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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1999

Effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure: subgroup analysis of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) randomized clinical trial.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure in subgroups. METHODS: Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) was a randomized controlled feeding study conducted at 4 academic medical centers. Participants were 459 adults with untreated systolic blood pressure less than 160 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure 80 to 95 mm Hg. For 3 weeks, participants were fed a "control" diet. They were then randomized to 8 weeks of (1) control diet; (2) a diet rich in fruits and vegetables; or (3) a combination diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy foods, and reduced in saturated fat, total fat, and cholesterol (the DASH combination diet). Weight and salt intake were held constant. Change in diastolic blood pressure was the primary outcome variable, and systolic blood pressure a secondary outcome. Subgroups analyzed included race, sex, age, body mass index, years of education, income, physical activity, alcohol intake, and hypertension status. RESULTS: The combination diet significantly lowered systolic blood pressure in all subgroups (P<.008), and significantly lowered diastolic blood pressure (P<.01) in all but 2 subgroups. The fruits-and-vegetables diet also reduced blood pressure in the same subgroups, but to a lesser extent. The combination diet lowered systolic blood pressure significantly more in African Americans (6.8 mm Hg) than in whites (3.0 mm Hg), and in hypertensive subjects (11.4 mm Hg) than in nonhypertensive subjects (3.4 mm Hg) (P<.05 for both interactions). CONCLUSIONS: The DASH combination diet, without sodium reduction or weight loss, significantly lowered blood pressure in virtually all subgroups examined, and was particularly effective in African Americans and those with hypertension. The DASH combination diet may be an effective strategy for preventing and treating hypertension in a broad cross section of the population, including segments of the population at highest risk for blood pressure-related cardiovascular disease.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Asian subgroups and cancer incidence and mortality rates in California.

The objective of this study was to characterize better the cancer burden among Asian subgroups in California. Nearly 3.7 million Asians reside in California, and no other state has as many Asians. Cancer statistics for Asians often are combined with statistics for Pacific Islanders, and rates for subgroups are not often examined, because most states do not have a large enough population. Asians are affected disproportionately by certain cancers, such as stomach and liver cancers. The California Cancer Registry, a population-based cancer registry, has collected data, including race/ethnicity data, since 1988. The 5-year, average, annual, age-adjusted cancer incidence and mortality rates from 1997 through 2001 were calculated for 5 Asian subgroups: Chinese, Filipino, Japanese, Korean, and Vietnamese. Cancer incidence and mortality varied greatly. Incidence rates for all sites combined among males varied from a low of 318.6 per 100,000 for Chinese to a high of 366.0 per 100,000 among Japanese. For females, rates ranged from 236.6 per 100,000 among Koreans to 302.4 per 100,000 among Japanese. Mortality rates also varied by Asian subgroup. Presenting one statistic for Asian/Pacific Islanders did not provide an accurate depiction of the cancer burden among the different Asian subgroups. Acculturation will continue to affect the patterns of cancer incidence among Asian subgroups in California.

Asian↗
PubMed1990

Human monoclonal rheumatoid factors derived from the polyclonal repertoire of rheumatoid synovial tissue: incidence of cross-reactive idiotopes and expression of VH and V kappa subgroups.

A panel of 14 human monoclonal and monoreactive IgM rheumatoid factors (RF) derived from the synovial tissue of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients was studied for the expression of cross-reactive idiotopes (CRI) and variable heavy (VH) and variable kappa (V kappa) subgroups. Four of the twelve kappa RF expressed light chains of the V kappa III subgroup. Three of these were characterized as belonging to the V kappa IIIb sub-subgroup, and expressed the V kappa IIIb associated CRI, 17.109. None of the RF expressed the V kappa IIIa-associated CRI, 6B6.6. One of the fourteen RF expressed the VH-associated CRI, G6, and five expressed either or both the VHIII-associated CRI, B6 and D12. Seven RF bound to protein A (SpA), which indicates the expression of VHIII subgroup V regions. Together the data indicated that 9/11 RF express VHIII regions and 2/11 express VHI regions. There was no obvious correlation between V region usage or CRI expression and fine specificity of the RF for human IgG subclasses. These data indicate a difference in V gene usage by RF derived from RA patients compared with RF paraproteins derived from non-RA patients. There is not a bias towards variable chains of the V kappa III subgroup, but a marked preference for variable heavy chains of the VHIII subgroup is seen. Further studies may elucidate the pathological significance of these findings in RA.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

The frequency of occurrence of feline leukaemia virus subgroups in cats.

Feline leukaemia viruses (FeLV) were isolated from cats in Glasgow and New York with lymphosarcoma and from apparently healthy carrier cats. The subgroup composition of each isolate was determined. All isolates contained FeLV of subgroup A(FeLV-A) and a high proportion also contained subgroup B virus (FeLV-B). Virus of subgroup C (FeLV-C) was rare and occurred in association with FeLV-A and, in some isolates, with FeLV-B as well. The same pattern was observed in isolates from British and American cats. The frequency of FeLV subgroups was different in cats with lymphosarcoma and in healthy carrier cats. In cats with lymphosarcoma, 42% had FeLV-A and 58% had FeLV-AB; there was no obvious correlation between virus subgroup and type of disease. In FeLV-positive healthy cats, 65% had FeLV-A and 33% had FeLV-AB. FeLV-C was isolated only from cats with disease. The healthy carrier cats were from multiple-cat households (MCH). Two distinct types of FeLV-infected MCH were found: MCH-A in which the carrier cats yielded only FeLV-A, and MCH-AB in which cats with either FeLV-A or FeLV-AB were present. In MCH-AB half of the cats had FeLV-A and half had FeLV-AB. Overall, the proportion of cats in MCH which were viraemic with FeLV was 42%. However, there was a marked difference in the prevalence of carrier cats in each type of MCH: in MCH-A, 28% were FeLV-positive while in MCH-AB, 53% were viraemic.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Relative frequency of human rotavirus subgroups 1 and 2 in Japanese children with acute gastroenteritis.

Recently developed monoclonal antibodies against the 42,000-dalton major inner capsid protein were used in an enzyme immunoassay to subgroup a total of 156 rotavirus specimens obtained from Japanese infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis during the period between December 1981 and April 1983. Only 2 specimens (1.3%) were identified as subgroup 1, whereas 154 specimens (98.7%) were identified as subgroup 2. The percentage of subgroup 2 rotaviruses obtained in this study was the highest among similar studies thus far performed in different areas of the world. One of the subgroup 1 isolates had fast-moving 10th and 11th gene segments (the "long" pattern) typical of the subgroup 2 human rotaviruses.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1996

Presence of a hypervariable region within the hr2 domain of the host range determining sequences of the envelope protein gp85 (SU) of subgroup-A avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses.

The nucleotide sequence of the gene for the envelope protein gp85 (SU) of the Schmidt-Ruppin subgroup A (NY) strain of Rous sarcoma virus [SRA(NY)] was determined, and the deduced amino acid sequence was compared with those of other avian sarcoma-leukosis viruses. Among the five host-range determinant sequences (vr1, vr2, hr1, hr2, and vr3), the host-range determinant sequence hr2 of SRA(NY) showed a significant deviation from the hr2 sequences of other subgroup A viruses namely, RAV-1 and SRA(SF). A phylogenetic analysis of the amino acid sequence of this region indicated that this intra-subgroup diversity was as great as or even greater than the inter-subgroup diversity found among other subgroups of ASLV. Within the hr2 region, we found a short hypervariable segment that differs in length and sequence from hr2 of other subgroup-A viruses. The difference in the hr2 amino acid sequence between SRA(NY) and SRA(SF) is reflected in the predicted protein secondary structure of this region.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1988

Pain-patient Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) subgroups: evaluation of long-term treatment outcome.

Six hundred thirty-five chronic pain patients completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) prior to participation in a multidisciplinary inpatient pain treatment program. Three male and four female MMPI subgroups were identified by means of cluster analyses for each of two samples. Pretreatment and long-term follow-up differences were then examined among the MMPI subgroups. Results indicated that the subgroups identified in the present study closely resembled each other and those previously reported in the literature. However, at long-term follow-up only a few outcome differences were identified among male subgroups, while no differences were found among female subgroups. Possible explanations for no differential treatment outcomes among the MMPI subgroups are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Genetic control of cellular infection by subgroups A and C RNA tumour viruses in guinea fowl.

An investigation was carried out in guinea fowl to determine their susceptibility to infection by Rous sarcoma viruses of subgroups A and C. A standard dose of each subgroup virus was inoculated into 14-day-old embryos via the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM). On the 10th day after inoculation, 50% of the embryonic chorioallantoic membranes were harvested to assess their infection status (CAM(+) or (-)), while the rest were allowed to hatch. The hatchabilities of the embryos inoculated with subgroups A and C were about 50% and 57%, respectively. The relative sensitivities of guinea fowl to infection by viruses of subgroups A and C were observed to be 0.220 and 0.003, respectively, as compared to chickens (1.00). Mortality due to subgroup A virus-induced liver tumours (LT) was 54% and four phenotypic subclasses, namely CAM(+) LT(+), CAM(+) LT(-), CAM(-) LT(+) and CAM(-) LT(-), were observed in guinea fowl as in chickens. However, a higher incidence (31%) of conversely associated phenotypes, i.e. CAM(+) LT(-) and CAM(-) LT(+), were observed in guinea fowl. Mortality caused by subgroup A virus-induced liver tumours was first observed in inoculated guinea fowl keets during the 3rd week after hatching, and 93% of the mortality occurred within 6 weeks. The peak mortality occurred in the 4th week after hatching. The target organs for transformation were considered to be the liver and spleen because of the equal incidence of tumours in these organs. Males and females were equally likely to die from liver tumours.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Alpharetrovirus↗
PubMed1999

The period gene: high conservation of the region coding for Thr-Gly dipeptides in the Drosophila nasuta species subgroup.

In this study, the region corresponding to the Thr-Gly region of the period (per) gene in the Drosophila nasuta subgroup of species was sequenced. The results showed that this region was highly conserved in the D. nasuta subgroup. There were only nine variable sites found in this 300-bp-long region, all located in two small regions highly variable among Drosophila species. No length variation was observed either within this subgroup or in the Yunnan (YN) population of D. albomicans. The deduced amino acid sequences were identical for all 14 taxa in the D. nasuta subgroup, and a stretch of alternating Thr-Gly pairs was not observed in this subgroup. A phylogenetic tree was constructed. The clustering of some species was in general agreement with previous works, but it also raised some question on the phylogenetic relationship between the nasuta species. The data did not implicate the Thr-Gly region playing a role in behavioral isolation in this subgroup of Drosophila.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2002

Baboon immunoglobulin variable region heavy chains: identification of genes homologous to members of the human IGHV1-IGHV7 subgroups.

Baboons are increasingly used as animal models in studies that require the assessment of specific antibody responses. The complete analysis of these responses includes the characterization of antibody variable region genes and their usage. Therefore, we cloned and sequenced a total of 27 immunoglobulin variable region heavy chain (IGHV) genes using cDNA obtained from a single baboon (Papio cynocephalus anubis). Comparison of baboon and human IGHV sequences shows that the percent of identity varies between 86% and 96% at the nucleotide level and between 80% and 95% at the amino acid level. The various baboon IGHV genes can be grouped into one of seven subgroups corresponding to the human IGHV1-IGHV7 subgroups. The only baboon cDNA sequence belonging to the IGHV7 subgroup is homologous to the human IGHV7-81 gene, for which no transcripts have been described. Similarly to their human counterparts, all baboon IGHV genes cluster into three clans, with one clan including the IGHV1, IGHV5 and IGHV7 subgroups, one clan including the IGHV2, IGHV4 and IGHV6 subgroups, and one clan including the IGHV3 subgroup. These data indicate that baboons may represent valuable models to analyze the antibody repertoire generated in response to immunization strategies developed for human use.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

IGHV1, IGHV5 and IGHV7 subgroup genes in the rhesus macaque.

The diversity of the antibody response is achieved, in part, by rearrangement of different immunoglobulin (Ig) genes. The Ig heavy chain is made up of a variable region (IGHV), a diversity region (IGHD) and a joining region (IGHJ). Human germline IGHV genes have been grouped into seven multigene subgroups. Size and usage of these subgroups is not equal, the IGHV3 subgroup is the most commonly used (36%), followed by IGHV1/7 (26%), then IGHV4, IGHV5, IGHV2, IGHV6 (15%, 12%, 4%, 3% respectively). The rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) is a useful non-human primate model for studies of infection and the database of germline Ig genes for the macaque is gradually growing to become a useful tool in the study of B-cell responses. The proportions of IGHV subgroup usage in the macaque are similar to those in man. Representatives from IGHV3 and IGHV4 subgroups for the macaque have been published, as have germline sequences of the IGHD and IGHJ genes. However, to date there have been no sequences published from the second largest IGHV subgroup, IGHV1. We report the isolation and sequencing of a genomic fragment containing an IGHV1 gene from the macaque. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers designed from this sequence enabled us to amplify and sequence 25 new IGHV1 germline genes. We also isolated two IGHV7 genes, using the same primers, and two IGHV5 genes, using human IGHV5 primers.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1997

RNAs 4A and 5 are present in tomato aspermy virus and both subgroups of cucumber mosaic virus.

Primer extension analysis was used to determine the presence of RNAs 4A and 5 in tomato aspermy virus (TAV) and both subgroups of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). RNAs 4A and 5 were detected in TAV and all CMV strains (representative of both subgroups) that were analysed, except for one subgroup I CMV strain which lacked detectable RNA 5. In subgroup II CMV strains the RNA 5 population was found to consist of two sequence variants. Comparison of the RNA 5 sequences from TAV and CMV indicated that TAV and subgroup II CMV RNA 5 share a much greater degree of sequence similarity than either has with subgroup I RNA 5. RNA 4A and the encoded 2b protein appear to be unique to the cucumovirus genus of the tripartite viruses, which share an otherwise common genome structure, and may have played a role in the evolutionary origin of this genus.

Cucumis sativus↗
PubMed2006

Cost-effectiveness of the Danish smoking cessation interventions: subgroup analysis based on the Danish Smoking Cessation Database.

The cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions is well documented. However, most studies are based on randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and provide little information on the differences between subgroups. This study assessed the relative cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions offered to various subgroups of smokers, based on real-life data. Regression analyses provided information on the factors determining abstinence and costs and led to the formation of relevant subgroups of smokers. Probabilistic Markov modeling was then used to estimate the relative cost-effectiveness of smoking cessation interventions for the entire database population and for the subgroups compared to a no-intervention case. The ICER for the base case population was estimated at 1,358 euro. This is consistent with results from the existing literature. Group simulations showed lower ICERs for men, hospitals, and light smokers and falling ICERs with increasing age. Despite differences in the cost-effectiveness ratios between subgroups our results do not justify any kind of subgroup differentiation in a smoking prevention policy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Human kappa light chain subgroup analysis with synthetic peptide-induced antisera.

All human kappa light chains belong to one of four subgroups, classified according to their amino acid sequences or by reactivity with adsorbed heteroantisera. The structural basis for the subgroup distinction by antisera is unknown. Therefore, to create anti-kappa subgroup antibodies with predefined specificity, we immunized rabbits with synthetic peptides which correspond to sequences within the first framework region of prototype kappa I, II, III, and IV light chains. The peptide-induced antisera recognized primary sequence-dependent kappa subgroup determinants. They correctly predicted the amino acid sequence in the first framework region of two kappa light chains. By Western immunoblotting and enzyme-linked immunoassay the antisera also identified previously typed, monoclonal light chains of different subgroups with complete specificity. These reagents, define a site of kappa subgroup distinction and represent a potent tool for the characterization of light chain heterogeneity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Cross-system agreement among demographic subgroups: DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 diagnoses of alcohol use disorders.

Increasing importance is being placed on the appropriateness of methodologies for different population subgroups, such as women as well as men, non-Whites as well as Whites, and older and younger individuals. In the alcohol field, this applies to a number of areas, including the agreement between diagnoses of alcohol use disorders by different sets of diagnostic criteria. We tested the agreement between DSM-III, DSM-III-R, DSM-IV and ICD-10 criteria for alcohol dependence and abuse in demographic subgroups of a sample of 962 community residents screened for heavy drinking in the previous 12 months. Good to excellent agreement was found for current diagnoses of dependence across all subgroups and classification systems. For past diagnoses, agreement was good across all subgroups for comparisons that did not involve DSM-III, and quite low for comparisons of DSM-III to other classification systems across subgroups. With few exceptions, cross-system agreement for diagnoses of alcohol abuse was poor. This result was also consistent across demographic subgroups. Results suggest that studies can be compared equally well for diagnoses of alcohol dependence subsequent to DSM-III for males and females. Whites and non-Whites, and older and younger respondents. Abuse remains a problematic category psychometrically across all demographic categories, even in this sample of largely untreated household residents.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Subgroup analyses of the major clinical endpoints in the Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH): overall mortality, atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (ACHD) mortality, and ACHD mortality or myocardial infarction.

The Program on the Surgical Control of the Hyperlipidemias (POSCH) was a secondary atherosclerosis intervention trial employing partial ileal bypass surgery as the intervention modality. For this report, we analyzed 105 subgroups in 35 variables in POSCH, chosen predominantly for their potential relationship to the risk of atherosclerotic coronary heart disease (ACHD). We defined potential differential effects as those with: (1) an absolute z-value > or = 2.0 for the subgroup, if the absolute z-value for the overall effect was < 2.0; and (2) an absolute z-value > or = 3.0 for the subgroup and a relative risk < or = 0.5, if the absolute z-value for the overall effect was > or = 2.0. For each of three major POSCH endpoints of overall mortality, ACHD mortality and ACHD mortality or confirmed nonfatal myocardial infarction, we found seven subgroups with a differential risk reduction in the surgery group as compared to the control group. Allowing for identical subgroups for more than one endpoint, there were 13 individual subgroups with differential effects. Of these, seven demonstrated internal consistency across endpoints, and five of these seven displaced external consistency with known ACHD risk factors and for biological plausibility: triglyceride concentration > or = 200 mg/dl; cigarette smoking; overt or borderline diabetes mellitus; a Minnesota ECG Q-QS code of 1-1; and obesity. A greater risk reduction, in comparison to the overall treatment effect, by the reduction of a single risk factor, hypercholesterolemia, in patients with at least two major ACHD risk factors was a provocative and an hypothesis-generating outcome of this analysis. The clinical implications of this finding may lead to more aggressive cholesterol intervention in patients with multiple ACHD risk factors.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The short consensus repeats 1 and 2, not the cytoplasmic domain, of human CD46 are crucial for infection of subgroup B adenovirus serotype 35.

Human CD46 (membrane cofactor protein) has recently been identified to be an attachment receptor for subgroup B adenoviruses (Ads); however, the precise interaction between human CD46 and subgroup B Ads are just beginning to be understood. In this study, to characterize the interaction between human CD46 and subgroup B Ads, varieties of mutant CD46 were tested for their ability to act as a receptor for Ad serotype 35 (Ad35), which belongs to subgroup B. In addition, we determined Ad35 vector-mediated transgene expression and cellular uptake of Ad35 vectors in the presence of a set of anti-CD46 antibodies. Our data demonstrated that the short consensus repeats (SCRs) 1 and 2 in human CD46 are important for interaction with Ad35, whereas the cytoplasmic domain of human CD46 was found not to be required for the function as an Ad35 receptor. Rather, a complete deletion of the cytoplasmic domain of human CD46 increased the transduction efficiencies of Ad35 vectors. This information should help in elucidation of the mechanism of subgroup B Ad infection, as well in the improvement of the subgroup B Ad vectors.

Adenoviruses, Human↗
PubMed2006

Impaired natural immunity, cognitive dysfunction, and physical symptoms in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome: preliminary evidence for a subgroup?

OBJECTIVE: The diagnostic criteria of chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) define a heterogeneous population composed of several subgroups. Past efforts to identify subgroup markers have met with mixed success. This study was designed to examine natural killer cell activity (NKCA) as a potential subgroup marker by comparing the clinical presentations of CFS patients with and without clinically reduced NKCA. METHODS: Forty-one female CFS patients were classified into having either low or normal NKCA levels. These subgroups were then compared on objective measures of cognitive functioning and subjective assessments of fatigue, vigor, cognitive impairment, and daytime dysfunction. RESULTS: Relative to CFS patients in the normal-NKCA subgroup, low-NKCA patients reported less vigor, more daytime dysfunction, and more cognitive impairment. In addition, low-NKCA patients performed less on objective measures of cognitive functioning relative to normal-NKCA patients. CONCLUSIONS: The results are offered as preliminary evidence in support of using NKCA as an immunological subgroup marker in CFS. Findings are also discussed in terms of known associations between dysregulated immune functions, somatic symptoms, and psychological stress.

Adolescent↗