while GALV is exogenous, suggesting that KoRV predates GALV and that gibbons and koalas acquired the virus at different times from a common source. We have determined that subtle adaptive differences between the KoRV and GALV envelope genes account for differences in their receptor utilization properties. KoRV represents a unique example of a gammaretrovirus whose envelope has evolved to allow for its expanded host range and zoonotic potential.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2026

Performance of the IR Biotyper, Nanopore, and Illumina sequencing to discriminate Escherichia coli strains originating from poultry.

UNLABELLED: Escherichia coli is a highly diverse bacterial species that includes avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC), one of the most prevalent causative agents of disease in poultry worldwide. Rapid and accurate discrimination of E. coli strains is essential for outbreak management, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and vaccine development. In this study, we compared the performance of Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy using the IR Biotyper system with Nanopore and Illumina whole-genome sequencing (WGS) for typing 200 E. coli isolates, originating from four poultry rearing farms in the Netherlands. From each farm, we sampled 10 one-day-old meat type rearing chicks, and from every chick, we isolated 5 E. coli strains. FTIR clustering showed strong concordance with WGS-based classifications, particularly serotyping and core-genome similarity determined by PopPUNK analysis (Adjusted Rand Index 0.75-0.92). While Nanopore and Illumina sequencing provided the highest genetic resolution, FTIR offered a faster (max 6 vs 12-28 days for 200 isolates) and more cost-effective alternative for assessing clonality. Across all methods, multiple strains were detected per farm, whereas most birds carried a single dominant E. coli strain. Our findings demonstrate that FTIR provides a reliable and scalable phenotypic method for rapid strain discrimination in E. coli, complementing WGS in diagnostic, surveillance, and epidemiological settings where speed and throughput are critical. IMPORTANCE: Escherichia coli is a major pathogen in poultry and a potential zoonotic risk for humans. Rapid and accurate discrimination of avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) strains is critical for outbreak management, antimicrobial resistance surveillance, and the design of effective autogenous vaccines. In this study, we compared Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy with Nanopore and Illumina whole-genome sequencing for strain typing of E. coli isolates originating from poultry. The results show that FTIR provides comparable clustering accuracy to genomic approaches at a fraction of the time and costs. This work demonstrates that FTIR can serve as a practical, high-throughput alternative for routine monitoring of E. coli in veterinary diagnostics and food safety of poultry meat, enabling faster decision-making and more targeted interventions across the poultry production chain.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Feline tuberculosis: a literature review and discussion of 19 cases caused by an unusual mycobacterial variant.

The literature relating to feline mycobacterial disease is reviewed and 19 cats with tuberculosis caused by a previously unknown strain of mycobacterium are discussed. The bacteria were found to have characteristics between those of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and M bovis. The paper considers the clinical signs, epidemiology and diagnosis of the cases, and discusses the possible origins of the organism, treatment regimens and zoonotic potential.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assays for the detection and differentiation of North American swine influenza viruses.

Swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses. Before 1998, mainly "classical" HIN1 swine influenza viruses (SIVs) were isolated from swine in the United States. Since then, antigenically distinct reassortant H3 and H1 SIVs have been identified as causative agents of respiratory disease in pigs on US farms. Improvement in SIV diagnostics is needed in light of the recently observed rapid evolution of H1 and H3 SIVs and their zoonotic potential. To address this need, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assays for the detection of SIVs were developed. A highly sensitive matrix (M) gene-based RT-PCR assay that is able to detect both the H1 and H3 subtypes of SIVs, with a sensitivity per reaction of approximately 2 copies of in vitro-generated M-specific negative-sense RNA molecules and approximately 0.05 TCID50 in lung lavage of experimentally SIV-infected pigs, was established. This RT-PCR assay can be performed within a few hours and showed a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 85% when compared with virus isolation. In addition, H1-, H3-, N1-, and N2-specific primer and probe sets were designed for use in the differentiation of different SIV subtypes. The hemagglutinin (H)- and neuraminidase (N)-specific primer and probe sets were less sensitive than the M-specific assay, although they were found to be specific for their respective viral genes and able to distinguish between their respective SIV subtypes.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Use of a nested PCR-enzyme immunoassay with an internal control to detect Chlamydophila psittaci in turkeys.

BACKGROUND: Laboratory diagnosis of Chlamydophila psittaci, an important turkey respiratory pathogen, is difficult. To facilitate the diagnosis, a nested PCR-enzyme immunoassay (PCR-EIA) was developed to detect the Cp. psittaci outer membrane protein A (ompA) gene in pharyngeal swabs. METHODS: The fluorescein-biotin labelled PCR products were immobilized on streptavidin-coated microtiter plates and detected with anti-fluorescein peroxidase conjugate and a colorimetric substrate. An internal inhibition control was included to rule out the presence of inhibitors of DNA amplification. The diagnostic value of the ompA nested PCR-EIA in comparison to cell culture and a 16S-rRNA based nested PCR was assessed in pharyngeal turkey swabs from 10 different farms experiencing respiratory disease. RESULTS: The sensitivity of the nested PCR-EIA was established at 0.1 infection forming units (IFU). Specificity was 100%. The ompA nested PCR-EIA was more sensitive than the 16S-rRNA based nested PCR and isolation, revealing 105 out of 200 (52.5%) positives against 13 and 74 for the latter two tests, respectively. Twenty-nine (23.8%) out of 122 ompA PCR-EIA negatives showed the presence of inhibitors of DNA amplification, although 27 of them became positive after diluting (1/10) the specimens in PCR buffer or after phenol-chloroform extraction and subsequent ethanol precipitation. CONCLUSION: The present study stresses the need for an internal control to confirm PCR true-negatives and demonstrates the high prevalence of chlamydiosis in Belgian turkeys and its potential zoonotic risk. The ompA nested PCR-EIA described here is a rapid, highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assay and will help to facilitate the diagnosis of Cp. psittaci infections in both poultry and man.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in calf diarrhoea in Sweden.

The objective of this study conducted in 75 herds was to investigate the presence and significance of Criptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in Swedish dairy calves in comparison with rotavirus, coronavirus and Escherichia coli K99+. The farmers were asked to collect faecal samples from each heifer calf that had diarrhoea between birth and 90 days of age, and also from a healthy calf of the same age. In total, 270 samples were collected and analysed. C. parvum, either alone or together with G. intestinalis and/or rotavirus, was detected in 16 (11%) and 6 (5%) of the samples from diarrhoeic and healthy calves, respectively. Even though a higher proportion of diarrhoeic calves shed C. parvum, the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.067), possibly due to the low number of positive samples. G. intestinalis was found in 42 (29%) of the diarrhoea samples and in 29 (23%) of the samples from healthy calves. Rotavirus and coronavirus were demonstrated in 24% and 3% of the diarrhoea samples, respectively, whereas E. coli K99+ was only found in samples from 2 healthy calves. C. parvum and G. intestinalis were found in samples from calves 7 to 84 days of age and during all seasons. The results confirm that C. parvum is present in Swedish dairy herds and might have clinical significance. G. intestinalis was the most common agent found but the importance of this parasite remains unclear. Both parasites have suggested zoonotic potential and thus warrant further attention. In addition, rotavirus is a major pathogen in neonatal enteritis in Sweden, whereas coronavirus and E. coli K99+ seem to be of less importance.

Animals↗

PubMed2026

Prevalence of Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae in tonsils of domestic pigs and wild boars in Sweden.

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (ER) causes erysipelas in multiple animal species and may persist in the environment or be carried asymptomatically. It is estimated that 30-50% of apparently healthy or convalescent pigs harbour ER in their tonsils and other lymphoid tissues. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of ER in the tonsils of healthy Swedish fattening pigs and wild boars. Tonsils were collected from 200 fattening pigs at slaughter from ten abattoirs across Sweden in 2017, with one pig per herd sampled. Wild boars (n = 180) were sampled during hunting, primarily in Östergötland County, in 2018. Cultures were performed using selective media and isolates were confirmed as ER by MALDI-TOF MS. ER was recovered from 6/200 pig tonsils (3.0%), all originating from three abattoirs in southern Sweden. ER was isolated from 76/167 (45.5%) of wild boar tonsils. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a high genetic diversity among the isolates with no dominant clones. Overall, these results indicate that Swedish pig husbandry, characterized by indoor rearing of fattening pigs, age-segregated rearing, sow vaccination, enhanced biosecurity, and restricted straw access largely prevents tonsillar colonization by ER aligning with the low occurrence of clinically diagnosed erysipelas in such herds. For wild boars, the high isolation rate suggests that wild boar could act as a reservoir and potential source of infection for domestic pigs. The potential zoonotic risk should also be considered.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Development of vaccines against bovine tuberculosis.

Bovine tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium bovis remains an economically important problem in Great Britain with potential zoonotic consequences, and the incidence is rising exponentially. In 1997 an independent scientific review recommended that the best option for disease control in Great Britain was the development of a cattle vaccine. Bovine tuberculosis remains a significant problem in countries of the developing world. Indeed, more than 94% of the world's population live in countries in which the control of bovine tuberculosis in buffalos or cattle is limited or absent. Effective vaccination strategies would have a major impact in countries that cannot afford expensive test and slaughter-based control strategies. Here, we present a review of progress toward that goal, and discuss how this progress has shaped our research strategy for the development of a vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Arcobacter butzleri isolated from a diarrhoeic non-human primate.

The bacteriological examination of a faecal specimen from a 20-year-old female rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) with diarrhoeal illness revealed the presence of a large number of a relatively new enteric pathogen, Arcobacter butzleri. The animal was from a closed colony of about 60 females, some of them were showing intermittent diarrhoea possibly related to Giardia spp. Conditions for the isolation and identification of A. butzleri are reported, as well as discussions about its role as a primary pathogen and its zoonotic potential.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Survey of gastrointestinal parasitic infections in quarantined dogs in Taiwan.

Intestinal helminth and protozoan infection in the quarantined dogs in Taiwan were examined using fecal examination between January to December, 2004. Of the 376 dogs imported from 11 countries, 63 (16.8%) were found to be infected with at least one species of intestinal parasite. The parasites detected were oocysts of Isospora canis and eggs of Toxocara canis, Trichuris vulpis and hookworms. Of the 63 infected dogs, 11 were found to have a mixed infection of two different species of parasites. This paper illustrates that parasites are transmitted from one country to another through the transport of animals. Moreover, there is also a possibility of parasitic infection among quarantined dogs as well as the zoonotic potential for quarantine officers during the quarantine period.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Gastric amebiasis due to Entamoeba histolytica in a Dama wallaby (Macropus eugenii).

A 1.5-year-old captive female Dama wallaby (Macropus eugenii) died after a 3-month period of progressive weight loss, anorexia, bloat, and diarrhea. Histopathologic examination revealed numerous Entamoeba histolytica trophozoites within the gastric mucosa and, less frequently, gastric submucosa and submucosal vessels. Immunofluorescent antibody testing confirmed the identity of the trophozoites as E. histolytica. The trophozoites were associated with mild glandular epithelial necrosis, mucosal erosions, and lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. E. histolytica most commonly causes necrotizing and ulcerative colitis in humans and captive nonhuman primates, and it causes necrotizing and ulcerative gastritis in nonhuman primates with sacculated stomachs adapted for leaf fermentation. Rare cases of gastric amebiasis also have been been reported in captive macropods, which also have complex sacculated stomachs. To our knowledge, this is the first report confirming E. histolytica as the cause of gastric amebiasis in a wallaby. The zoonotic potential of this infection in macropods is uncertain.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Chlamydia-related abortions in cattle from Graubunden, Switzerland.

In 2001, the first case of bovine chlamydial abortion was reported in canton Graubunden, Switzerland. In this region, Chlamydophila (Cp.) abortus is endemic in small ruminants. Hence, we aimed to investigate the incidence of chlamydia-related abortions in cattle from Graubunden. During breeding seasons of 2003-2004, formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded placenta specimens (n = 235) from late-term abortions in cattle were analyzed by histopathology, immunohistochemistry with a Chlamydiaceae-specific monoclonal antibody against chlamydial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and 2 different polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods (16 S ribosomal ribonucleic acid [rRNA] PCR, intergenic spacer [IGS-S] PCR), followed by PCR product sequencing. In 149 of 235 cases (63.4%), histopathologic lesions such as purulent and/or necrotizing placentitis were observed. Chlamydial antigen was clearly demonstrated in immunohistochemistry in only 1 of 235 cases (0.4%). Cp. abortus or Cp. psittaci was found in 12 of 235 (5.1%) and 10 of 235 cases (4.2%) by 16 S rRNA PCR and IGS-S PCR, respectively. However, we detected, by 16 S rRNA PCR, 43 of 235 cases (18.3%) to be positive for chlamydia-like organisms. In contrast to the situation in small ruminants in the canton Graubunden, bovine abortion from Cp. abortus seems not to play an important role. Nevertheless, zoonotic potential should be taken into account when handling abortion material from cattle. The significance of chlamydia-like isolates other than Waddlia chondrophila remains an open question in abortion and needs further investigation.

Abortion, Veterinary↗

PubMed2002

Pathological and clinical aspects of the diseases caused by Malassezia species.

From veterinary point of view Malassezia pachydermatis has the greatest significance. It has been standing in the focus of interest since the early 1990s, mostly because of the frequency of otitis externa and dermatitis caused by this yeast in dogs. This is the only lipid-independent species in the genus Malassezia. It can be found in very large proportion on the skin of healthy animals, but can be isolated in much greater number from diseased dogs. It often causes illness together with other pathogens (e.g. Staphylococcus intermedius). Some breeds are predisposed. In addition to the treatment of the accidental concurrent diseases, therapy consists of systemic and/or topical antimicrobial treatment. Ketoconazole is used most frequently. Malassezia pachydermatis plays also a role in the skin disorders of other carnivores. It has little zoonotic potential, it can be dangerous to immunocompromised humans. The other Malassezia species have little veterinary importance, although M. sympodialis and M. globosa were isolated from asymptomatic animals (mostly cats) and from mixed infections.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bertiellosis in man: a review of cases.

The presence of Bertiella mucronata and Bertiella studeri (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) in humans is reviewed, and international infection rates and a bibliography included. Taxonomic, biological, epidemiological, pathological, diagnostic, control, prevention and therapeutic aspects of the zoonosis are analyzed, and the increase in zoonotic potentiality of the parasitosis is discussed.

Adolescent↗