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PubMed1991

Capillariasis philippinensis: a fish-borne parasitic zoonosis.

Fish from lagoons in Northern Luzon, Philippines, have been shown experimentally to be intermediate hosts of Capillaria philippinensis. Eggs ingested by the fish hatch in the intestines and the larvae double in size in 3 weeks. When fed to monkeys, Mongolian gerbils and birds, the larvae develop into adults and reproduce. Fish from the lagoons or purchased from the market were fed to gerbils and the animals developed patent infections, demonstrating natural transmission of the parasite. Philippine and Thailand populations have the habit of eating uncooked freshwater and brackish water fish and some have been experimentally infected with C. philippinensis. These countries report the largest number of cases of intestinal capillariasis. Fish-eating birds are now considered natural hosts for the parasite, fish the intermediate hosts, and humans accidentally become infected by eating infected fish.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Echinostomiasis--a snail-borne intestinal trematode zoonosis.

Numerous echinostome trematodes are found in the intestines of birds and mammals throughout the world, and echinostomiasis in humans has been attributed to approximately 16 different species. In humans it is usually regarded as a rare intestinal parasite of little clinical importance except in heavy infections. Diagnosis of echinostomiasis is made by identification of eggs during fecal examination; however, speciation of echinostomes requires morphological study of adult worms following anthelminthic treatment. The complex life cycles of echinostomes are all linked to freshwater habitats. A mammalian or avian definitive host, one or two molluscan hosts, and one or two freshwater stages are usually required to complete the life cycle. In addition, amphibians and fish have been implicated in the transmission of some species. Prevention of human cases is dependent on eating habits, since raw or insufficiently cooked molluses, and to a lesser extent fish and amphibians, are sources of infection for humans. Human cases have been effectively, albeit accidentally, controlled by the introduction of fish which prey on the larval stages of the essential molluscan hosts.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Toxoplasmosis as anthropo-zoonosis and its immunodiagnostics in Lithuania].

Anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies were found in 43.2% of examined mothers, infants and children below 14 years of age, whereas IgM antibodies were found in 6.2% of the examined persons only. Diagnoses of acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis were based on the results of clinical examination and immunological confirmation. In infants, anti-Toxoplasma IgG antibodies are not indicative of Toxoplasma invasion, since they frequently come from mother and then disappear by the end of the first year of life, whereas finding of specific immunoglobulins M is the evidence of congenital toxoplasmosis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

[Tuberculosis in alpacas; a zoonosis as an imported disease].

In the Netherlands, in 1988, a micro-epidemic of tuberculosis in alpacas recently imported from Peru prompted health authorities to initiate investigation of human and animal contacts. Although the animal trainer and his assistant suffered from pulmonary tuberculosis, they turned out to be infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, while the animals later proved to be infected by M. bovis. The alpacas' caretaker and a laboratory technician present at the autopsy, were probably infected by animal contact. Elsewhere in the country, three more alpacas were reported with tuberculosis at the time; this initiated a large-scale investigation among alpacas, llamas etc., but no further cases were detected. The possibility of imported zoonoses, especially after 1992, is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Anti-Borrelia burgdorferi antibody in dogs: Lyme disease as zoonosis].

To obtain epidemiological data on human Lyme disease (LD) in Japan, anti Borrelia burgdorferi (Borrelia) antibody was measured in dogs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The anti-Borrelia antibody titer was high in 106 (27.3%) of 387 clinically healthy dogs that may have a chance of tick bite but not in any of 31 negative control dogs not exposed to ticks; the difference of the antibody titer between two groups was significant. However, no signs of arthritis were observed in any of the 106 dogs with a high anti-Borrelia antibody titer. The antibody titer was also significantly differed between the age groups less than 1 year old and 1 year old or more, the group maintained indoors and that maintained outdoors, the group with tick bites and that without tick bites, and hounds and the other dogs but not between males and females or the group vaccinated and that unvaccinated with leptospires. According to districts, high antibody titers were observed in 20% of the dogs or more in Hokkaido, Saitama, Kanagawa, Niigata, Kyoto, Kochi, and Fukuoka Prefectures. These districts were nearly consistent with the distribution of the ticks. Western blot analysis of serum samples with a high anti-Borrelia antibody titer showed 31-, 41-, 66-, and 83-Kd bands, which are also observed in sera of human patients with LD. Though no dog had clinical signs of LD, dogs serologically positive for Borrelia were detected throughout the country. The data suggested that there were the dogs infected by Borrelia burgdorferi in Japan. The data on anti-Borrelia antibody in dogs obtained by ELISA may be very useful for studying the epidemiology of LD in humans.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

[Gastritis associated with Gastrospirillum hominis--a zoonosis?].

We found spiral bacteria (non-Helicobacter pylori, SB) in gastric biopsies of 5 patients corresponding to an incidence of 0.3%. The bacteria were found on the surface of the gastric mucosa and in part tightly packed within the crypts. Contrary to Helicobacter pylori, most of them had no direct contact to the surface and crypt epithelium. They are distinctly coiled, 3.6-5.5 microns in length and on average 0.5 microns thick. Ultrastructural studies revealed sheathed flagella at each pole. In one case the bacteria displayed periplasmic fibrils in pairs as also described in cultures of SB from cats' stomachs. In all 5 cases there was histological evidence of inflammation of the gastric mucosa, i.e. one acute diffuse gastritis, one case of granulomatous and three of slight to medium grade chronic gastritis. Biopsies of 2 patients showed a positive urease reaction in the CLO test. Morphologically very similar SB occur as commensals in the stomachs of various animals, in particular dogs and cats. We investigated the stomachs of four dogs and four cats and found all to be infested with SB. The bacteria were found not only on the surface of the mucosa and in crypts, but within the glands of the corpus and antrum and often also within parietal (oxyntic) cells. Yet despite bacterial colonization there was no evidence of gastritis in dogs. However, all of the cats' stomachs showed slight to medium grade chronic gastritis. Cultivation of SB has not been successful so far, with the exception of cats' stomachs. Since the germs have been defined only morphologically, the question as to how close the relationship is among SB of various origins must for the time being remain unanswered. Furthermore, species-specific pathogenicity and the possibility of contagion from animal to man has not yet been clarified.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

[Tuberculosis in imported alpacas--a zoonosis--now what?].

An outbreak of tuberculosis caused by M. bovis in imported Alpaca's in the Netherlands is reported. A review of the outbreak of the disease is followed by a more detailed discussion of the symptoms, diagnostic testing with the tuberculin skin test and the ELISA test, the gross lesions, the bacteriological examinations, the control measures and the legal aspects. As tuberculosis is not referred to in the Live-Stock Act, the control measures had to be based on the humane Control of Infectious Disease and Tracing the Causes of Disease Act. In the discussion, it is advocated to pay attention to more species of animals than only to the traditional live-stock in the proposed Health and Welfare of Animals Act.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

BSE. An unlikely zoonosis.

It will probably be some years before we can be certain whether bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) can be transmitted to humans. What steps should workers who come into contact with cattle take to protect themselves now?

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Hantavirus-related acute interstitial nephritis in western Europe. Expansion of a world-wide zoonosis.

We report the clinical, biological and serological characteristics of 76 cases of Hantavirus-induced acute interstitial nephritis diagnosed in Belgium and France between 1977 and 1986. The disease is characterized by a fever of sudden onset promptly accompanied by pain in the loin or abdomen, nausea and vomiting, myalgias and occasionally with acute myopia and conjunctival injection. Within a week acute renal failure develops, necessitating haemo- or peritoneal dialysis in up to 10 per cent of patients. Transient proteinuria, microscopic haematuria and leukocyturia are observed simultaneously. Thrombocytopenia and mild elevations of hepatic enzymes, LDH and CPK, as well as biological signs of acute inflammatory reaction are observed, lasting for a few days. Spontaneous complete recovery is the rule. This picture is virtually identical with that of nephropathia epidemica, a Hantavirus nephropathy observed in northern Europe. This conclusion is supported by the observation of elevated antibody titres against the Puumala virus, the agent of nephropathia epidemica. This rodent-borne infection is markedly milder than that caused by other Hantaviruses such as the Hantaan or the Seoul virus in Asia. Acute interstitial disease due to Hantavirus should be included in the differential diagnosis of febrile acute renal failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Dysgonic fermenter type 2 septicemia with purpura fulminans. Dermatologic features of a zoonosis acquired from household pets.

Dysgonic fermenter type 2, a gram-negative bacillus that is part of the normal oral flora of dogs and cats, is responsible for increasing numbers of cases of fulminant septicemia in humans. Patients usually have preexisting medical illnesses, but infection also occurs in otherwise healthy individuals. Most infections are acquired through animal contact. Dermatologic eruptions occur in half of the patients with dysgonic fermenter type 2 infection, and include petechiae, purpura, cellulitis, and gangrene.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anthrax in Chad: a zoonosis that still exists today].

An epidemic of human and animal anthrax raged in Chad mainly in the Department of Chari Baguirmi from September to December 1988, infesting more than 50% of donkeys and horses. 716 human cases have been reported, with 88 deaths. Thanks to a geographical distribution of animal and human prevalence, one sees immediately the interdependency between sanitary state of live-stock and public health. An unusual means of transmission from donkey to donkey by insects as the vector is suggested to explain the intensity of animal epidemics. Two strains of B. anthracis were isolated and described. Systematic annual prophylactic inoculation of the live-stock is recommended, and also resumption of research to create a polyvalent vaccine for cattle plague/peripneumonia and anthrax.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1985

Arthropod-borne virus zoonosis surveillance in the Cape Province: 1. Prospective serological investigations for virus activity in the Beaufort West and Middelburg Districts during 1981.

In addition to the routine sero-epidemiological surveillance for arthropod-borne viral zoonoses in the Cape Province carried out by the Department of Medical Microbiology and State Health Department of Virology laboratory, we conducted a prospective serological investigation for virus activity during 1981 in two districts of the Province, namely the Beaufort West and Middelburg districts, which experienced heavy rainfall during the first two months of that year. The approach used was to obtain paired serum samples from identified domestic stock representative of several species from 2-5 months apart and to test them for haemagglutination inhibition antibodies to Rift Valley fever, Wesselsbron and Middelburg virus antigen preparations in order to ascertain, as an indication of viral activity, whether changes in antibody levels occurred between the collection dates. The results indicated that there was probable activity of Rift Valley fever virus and activity of Wesselsbron virus (or related flaviviruses) and Middelburg virus (or related alphaviruses) in the Karoo between the middle of February and the end of July 1981. Despite this activity and heavy rainfall registered at meteorological stations in both the Beaufort West and Middelburg districts as well as general reports of heavy rainfall and considerable mosquito activity over widespread areas of the Karoo, Eastern and S.W. Cape Province, there were no epizootics or epidemics of overt arthropod-borne zoonotic viral disease in the province during 1981.

Alphavirus↗