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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Emergence of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor serotype Inaba from the prevailing O1 Ogawa serotype strains in India.

The toxigenic Inaba serotype of Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor reappeared in India in 1998 and 1999, almost 10 years after its last dominance in Calcutta in 1989. Extensive molecular characterization by ribotyping, restriction fragment length polymorphism, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis indicated that recent Inaba strains are remarkably different from the earlier Inaba strains but are very similar to the prevailing V. cholerae O1 Ogawa El Tor biotype strains. The antibiograms of the Inaba strains were also similar to those of the recent V. cholerae Ogawa strains. These V. cholerae O1 Inaba strains appear to have evolved from the currently prevailing Ogawa strains and are likely to dominate in the coming years.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed1987

Antibodies against the two serotypes of vesicular stomatitis virus measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: immunodominance of serotype-specific determinants and induction of asymmetrically cross-reactive antibodies.

The serological relationship between the two vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) strains Indiana (VSV-Ind) and New Jersey (VSV-NJ) were analyzed by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Immunoglobulin G responses, defined by their resistance to treatment with 2-mercaptoethanol, were assessed by ELISA by using sucrose gradient-purified VSV or purified VSV glycoproteins (G) as antigens. When low doses (10(6) PFU) of live VSV or 10(8) PFU of UV-inactivated virus were given intraperitoneally (i.p.), only non-cross-reactive antibody responses were observed in a primary immune response. However, when 10(6) PFU of live VSV were injected intravenously (i.v.), cross-reactive antibodies were generated; anti-VSV-NJ antibodies cross-reacted more against VSV-Ind than did anti-VSV-Ind antibodies against VSV-NJ. When 10(8) PFU of live VSV or UV-inactivated VSV mixed with complete Freund adjuvant was given i.p., high levels of cross-reactive antibodies detectable by ELISA were induced in primary and secondary responses. When purified G protein was used instead of purified whole virus in the ELISA, the cross-reactivity was found to be asymmetrical after immunization with live VSV given i.v. but not after i.p. inoculation; anti-VSV-NJ sera bound almost equally well to VSV-Ind G protein, whereas anti-VSV-Ind sera bound virtually exclusively to the G protein of the homologous serotype. The data suggest that immunization with VSV given i.p. results in a more specific, i.e., less cross-reactive, response than that either after i.v. infection or after the virus antigen is made available in great amounts or if it persists for prolonged periods when given i.p. together with complete Freund adjuvant. The unique determinants were immunodominant because they induced antibodies preferentially, whereas partially shared determinants induced antibody responses asymmetrically, more slowly, and with lower titers. Interestingly, the asymmetric cross-reactivity of anti-VSV antibodies, as measured by ELISA, against purified VSV G was opposite that observed for cytotoxic T cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Construction and characterization of adenovirus serotype 5 packaged by serotype 3 hexon.

Adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5) has great potential for gene therapy applications. A major limitation, however, is the host immune response against Ad5 infection that often prevents the readministration of Ad5 vectors. In this regard, the most abundant capsid protein, hexon, has been implicated as the major target for neutralizing antibodies. In this study, we sought to escape the host neutralization response against Ad5 via hexon replacement. We constructed a chimeric adenovirus vector, Ad5/H3, by replacing the Ad5 hexon gene with the hexon gene of Ad3. The chimeric viruses were successfully rescued in 293 cells. Compared to that for the control Ad5/H5, the growth rate of Ad5/H3 was significantly slower and the final yield was about 1 log order less. These data indicate that the Ad3 hexon can encapsidate the Ad5 genome, but with less efficiency than the Ad5 hexon. The gene transfer efficacy of Ad5/H3 in HeLa cells was also lower than that of Ad5/H5. Furthermore, we tested the host neutralization responses against the two viruses by using C57BL/6 mice. The neutralizing antibodies against Ad5/H3 and Ad5/H5 generated by the immunized mice did not cross-neutralize each other in the context of in vitro infection of HeLa cells. Preimmunization of C57BL/6 mice with one of the two types of viruses also did not prevent subsequent infection of the other type. These data suggest that replacing the Ad5 hexon with the Ad3 hexon can circumvent the host neutralization response to Ad5. This strategy may therefore be used to achieve the repeated administration of Ad5 in gene therapy applications.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed1982

Outbreak of enterocolitis caused by an enteroinvasive E. coli (serotype O 164, synonym serotype 147).

An outbreak of severe dysentery-like disease developed in a pensioners' home in autumn 1979, with 30 out of 75 exposed persons becoming involved. The agent was E. coli O 164 (serotype 147) resembling Shigella in some of its properties. Positive cultivations were obtained from 18 patients out of a total of 54 subjects examined. The isolates produced keratoconjunctivitis in guinea-pigs. An unusual feature marking the onset of the illness in about half of the patients was a transient paresis of the lower extremities. The outbreak was suppressed with peroral neomycin. This was the second instance of E. coli O 164 isolation in Czechoslovakia and the first record of its ability to cause an epidemic process.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

[Serotyping of patients with epidemic hemorrhagic fever (EHF) and serotyping and antigen typing of main hosts of EHF in Shandong province].

Serotyping with hemagglutination-inhibition test (HI) on 458 patients with EHF showed that 419 (91.48%) of them belonged to the house-rat type, 33 (7.21%) belonged to the wild-rat type, and 6 (1.31%) were undetermined. The majority (80-100%) of the patients in various regions belonged to the house-rat type. The type of the virus antigen and the type of the antibody of rats were in conformity with the species of rats. These indicate that the epidemic areas of EHF in Shandong Province are mixed-type epidemic areas, predominantly the house-rat type.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Serotype-dependent inhibition of glucan synthesis and cell adherence of Streptococcus mutans by antibody against glucosyltransferase of serotype e S. mutans.

A crude glucosyltransferase (GTase) preparation was obtained from the culture supernatant of Streptococcus mutans strain MT703 (serotype e) by 50% ammonium sulphate precipitation. Antiserum specific against the GTase was prepared by immunizing rabbits intramuscularly with the GTase in Freund incomplete adjuvant, followed by GTase without adjuvant intravenously. Gamma globulin fractions of the antiserum and normal serum were partially purified by 1/3 saturated ammonium sulphate precipitation. The antibody strongly inhibited the GTase activity (greater than 90%) of type c, e and f S. mutans, whereas the GTase of type a, d and g was not affected by the antibody. The GTase from type b S. mutans was slightly inhibited. The adherence of viable cells of type c, e, and f S. mutans to a glass surface due to synthesis of glucan by the cell-associated GTase was also significantly inhibited by the antibody to the enzyme. These results suggest that type c, e, and f and types a, d, and g S. mutans can be separated into two major groups in terms of the immunological relationship of GTase.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed2006

Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow: epidemiology, resistance patterns and molecular characterisation of an invasive Salmonella serotype in Israel.

This study outlines the unique epidemiology of Salmonella enterica serotype Virchow in Israel. Between 1997 and 2002, the overall incidence of non-typhoid Salmonella enterica (NTS) decreased from 69.3 to 53.3 infections/100,000 population, but the incidence of S. Virchow increased (from 7.2 to 9.1 infections/100,000). Since 2000, S. Virchow has become the second-ranking NTS isolate, accounting for 17% and 27% of all stool and blood NTS isolates, respectively. Infants aged < 1 year had the highest incidence of isolation from stools (92.8/100,000). The incidence of isolation from blood was highest for infants aged <1 year (4.4/100,000). Only 6% of isolates were susceptible to all ten antibiotic agents tested; 34% were resistant to one agent, 54% to one to three agents, and 40% to four to six agents. A high proportion of the tested isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid (89%), streptomycin (56%), tetracycline (43%), trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (38%) and chloramphenicol (28%), but none to ciprofloxacin or ceftriaxone. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis revealed two closely related clusters, each containing a predominant pulsotype. Coupled with its invasive propensity, the increasing incidence of highly resistant S. Virchow in Israel is of real concern. Future research should focus on the sources of S. Virchow in the food chain in order to institute effective control measures.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1974

Reconstitution of infectivity and transcriptase activity of homologous and heterologous viruses: vesicular stomatitis (Indiana serotype), Chandipura, vesicular stomatitis (New Jersey serotype), and Cocal viruses.

RNA TRANSCRIPTASE ACTIVITIES HAVE BEEN RECONSTITUTED FROM FRACTIONATED COMPONENTS OF FOUR RHABDOVIRUSES: vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) (Indiana serotype), Cocal, VSV (New Jersey), and Chandipura viruses. Heterologous reconstitution of transcription has been observed between template and enzyme fractions of VSV Indiana and Cocal viruses but not to any significant extent between components of the other two viruses with VSV Indiana template or enzyme. Homologous reconstitution of infectivity has been obtained for each virus from their respective parts as well as heterologous reconstitution between Cocal and VSV Indiana components.

Arboviruses↗
PubMed1992

Polymerase chain reaction for differentiation between pathogenic and non-pathogenic serotype 1 Marek's disease viruses (MDV) and vaccine viruses of MDV-serotypes 2 and 3.

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test based on primers flanking the 132 bp tandem repeat in pathogenic MDV-1 DNA was developed. These primers amplify a dimer or a trimer 132 bp repeat in pathogenic MDV-1 DNA from blood and organs of commercial chickens with Marek's disease (MD) symptoms. Using the same primers in a radioactive PCR test, it was possible to distinguish between vvMDV-1 and the non-pathogenic MDV-1 CVI-988 vaccine in which the 132 bp repeats in the DNA were increased up to 9 repeats. The MDV-1 specific primers did not amplify MDV-2 (SB1) and MDV-3 (HVT) DNA. Primers prepared according to the nucleotide sequence of MDV-1 antigen A gene amplified MDV-1 DNA only. Specific primers prepared according to the nucleotide sequence of MDV-3 (HVT) antigen A gene amplified MDV-3 DNA but not MDV-1 nor MDV-2 DNA. The results of the present study show that the PCR tests can be used for the early identification of vvMDV-1 DNA in pathological samples from diseased commercial chickens and to distinguish between the vvMDV-1 and the three types of virus vaccines used to immunize chickens. The tests are accurate and can be performed in the presence of vaccine virus DNA in the sample.

Animals↗