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PubMed1977

Clinical trial of live measles vaccine given alone and live vaccine preceded by killed vaccine. Fourth report to the medical research council by the measles sub-committee of the committee on development of vaccines and immunisation procedures.

Follow-up of 5000 children given a single dose of live attenuated measles vaccine (Schwarz strain) when aged 10 months to 2 years shows a high level of protection in comparison with an unvaccinated group. This protection has been maintained for 12 years. Measles in vaccinated children was less severe as well as less frequent throughout the period. There is no evidence from the follow-up so far that a further injection of vaccine is needed; this has been confirmed by measles haemagglutination-inhibiting antibody estimations in a sample of the children.

Antibodies, Viral↗
PubMed1993

[Ethical considerations on live transplantation from living related donors. Le conseil d'éthique de l'hôpital Debrousse].

This review examines the ethical problems of liver transplantation from living parental donors regarding the main ethical principles. It appears that this method of transplantation is a new possibility offered to patients that cannot be subtracted from the parents' choice without interfering with their liberty. Moreover, there is a social decisiveness to ensure the offering of this option which is limited by the conditions of realisation, timing and personal situations of the parents. The considerations of risks, benefits, advantages and prejudices between donor and recipient show a favourable balance for this type of transplantation provided that adequate medical indications are respected. However, the considerations of psychological cost and burden deserve special attention and are detailed in this paper especially regarding the motivations and the long-term effects on the donor. Futility and ethical generalisation examinations favour such a procedure. Moral justice will generally be respected. The consideration of autonomy required special attention owing to the situation pressure upon the donor's consent. Consent deserves adapted solicitation according to variable situations: whether the donor explicitly specifically wanted to donate part of his liver or only required information. Excessive solicitation of parents' participation to liver donation represents qualified "forced choice"; in some situations where the parents cannot effectively refuse their participation, paternalistic action is ethically acceptable. A general procedure is proposed to ensure the psychological, legal and ethical protection of the donor and recipient.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Eradication of live F strain mycoplasma gallisepticum vaccine using live ts-11 on a multiage commercial layer farm.

Subsequent to use of a live Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) vaccination program, the F strain of MG had been circulating on a commercial layer farm since 1981. In 1994, the ts-11 strain was introduced on the farm; each new placement flock was vaccinated by eyedrop with ts-11 for one production cycle, and then all subsequent placement flocks were left unvaccinated. Birds were monitored by culture and serology before and after vaccination. MG isolates were characterized by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). MG was isolated from ts-11-vaccinated flocks up to 100 wk of age; all such isolates tested by RAPD were ts-11 type. After ts-11 vaccination was discontinued, no MG was detected in nonvaccinated birds. After the last vaccinated flock was marketed, no MG was detected on the farm. These results indicate a potential use for ts-11 in an MG eradication program.

Animal Husbandry↗
PubMed1987

The hierarchical relationship between activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living.

A three-level hierarchical scale including IADL (shopping and transportation) and ADL (bathing, dressing, transferring, and feeding) was tested and validated based on secondary analysis of three studies of elders in the community: a population-based sample, the Cleveland-GAO, and two service-based samples, the Alternative Health Services Project, a study of Medicaid-eligible elders in Georgia, and the Section 222 Homemaker-Day Care study, a sample of Medicare-eligible elders. Scalability analysis included evaluation of Kronbach's alpha, Guttman analysis, and analysis of the pairwise association of individual items using phi/phi max. Validation included discriminant validity and predictive validity. With respect to discriminant validity, the negative association between functional ability (as measured by the scale) and age was observed. With respect to predictive validity, the negative relationship between functional ability (as measured by the scale) and risk of decline to ADL, death, and hospitalization in a year was observed. A six-level scale similar in structure and detail to the Katz Index of ADL was examined with the three studies. This scale can be used to described a broader range of needs of elders in the community and will be particularly useful to health services planners, practitioners, and researchers.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2006

How many and which items of activities of daily living (ADL) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) are necessary for screening.

Geriatric assessment (GA) in elderly cancer patients serves as screening instrument to identify patients who are vulnerable or frail. To reduce the diagnostic burden for patients and caregivers, we asked how many and which items of ADL and IADL questionnaires are necessary to identify those patients with limitations in the sum score of ADL or IADL. Data of 327 elderly patients (age>or=60 years), of whom 27.9% had limitations in ADL and 36.0% in IADL score, were entered in a forward selection model. Four out of ten items of ADL identified 95.3% of patients with limitations in ADL. Two out of eight items of IADL identified 97.4% of patients with limitations in IADL. The combined use of these items recognised 98.5% of patients with limitations in ADL or IADL score. If ADL and IADL scores are used for screening, we recommend an abbreviated version with 6 instead of 18 items.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

"It's the day-to-day living that matters": the meaning and process of community in the lives of a couple with significant psychiatric disabilities.

This study attempts to define and describe the experience and process of community and community participation using a qualitative case study of a couple labeled with significant psychiatric disabilities. Findings indicate that important influences on perceptions and the process of community belonging include (a) the opportunity to personally define the meaning, limitations, and level of care associated with receiving a psychiatric label; (b) a reciprocal, central relationship; and (c) recognized opportunities for intentional participation in and access to meaningful relationships with other community members, including in the role of coworker or colleague.

Activities of Daily Living↗