Search PubMed⌕ Search

SEARCH · Search PubMed

Results for “throwing”

Search indexed PubMed citations on genomics, clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health. Explore titles, authors and supplied subject terms, then open the PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1998

Report of eight cases of humeral fracture following the throwing of hand grenades.

A series of eight cases is presented in which similar fractures of the shaft of the humerus occurred during the throwing of hand grenades. Transient paresis of the radial nerve accompanied the fracture in one patient. In seven patients, the fracture healed without complication. In the remaining case, non-union developed, and surgical treatment was instituted. The mechanism of the fracture is discussed with reference to the literature.

Adult↗
PubMed1998

Initial throw locking internal knotting technique.

Internal knotting is a highly versatile technique that closely resembles classic suturing. However, most intracorporeal knots are cumbersome and require a long time to master. We describe a simple, easy, and safe method for internal knotting that can also be used in open procedures and practiced until mastery is achieved. With this technique, the initial throw will never fail to hold tissues in apposition until the whole knot is constructed. The completed knot combines the maximum in suture support with a minimum of foreign body reactivity.

Endoscopy↗
PubMed1989

Influence of the direction of the cable force and of the radius of the hammer path on speed fluctuations during hammer throwing.

Hammer speed increases gradually during a throw, but this general increasing trend has one fluctuation superimposed in each turn. In some throwers, gravity and the forward translation of the system produce most of the fluctuation; in others, a marked fluctuation remains after the effects of gravity and of the forward translation of the system have been subtracted out. The remaining fluctuation could be produced through two mechanisms: (a) pulling on the hammer cable in a direction alternately ahead and behind the position of the centroid of the hammer path and (b) alternately shortening and lengthening the distance between the hammer head and the centroid of its path. Three-dimensional film analysis of eight highly-skilled throwers showed that the portion of the hammer speed fluctuation not due to gravity nor to the forward motion is produced mainly by pulling alternately ahead and behind the position of the centroid of the hammer path.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1989

Right-hand superiority for throwing but not for intercepting.

In humans, the organization of movements performed by both upper limbs, relies significantly on a left hemisphere "praxis" system that also subsumes speech function. Right hand preference may also be an expression of this left hemisphere dependence, arising from the preferential connections of the right hand to the left hemisphere. Consequently, a manual task that maximizes the spatial complexity of a target (presumably engaging right hemisphere mechanisms), while concurrently minimizing motor-programming demands, was expected to yield a diminished disparity in preference and performance between the hands. Left and right hand accuracy were measured independently for two motor tasks in 48 normal right-handed university students. In the first task, darts were thrown overhand at a stationary target. For the second task, subjects were asked to use the open hand to block (but not catch) projectiles launched at varying trajectories and velocities. ANOVA yielded a significant Hand x Task interaction, in which the left hand did not differ from the right hand in intercepting ability, but was significantly less accurate than the right hand for throwing. A sex difference favouring males was found for both tasks; this difference was not reducible to differences in physique or athleticism.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Specificity and sensitivity of the anterior slide test in throwing athletes with superior glenoid labral tears.

This study documents the sensitivity and specificity of a clinical test to aid in the diagnosis of superior glenoid labral lesions. The anterior slide test, a method of applying an anteriorly and superiorly directed force to the glenohumeral joint, was performed on several groups of athletes. These included symptomatic athletes with isolated superior labral tears, rotator cuff tears, and instabilities, and asymptomatic athletes with rotational deficits. In addition, non-throwing athletes were tested. The sensitivity of the test was 78.4%, and the specificity was 91.5%. This study shows that the anterior slide test can be used in the clinical examination, in that it has high specificity for superior labral lesions, but not enough sensitivity to be the sole diagnostic criterion for these lesions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Postural adaptations specific to preferred throwing techniques practiced by competition-level judoists.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the judoists' postural regulation adopted to accommodate their favorite throwing technique (tokui-waza). The tokui-waza is a technique performed in bipodal or monopodal stance. Twenty three judoists aged between 16 and 20 took part in the protocol. All had a minimum regional sportive level. They were separated into two groups: the one performed a tokui-waza in bipodal stance (BS group) and the others performed a tokui-waza in monopodal stance (MS group). The medio/lateral and antero/posterior dynamic balance was evaluated on one-leg and two-leg support with a seesaw platform laid on a force platform. On two-leg support, the BS group judoists were more efficient than the MS group judoists. On the contrary, on one-leg support, the MS group was more efficient than the BS group. The different movements practiced on one or two-leg induce specific postural adaptations in competition-level judoists. Therefore, the present study shows that the different movements practiced in a given sport can induce particular postural adaptations. This phenomenon must therefore also be taken into account in the protocols used for evaluating postural control in sportsmen.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2006

The dart-throwing motion of the wrist: is it unique to humans?

Kinematic analysis has shown a near-stationary proximal carpal row during the dart-thrower's motion, which is believed to provide a stable platform for the generation of force and accuracy during certain power and precision grip activities. This finding is consistent with evidence in the human hand of adaptations that enabled effective manipulation of stones, cylindric wood, and bone tools for throwing and clubbing. There are at least two possible explanations for the observed human proximal carpal row kinematics. One is that it is retained from a previous common ancestor with great apes and previously adapted to some form of foraging or locomotor behavior involving the hands, but was recruited for tool use after we diverged from the apes. The second is that it evolved after our divergence from apes, in synchrony with adaptations in the human hand to the manipulation of tools, and central to the development of the human's unique ability to aim and accelerate tools and weapons.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Why is the humeral retroversion of throwing athletes greater in dominant shoulders than in nondominant shoulders?

A rotation angle of the proximal humerus relative to the elbow (bicipital-forearm angle) was measured by use of ultrasonography to determine the relationship between humeral retroversion and growth in dominant and nondominant shoulders of 66 elementary and junior high school baseball players. The subjects were aged 12 years on average. The bicipital-forearm angle was significantly smaller in dominant shoulders than in nondominant shoulders. This indicated that the retroversion angle was greater in dominant shoulders than in nondominant shoulders. Furthermore, there was a moderately positive correlation between age and the bicipital-forearm angle in both dominant and nondominant shoulders. From these data, we conclude that the humeral retroversion angle decreases with age, and the decrease is much smaller in dominant shoulders. We assume that the repetitive throwing motion does not increase the retroversion of the humeral head but rather restricts the physiologic derotation process of the humeral head during growth.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2002

Influence of environmental factors on shot put and hammer throw range.

On the rotating Earth, in addition to the Newtonian gravitational force, two additional relevant inertial forces are induced, the centrifugal and Coriolis forces. Using computer modelling for typical release heights and optimal release angles, we compare the influence of Earth rotation on the range of the male hammer throw and shot put with that of air resistance, wind, air pressure and temperature, altitude and ground obliquity. Practical correction maps are presented, by which the ranges achieved at different latitudes and/or with different release directions can be corrected by a term involving the effect of Earth rotation. Our main conclusion and suggestion is that the normal variations of certain environmental factors can be substantially larger than the smallest increases in the world records as acknowledged by the International Amateur Athletic Federation and, therefore, perhaps these should be accounted for in a normalization and adjustment of the world records to some reference conditions. Although this suggestion has certainly been made before, the comprehensiveness of our study makes it even more compelling. Our numerical calculations contribute to the comprehensive understanding and tabulation of these effects, which is largely lacking today.

Acceleration↗
PubMed2003

Shoulder disorders in the skeletally immature throwing athlete.

Shoulder injuries are common in young throwing athletes. Most injuries are overuse types related to excessive pitch counts, premature use of breaking pitches, and improper pitching mechanics. These etiologic factors should be recognized early and treated. Prevention of injuries should play a major role in decreasing shoulder injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Glenohumeral joint kinematics related to minor anterior instability of the shoulder at the end of the late preparatory phase of throwing.

OBJECTIVE: The first aim of this study was an approach to quantify the 3D kinematics of the glenohumeral joint referred to the joint surfaces. The method was used to study the glenohumeral patho-arthrokinematics related to minor anterior instability at the end of the late preparatory phase of throwing. STUDY DESIGN: Using a finite helical axis approach, arthrokinematics focused on: (i) the rotations and shift of the humeral head on the glenoid cavity, and (ii) the migration of contact of the articular surfaces. BACKGROUND: Controversy still exists whether the clinical syndrome called 'minor anterior glenohumeral instability' can be validly termed as an instability. METHODS: Helical CT-data of discrete shoulder positions were three-dimensionally reconstructed. Based on humeral and scapular sets of skeletal landmarks, rotation matrices and translation vectors were estimated and processed in glenohumeral finite helical axes. The finite helical axis parameters of rotation, shift and direction were related to a co-ordinate system embedded on the glenoid, whereas the position of the finite helical axis was related to the articulating surface of the humeral head. RESULTS: From 90 degrees abduction and 90 degrees external rotation to full cocking (90 degrees abduction with full external rotation and horizontal extension), the humeral head in the normal shoulders did not externally/internally rotate on the glenoid. In contrast, a large external rotation component was found in the minor unstable shoulders. The geometrical centre of the humeral head of the normal shoulders translated into a posteriorized position on the glenoid, whereas in minor anterior instability it translated centrally on the glenoid. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with in vitro biomechanical research which states that towards full cocking the anterior part of the inferior glenohumeral ligament limits anterior translation and external rotation of the humeral head on the glenoid, the results suggest in minor anterior instability a dysfunction of the anterior part of the inferior glenohumeral ligament. RELEVANCE: The results indicate that the so-called 'minor anterior glenohumeral instability syndrome' can validly be stated as an instability problem. The results also indicate that the glenohumeral joint does not move consistently as a ball-and-socket joint, meaning that the concave-convex rules for glenohumeral joint mobilization need 'evidence-based' adjustments.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Acromioclavicular injuries in the throwing athlete.

Acromioclavicular injuries in the overhead or throwing athlete are frequently encountered by team physicians. Treatment regimens vary greatly, depending on dominant versus nondominant arm, injury in-season or out-of-season, and the athlete's goals for future seasons. This article focuses on each of these unique issues with regards to acromioclavicular separations and fractures, acromioclavicular arthritis, and acromioclavicular osteolysis.

Acromioclavicular Joint↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Chondromalacia of the trochlear notch in athletes who throw.

Six athletes who throw and one shot-putter who underwent elbow arthroscopy were found to have an area of chondromalacia involving the posterolateral aspect of the olecranon. Preoperative symptoms were pain and tenderness to palpation over the lateral edge of the olecranon. On physical examination, range of motion was full or only slightly decreased (< 5 degrees) in five patients; coexistent loose bodies were also noted in two patients having a 20 degrees loss of extension. None of the patients exhibited ligamentous laxity to valgus stress testing of the elbow. During arthroscopy, the involved area was distinct from the bare area of the olecranon. This area was found as an isolated lesion in only one of seven patients; localized synovitis was noted in five patients, olecranon osteophytes in three, and loose bodies in two. A reciprocal lesion on the articular surface of the humerus was not identified in any patient. During arthroscopy, the lesion was debrided to a stable margin, and all associated pathologic conditions were addressed. Six of the seven athletes were able to return to their sport at premorbidity levels with this approach. This area of trochlear chondromalacia has not been previously described and, in our study, occurred in individuals whose elbows were subjected to repetitive valgus stress with lateral compression.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Photochromic control of photoinduced electron transfer. Molecular double-throw switch.

A molecular double-throw switch that employs a photochromic moiety to direct photoinduced electron transfer from an excited state donor down either of two pathways has been prepared. The molecular triad consists of a free base porphyrin (P) linked to both a C(60) electron acceptor and a dihydroindolizine (DHI) photochrome. Excitation of the porphyrin moiety of DHI-P-C(60) results in photoinduced electron transfer with a time constant of 2.3 ns to give the DHI-P(*)(+)-C(60)(*)(-) charge-separated state with a quantum yield of 82%. UV (366 nm) light photoisomerizes the DHI moiety to the betaine (BT) form, which has a higher reduction potential than DHI. Excitation of the porphyrin of BT-P-C(60) is followed by photoinduced electron transfer with a time constant of 56 ps to produce BT(*)(-)-P(*)(+)-C(60) in 99% yield. Isomerization of BT-P-C(60) back to DHI-P-C(60) may be achieved with visible light, or thermally. Thus, photoinduced charge separation originating from the porphyrin is reversibly directed down either of two different pathways by photoisomerization of the dihydroindolizine. The switch may be cycled many times.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

Abuse and disabuse of the drug metaphor in psychotherapy research: hold on to the baby as you throw out the bath.

Stiles and Shapiro (1994) argue that trivial correlations between process variables and treatment outcome point to inherent methodological limitations of correlational designs in process-outcome research. In coming to such a far-reaching (erroneous) conclusion, Stiles and Shapiro are throwing out the baby with the bath. Correlational designs are perfectly appropriate for testing process-outcome correlations if process measures are adequately conceptualized. Examples of case-specific measures of therapist responsiveness are reviewed to illustrate the power of correlational designs.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Normal prism adaptation but reduced after-effect in basal ganglia disorders using a throwing task.

Prism adaptation is a form of visuomotor learning in which the visual and motor systems need to be adjusted because a visual perturbation is produced by horizontally displacing prisms. Despite being known for over two centuries, the neuronal substrates of this phenomenon are not yet completely understood. In this article the possible role of the basal ganglia in this kind of learning was analysed through a study of Huntington's and Parkinson's disease patients. A throwing technique requiring the use of open loop feedback was used. The variables analysed were visuomotor performance, adaptation rate and magnitude, and the after-effect. The results clearly showed that both Huntington's and Parkinson's disease groups learned at the same rate as control subjects. In addition, despite having a disturbed visuomotor performance, both experimental groups showed the same adaptation magnitude as the control group. Finally, the after-effect, which is measured after removing the prisms, is reduced in both patients groups. This reduction leads to a disruption in the normal adaptation-after-effect correlation found in normal volunteers. These results suggest that basal ganglia are not involved in this type of open-looped visuomotor learning. The large number of patients studied as well as the similarity of the findings between both populations support this hypothesis. By contrast, there is an impairment in the after-effect on both basal ganglia patient populations. This impairment may be the result of the deterioration of the perceptual recalibration process involved in visuomotor learning.

Adaptation, Ocular↗
PubMed1988

Left ventricular structure and function, assessed by imaging and Doppler echocardiography, in athletes engaged in throwing events.

Ten male athletes engaged in throwing events and ten control subjects, matched for age, height, and weight, were investigated with echocardiography and Doppler velocimetry to assess cardiac structure and systolic and diastolic left ventricular function at rest. Left ventricular (LV) internal diameter, wall thickness, LV mass, and systolic LV function were not different between athletes and nonathletes. The possibility that strength training could alter LV diastolic function was further investigated. Both early diastolic function, estimated from the velocity of LV relaxation and the LV inflow pattern, and late diastolic function, assessed by Doppler velocimetry, were similar in throwers and controls. The unchanged ratio of the peak velocities of LV filing during atrial contraction and early filling suggests that LV distensibility is unaltered in these athletes. In conclusion, the amount and type of training performed by these throwers was not associated with changes in LV structure and function.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Intra-articular kinematics of the normal glenohumeral joint in the late preparatory phase of throwing: Kaltenborn's rule revisited.

A new method to quantify intra-articular relationships between articular surfaces of the glenohumeral joint during discrete poses representing the late preparatory phase of throwing is presented. This method is based on 3D bone reconstructions from medical imaging data processed into finite helical axis parameters. With the shoulder moving in the anatomical planes from 90 degrees abduction and 90 degrees external rotation into the apprehension test pose, the centre of the humeral head posteriorly translated on the glenoid and rotated about a finite helical axis, which was positioned at the joint contact. The data are contrasted with Kaltenborn's convex-concave rule explaining intra-articular kinematics of the glenohumeral joint as a ball-and-socket joint. The data show at all conditions that the glenohumeral joint does not act as a ball-and-socket joint. Consequently, the mobilization techniques used in manual therapy, which are based on this convex concave rule, should be adapted.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗