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PubMedDate not supplied

Increasing UV-B induces biphasic leaf cell expansion in Phaseolus vulgaris, suggesting multiple mechanisms for controlling plant growth.

Leaf expansion, comprising cell division and cell enlargement, is controlled by light quality and quantity. The role of UV-B irradiance on leaf cell enlargement has not been determined. We studied the effect of a wide range of UV-B irradiances on the cell-enlargement-driven expansion of Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Contender (bush bean) leaf discs. Our growth method allowed separation of the cell enlargement phase of leaf expansion from the cell division phase. In two series of experiments with different types of UV-B screening filters, the effect of increasing levels of UV-B on the area of excised P. vulgaris leaf discs was investigated. One set of experiments utilized polyester (UV-B-absorbing) and cellulose acetate (UV-B-transmitting) filters. The other set utilized UV-B-absorbing and UV-B-transmitting acrylic filters. Regardless of which type of filter was used for screening, high (above summer solstice) levels of supplemental UV-B inhibited cell enlargement in a linear, dose-dependent manner, resulting in smaller leaf discs than treatment with UV-B-absorbing filters. Conversely, low levels of supplemental UV-B enhanced cell enlargement in a linear, dose-dependent manner, resulting in larger leaf discs than did treatment with UV-B-absorbing filters. The results suggest a biphasic response to UV-B, and that there is an optimum UV-B level that results in maximum leaf expansion by cell enlargement.

Cell Division↗
PubMed2000

Hormonal influence on photocontrol of the protandry in the genus Helianthus.

Under natural photoperiodic conditions protandry in hermaphrodite disc flowers of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) is determined by the different elongation rates of the style and filaments. The elongation of the filament and style starts simultaneously after the daily dark period, but the style growth rate is slower. When plants close to anthesis are exposed to continuous white light (WL) a loss of protandry occurs: the filaments do not grow far enough to extrude the anthers from the corolla. The histological analyses show that the number of filament epidermal cells remains unaltered after organ elongation and that cells respond to photoperiod only by cell expansion. Emasculation does not substantially inhibit filament cell expansion, whereas isolation of the filament or stamen from the corolla suggests that this organ could be the perception site of the filament growth stimulus. In vitro treatments with auxin (indole-3-acetic acid, IAA or alpha-naphthaleneacetic acid, NAA) reverses the inhibition of cell expansion caused by continuous WL, whereas gibberellic acid (GA(3)) at high concentrations reproduces the effect of continuous WL. Experiments carried out on various Helianthus spp. show that all these plants have evolved the same photo- and hormonal-control of the protandry. In experiments in which the light treatments were continued for 24 h, the auxins drastically reduced the inhibiting effect of red light (R) and dichromatic treatments FR (far red)+R, whereas GA(3) repressed filament extension regardless of light quality. As far as auxins are concerned, the response of sunflower filaments does not appear to be connected with the polar transport of the hormone. Moreover, the promoting effect of darkness is not mediated by an increase of endogenous free IAA in disc flowers. However, sunflower filaments manifested a similar temporal pattern of response to the light/dark cycle and to auxin.

Helianthus↗
PubMed2000

The history of the microscope for use in ear surgery.

PURPOSE OF STUDY: To study the historical development of the binocular microscope used in ear surgery. METHOD: Compilation of the texts of the era and books dealing with ear surgery, and a review of the international literature on the subject. RESULTS: The first descriptions of the microscope date to the 17th century; however, it was not until 1921 that the microscope was used for the first time in ear surgery by a Swedish otologist, Carl Olof Nylen. This monocular microscope was rapidly replaced by a binocular microscope developed in 1922 by Gunnar Holmgren. Because of its limited field of vision, very short focal distance, poor light quality, and instability, this microscope was seldom used initially. Despite the development of many different models, it was not until 1951 that a new model appeared, perfected by Littmann and the Zeiss Company. This model replaced all other models progressively, thanks to its ease of use and the possibility of changing the magnification without modifying its focal distance. It allowed for the development of tympanoplasties and stapes surgery. The latest developments include the three-dimensional imaging and navigation systems. CONCLUSION: The microscope followed an evolutionary process that led to the actual binocular microscope, which is found in every institution where otology and ear surgery are performed.

Ear↗
PubMed2005

[Photosensitization due to drugs: adverse reaction and beneficial effect].

In all areas of everyday life men get in touch with photosensitizers which increase the susceptibility to solar light. Dermal reactions arise after exposure to a photosensitizer and light. Quality and intensity depend on the compound and the radiation dose. Many drugs provoke these responses appearing as an adverse reaction during conventional treatment or as beneficial effect in the context of photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photochemotherapy (PUVA, ECP). Basic mechanisms and clinical aspects are reviewed.

Humans↗
PubMed1990

[Effect of phototoxic substances on simple biological systems. I. Standardizing the method with furocoumarins].

As a basis for the investigation of new substances in respect of their photosensitization effects, we established and standardized 3 microbiological test systems, which enabled us to do without animal experiments. Using several furocumarines and various sources of light, we performed a comparative study on the eukaryotes, Chlamydomonas reinhardii (CR) and Candida albicans, and the prokaryote, Bacillus subtilis. We found that, if different light qualities were employed, our test systems also allowed a comparison of different substances by means of half-quantitative evaluation of the inhibiting areolas, which appear after exposure. With regard to the furocumarines, 8- and 5-methoxypsoralene (MOP) had the strongest photosensitizing effect under all test conditions. The remaining furocumarines showed decreasing effectiveness from psoralene to trimethylpsoralene (TMP) and imperatorine; psoralene, however, was slightly more effective in CR than 5-MOP. With the exception of CR, TMP had a stronger effect on the micro-organisms than imperatorine.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Regulation of Egr-1, VIP, and Shh mRNA and Egr-1 protein in the mouse retina by light and image quality.

PURPOSE: To analyze mRNA expression changes of Egr-1, VIP, and Shh under different light and treatment conditions in mice. The mRNA expression levels of the three genes and additionally the Egr-1 protein expression were compared in form deprived eyes and eyes with normal vision. Moreover, the influence of dark to light and light to dark transitions and of changes in retinal illumination on mRNA levels was investigated. METHODS: Form deprivation of mice was induced by fitting frosted diffusers over one eye and an attentuation matched neutral density (ND) filter over the other eye. To measure the effects of retinal illumination changes on mRNA expression, animals were bilaterally fitted with different ND filters. Semiquantitative real-time RT-PCR was used to measure the mRNA levels and immunohistochemistry was applied to localize and detect Egr-1 protein. RESULTS: The expression levels of both Egr-1 mRNA and protein were reduced in form deprived eyes compared to their fellow eyes after 30 min and 1 h, respectively. Egr-1 mRNA was strikingly upregulated both after dark to light and light to dark transitions, whereas minor changes in retinal illumination by covering the eyes with neutral density filters did not alter Egr-1 mRNA expression. In mice, the mRNA levels of VIP and Shh were not affected by form deprivation, but they were found to be regulated depending on the time of day. CONCLUSIONS: Both Egr-1 mRNA and protein expression levels were strongly regulated by light, especially by transitions between light and darkness. Image contrast may exert an additional influence on mRNA and protein expression of Egr-1, particularly in the cells in the ganglion cell layer and in bipolar cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Acclimation of Haslea ostrearia to light of different spectral qualities - confirmation of 'chromatic adaptation' in diatoms.

The marine diatom Haslea ostrearia was cultured under light of different qualities, white (WL), blue (BL), green (GL), yellow (YL), red (RL), and far-red (FRL) and at two irradiance levels, low and high (20 and 100 micromolphotonsm(-2)s(-1), respectively). The effects of the different light regimes were studied on growth, pigment content, and photosynthesis, estimated by the modulated fluorescence of chlorophyll, as relative electron transport rate (rETR). For all the light qualities studied, growth rates were higher at high irradiance. Compared to the corresponding WL controls, growth was higher in BL and lower in YL at low irradiance, and lower in YL and GL at high irradiance. Except for YL, almost all the pigment contents of the cells were lower at high irradiance. At low irradiance, cell pigment contents (chlorophyll a and c, fucoxanthin) and pigment ratios (in function of chlorophyll a) were lower in YL, RL, and FRL. Whatever the irradiance level, the maximum PSII quantum efficiency (F(v)/F(m) remained almost constant for WL, BL, and GL. Other fluorescence parameters (photochemical quenching, rETR(max), and alpha, the maximum light utilization coefficient) were lower in GL, YL, RL, and FRL, at low irradiance. Although not statistically significant, BL caused an increase in these fluorescence parameters. These findings are interpreted as evidence that inverse chromatic acclimation occurs in diatoms.

Acclimatization↗
PubMed2004

Cyclic AMP levels in several macroalgae and their relation to light quantity and quality.

Total cAMP levels were measured in the macroalgae Dictyota dichotoma, Gelidium sesquipedale and Ulva rigida under different light conditions in order to study its regulation either by phytochrome or photosynthesis. Incubation in red or far-red light did not promote a phytochrome-like response; instead, it showed a synergistic effect upon cAMP accumulation. cAMP levels seemed to depend on the amount of energy applied. The correlation between photosynthetic oxygen evolution and cAMP variations at sub-saturating white light irradiance pointed to photosynthetic electron transport as involved in the regulation of cAMP accumulation at least in G. sesquipedale and U. rigida. Inhibitors of thylakoidal and mitochondrial electron transport chains reduced cAMP levels in 70 to 99%. We conclude that cAMP accumulation could be regulated by photosynthetic activity rather than phytochrome in the macroalgae studied.

Cyclic AMP↗
PubMed2003

Cyclic-AMP levels in the lichen Evernia prunastri are modulated by light quantity and quality.

Changes in the accumulation of cAMP levels were measured by the isotope dilution assay using protein kinase A in the lichen Evernia prunastri at varying light conditions. cAMP levels decreased following exposure to low irradiance (20 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1), and below the compensation point for photosynthesis) of red light (600-710-nm wave length) and increased by 50% after far-red light illumination (15 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1), 710-800-nm wavelength). Far-red partially reverted the effect of red light when the former was supplied after the latter. cAMP increased to its maximum level under high irradiance supplied by a non-photomorphogenic yellow light source (400 micromol quanta m(-2) s(-1), reaching photosynthetic saturation). The addition of small quantities of red and far-red light, however, had profound restricting effects on cAMP accumulation. The addition of inhibitors of electron transport chains did not promote any significant change in cAMP levels in any of the treatments, indicating that cAMP accumulation could not depend on ATP synthesis. We propose that the response of cAMP accumulation at low irradiance comprises the activation of a morphogenic pathway through a red/far-red photoreceptor. In addition, at high irradiance the response would occur most likely through photosystems II and I acting as sensors of light quantity, that can be strongly modified by the red/far-red photomorphogenic system. Thus, cAMP would be involved in sensing the overall light environment.

Carbon Dioxide↗
PubMed2003

Electrical conductivity of polyelectrolyte solutions in the presence of added salt: The role of the solvent quality factor in light of a scaling approach.

The effects of added salt on the electrical conductivity behavior of a polyelectrolyte solution are described in light of the scaling approach recently proposed by Dobrynin and Rubinstein [Macromolecules 28, 1859 (1995); 32, 915 (1999)], taking into account the influence of the solvent quality factor. The coupling between the conformation of the chain and the local charge distribution, giving rise to different conductometric behaviors, has been investigated under different conditions, in a wide concentration range of added salt. The polyion equivalent conductances lambda(p) have been evaluated in different concentration regimes for a hydrophilic polyion in good solvent condition and compared with the experimental values obtained from electrical conductivity measurements. The agreement is rather good in the wide range of concentration of the added salt investigated. In the case of poor solvent conditions, we find the appropriate expressions for the electrical conductivity when the polyion chain consists into collapsed beads alternating with stretched segments in the framework of the necklace globule model.

Electric Conductivity↗
PubMed1982

Effects of light quantity and quality on the decarboxylation of malic Acid in crassulacean Acid metabolism photosynthesis.

The rate of malic acid consumption in the Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plant Kalanchoë daigremontiana Hamet et Perrier was found to be more rapid than the rate of photosynthetic oxygen evolution under all levels of irradiation by white light. This accounts for the accumulation of carbon dioxide in CAM tissues in the light.Action spectra of malate consumption and photosynthetic oxygen evolution in Kalanchoë were similar. Experiments using monochromatic photosynthetically active light in addition to a range of narrow waveband irradiations demonstrated that malic acid consumption in the experiments from which the action spectrum of acid consumption was constructed was not limited by the rate of photosynthesis. These data indicate that light involved in the promotion of malate consumption in CAM is absorbed by the same pigments that absorb the light which powers photosynthesis.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1983

A New Mechanism for Adaptation to Changes in Light Intensity and Quality in the Red Alga Porphyra perforata: III. Fluorescence Transients in the Presence of 3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea.

In the red alga Porphyra perforata, the level of chlorophyll fluorescence in the presence of 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (DCMU) decreased during illumination of the thallus. The results showed that: (a) this decay was related to the photooxidative activity of photosystem I; (b) Q, the primary electron acceptor of photosystem II, became oxidized during the decay of the fluorescence; (c) reagents which inhibit the back reaction of photosystem II inhibited the decay.From these results, it is suggested that, when conditions in the chloroplasts of this red alga become too oxidative, excess light energy can be converted to heat as a result of an accelerated back reaction of photosystem II. This may be one of the mechanisms by which this alga can cope with the high salt and high light conditions that can occur in its natural habitat.

Journal Article↗