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PubMed1991

A fact database for toxicological data at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Japan.

The computerized fact database for the toxicity data of chemicals was constructed at the National Institute of Hygienic Sciences, Tokyo, Japan (biological database, BL-DB). The BL-DB stores data on mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, and other toxicological tests of chemicals that appeared in the scientific literature. The BL-DB includes information about chemical identification, test system, results of the assays, and a bibliography. The system consists of five modules: data collection, data maintenance, data search, data downloading, and backup. ADABAS is used as a core database management system. Many kinds of test data are stored with the same formats; therefore, users can retrieve data of different toxicological data by the same manner. A user of the BL-DB can use about 50 kinds of commands to interact with the system, and the majority of fields are defined as search fields, thereby facilitating retrieval of target data through many ways. Currently, there are mainly data for the mutagenicity, especially on the Salmonella/microsome assay and the rodent micronucleus assay. These data can be retrieved and used for structure-activity relationship studies.

Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
PubMed2000

Why scientists should cooperate with journalists.

Despite a widespread impression that the public is woefully ignorant of science and cares little for the subject, U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) surveys show the majority are very interested and understand that they are not well informed about science. The data are consistent with the author's view that the popularity of pseudoscience does not indicate a rejection of science. If this is so, opportunities for scientists to communicate with the public promise a more rewarding result than is commonly believed among scientists. In fact, the increasing visibility of science in the mass media correlates with a slow, steady improvement in public understanding of science in recent years.

Communication↗
PubMed1994

Biological sciences in Chile and South America, 1981-1991: a citationist perspective. Output data and specialty area impact trends.

The purpose of this report is to examine the biological sciences in Chile and South America in bibliographic terms -the number of papers each nation published from 1981-1991 and the number of citations to them in the international research literature. The database consists of 34,600 biological science papers from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela in the 1981-1991 Science Citation Index files of the Institute for Scientific Information. Twelve specialty areas were selected to represent the biological sciences of special interest to Chile: animal sciences, biochemistry/biophysics, environmental sciences, experimental biology/medicine, immunology, microbiology/cell biology, molecular biology/genetics, neurosciences, pharmacology, physiology, plant sciences, and reproductive sciences. Data are reported on the number of papers in these fields, combined, by authors based in Chile and other South American nations. In addition, time-series trends in the impact (average citations per paper) of Chilean research relative to South America as a whole, overall and in each specialty, are presented and discussed.

Bibliometrics↗
PubMed2006

Patterns of normal human brain plasticity after practice and their implications for neurorehabilitation.

OBJECTIVES: To illustrate how our knowledge about normal patterns of experience-induced plasticity can provide insights into the mechanisms of neurorehabilitation; to provide an overview of the practice-effects literature in order to simplify and amalgamate a large number of heterogeneous findings and identify typical patterns of practice effects and their determining factors; and to concentrate on the impact of practice on higher cognitive functions, such as working memory, and present some preliminary but promising behavioral data that show how practice on a complex cognitive task can benefit cognitive functioning more generally. DATA SOURCES: We performed a systematic search for peer-reviewed journal articles using computerized databases (PubMed, ISI Web of Science, PsycINFO). DATA SELECTION: Neuroimaging studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) or positron-emission tomography (PET) to examine functional activation changes as a result of practice on sensory, motor, or cognitive tasks in normal (healthy) populations were included in the review. Further studies were identified that examined the effects of rehabilitative training on functional activations in clinical populations using fMRI or PET. DATA EXTRACTION: Important characteristics of the selected studies were summarized in a systematic manner so to enable the extraction of specific factors impacting on the pattern of practice effects observed. DATA SYNTHESIS: We identified a number of factors that impact on the patterns of practice effects observed and discuss how the insights gained from the study of healthy populations can by applied to rehabilitation of cognitive deficits in clinical populations. CONCLUSIONS: Progress in our understanding of neurorehabilitative plasticity will be enabled by neuroimaging examinations of cognitive rehabilitation training grounded in a knowledge of normal (healthy) patterns of brain activation and practice-induced plasticity.

Brain↗
PubMed1998

Historical databases in Scandinavia.

"Researchers and archivists in Denmark, Sweden, and Norway have created several databases containing transcripts of historical, nominative sources such as censuses and ministerial records. In this way they continue a century-long tradition of record keeping that tracks virtually every Nordic citizen. The characteristics of the databases differ from country to country, however, requiring different research strategies in each. This article reviews how the data bases are built, what they contain, and how they can be accessed by the worldwide community of scholars."

Data Collection↗
PubMed2003

W3Y single mutant of rubredoxin from Pyrococcus furiosus: a preliminary time-of-flight neutron study.

Rubredoxin from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Pyrococcus furiosus maintains its native structure at high temperatures (373 K). In order to investigate the role of hydrogen bonding, hydration and chain dynamics in this thermostability, wavelength-resolved Laue neutron diffraction data have been collected from the W3Y single mutant (Trp3-->Tyr3) on the spallation neutron protein crystallography station (PCS) at Los Alamos Neutron Science Center. Data were measured at room temperature from nine crystal settings, each of approximately 12 h duration. The total data-measurement period was less than 5 d from a single crystal that had undergone H(2)O/D(2)O exchange. The nominal resolution of the data is 2.1 A.

Crystallization↗
PubMed2000

Pharmacogenetic screening for susceptibility to fetal malformations in women.

OBJECTIVE: To present a review of the literature and research on the pharmacogenetics of congenital defects, with a focus on the need for predictive maternal genotype assays. DATA SOURCE: MEDLINE searches (January 1985-January 1999), past reference reviews, and unpublished research. STUDY SELECTION: Review of relevant human, animal, and basic science studies. DATA EXTRACTION: Data on research on polymorphisms, genotyping, cytochrome P450 enzyme systems, epoxide hydrolase, folate metabolism, metabolism of anticonvulsant medications, molecular genetics of neural tube defects, variations in drug metabolism, and environmental exposures were evaluated. DATA SYNTHESIS: Data synthesis includes not only a review of the literature but suggests ways such data might be used to facilitate the development of maternal genotype assays, with the goal of preventing birth defects. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals vary in how they metabolize drugs and handle toxic environmental exposures. In an ideal pregnancy, there is no or limited exposure to medications and environmental agents. However, in women with chronic medical conditions such as heart disease and seizures, this is often not possible. Unfortunately, no techniques have been available to identify those at risk in this population. Gene polymorphisms for a specific enzyme may result in an absence or reduction in the level of enzyme activity or in no change at all, with little effect on the structure/function of the gene product(s); they are not associated with clinical phenotypes in either the mother or the fetus. Other polymorphisms may be only markers. Thus, developing genotyping assays for women that are predictive of phenotype expression in the fetus is the key to screening for polymorphisms. As more mutations are identified and clinical, pharmacologic, biologic, and pharmacokinetic relationships are established, using these polymorphisms to develop a genotyping assay for women may become a clinical reality, possibly leading to preventive prepregnancy or prenatal treatment that may play an increasingly effective role in maternal care.

Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMed1994

Blood will tell (won't it?): a century of molecular discourse in anthropological systematics.

Being derived from the hereditary material, molecular genetic data are often assumed to be a source of sounder inferences about evolution than data from other kinds of investigations. This, however, tends to be taken in the absence of a clear knowledge of the evolutionary processes at work, the technical shortcomings, and the manner of deriving the specific conclusions. The history of biological anthropology shows that, from the beginning of the 20th century, grossly naive conclusions have been promoted simply on the basis that they are derived from genetics, without having been fully thought-out. A balanced consideration of the shortcomings as well as the advantages of genetic data are necessary for its proper integration into the advantages of genetic data are necessary for its proper integration into the field. When molecular and morphological data disagree, both must be re-examined carefully, for genetics has been used irresponsibly as a form of scientific validation, both in American society and in American science. Contemporary data bearing on the molecular relationships of the apes are note-worthy for their diversity in quality, and need to be evaluated in the light of molecular and microevolutionary theory.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Historical demography in China: review and perspective.

"This paper argues that the development of historical demography in China will not only contribute greatly to our understanding of the particular population and social development dynamics in China, but will also enhance our understanding of the role of population for social and economic development in general.... After a review of the recent development of population studies in China, this paper will review the current state of Chinese historical demography and examine some research issues and data sources which can help broaden the horizons of population research in China."

Asia↗
PubMed2005

Using incomplete citation data for MEDLINE results ranking.

Information overload is a significant problem for modern medicine. Searching MEDLINE for common topics often retrieves more relevant documents than users can review. Therefore, we must identify documents that are not only relevant, but also important. Our system ranks articles using citation counts and the PageRank algorithm, incorporating data from the Science Citation Index. However, citation data is usually incomplete. Therefore, we explore the relationship between the quantity of citation information available to the system and the quality of the result ranking. Specifically, we test the ability of citation count and PageRank to identify "important articles" as defined by experts from large result sets with decreasing citation information. We found that PageRank performs better than simple citation counts, but both algorithms are surprisingly robust to information loss. We conclude that even an incomplete citation database is likely to be effective for importance ranking.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1997

World population in a grid of spherical quadrilaterals.

"We report on a project that converted subnational population data to a raster of cells on the earth. We note that studies using satellites as collection devices yield results indexed by latitude and longitude. Thus it makes sense to assemble the terrestrial arrangement of people in a compatible manner. This alternative is explored here, using latitude/longitude quadrilaterals as bins for population information.... The results to date of putting world boundary coordinates together with estimates of the number of people are described. The estimated 1994 population of 219 countries, subdivided into 19,032 polygons, has been assigned to over six million five minute by five minute quadrilaterals covering the world."

Data Collection↗
PubMed1997

[Estradiol Reference Standard (Control 961) of National Institute of Health Sciences].

The raw material for estradiol was examined for preparation of the "Estradiol Reference Standard (Control 961)" of National Institute of Health Sciences. Analytical data obtained were as follows: melting point, 179.1 degrees C; UV spectrum, lambda max = 281 nm; IR spectrum, the same as that of the Estradiol Reference Standard of National Institute of Health Sciences (Control 931); optical rotation, [alpha]20D = +79.5 degrees; thin-layer chromatography, one impurity was detected; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a trace amount of three impurities were detected; loss on drying, 3.17%; assay, 99.4% by UV spectrophotometry and 99.0% by HPLC. Based on the above results, the raw material was authorized as the Estradiol Reference Standard (Control 961) of National Institute of Health Sciences.

Estradiol↗