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PubMed1981

Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase and manganese-containing superoxide dismutase in human tissues and human malignant tumors.

Superoxide dismutases might conceivably protect against both ionizing radiation and free radical-producing antibiotic antitumor drugs. Copper- and zinc-containing superoxide dismutase (CuZn superoxide dismutase) and manganese-containing superoxide dismutase (Mn superoxide dismutase) were specifically assayed in human malignant tumors and for comparison in human tissues. The tumors possessed less CuZn superoxide dismutase than did the more metabolically active tissues, but there was a large overlap between the tissue and the tumor levels. Mn superoxide dismutase was found in all tumors, and the ratio between the activities of CuZn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase was not different from that of the normal tissues. Human tumors are thus different from tumors from other species which have been reported to be deficient or very low in Mn superoxide dismutase. There was no obvious relation between sensitivity to ionizing radiation and content of the enzymes among the tumors and the tissues, nor did tumor types known to be responsive to radical-producing drugs possess less CuZn superoxide dismutase or Mn superoxide dismutase than other tumors.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

[Bacterial reducing qualities of copper-containing and non-copper-containing materials. I. Contamination and sedimentation in humid and dry conditions].

In this examination the bactericide qualities of different materials were tested. Particularly the effect of humidity was examined. 3 materials containing copper ("copper", "brass" and "brass sheet") and 2 materials not containing copper ("polyamide B" and "high-grade steel") were tested. The surfaces of the 5 types of material were contaminated with a suspension of 2 different bacteria species (Staphylococcus aureus and Micrococcus luteus). After defined exposure times the survival rate of the microorganisms on the surfaces was determined by the standardized method of the "Guidelines of the German Society of Hygiene and Microbiology". Additionally the sedimentation of airborne microorganisms on the materials was tested by determining the number of colony-forming-units after defined exposure times. In further examinations the materials were contaminated by hands, which were dipped into a suspension of different microorganisms (Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The following ways of contaminating the test materials were chosen: single contamination with wet hands, repeated contamination with wet and dry hands. After defined exposure times the survival rate of the microorganisms on the surfaces was determined. The results show, a bactericide quality of copper depends on the percent of copper-content of the tested materials, exposure time, humidity, frequency of contamination and bacteria species. Humidity and only single contamination cause a reduction of bacteria. Reduction of gram-negative bacteria is more easily than reduction of gram-positive bacteria. Enterococcus faecium shows the highest, Pseudomonas aeruginosa the lowest reduction rate of bacteria in the following sequence: Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Air Microbiology↗
PubMed1993

The cracked container, the containing crack: chronic illness--its effect on the therapist and the therapeutic process.

In this paper, we have tried to examine the complex dynamics of the therapist's physical chronic illness. Little attention has been paid to physical non-functioning, especially during chronic illness, and its psychotherapeutic corollaries. A crucial theme is the extent of damage to the capacity to contain. It is our claim that, when sufficiently worked through, the 'cracked therapeutic container' may serve as a facilitator of better understanding and enhance empathy. The impact of chronic illness on the therapeutic setting, contract, process and language is discussed as well as some salient features of chronicity.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Relative bioavailability of rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol from a combination tablet vs. concomitant administration of a capsule containing rifampicin and a tablet containing isoniazid and ethambutol.

Twenty male volunteers who were slow metabolisers of isoniazid, completed this single-blind, single-dose, randomised, cross-over study to compare the bioavailability of rifampicin (CAS 13292-46-1), isoniazid (CAS 54-85-3) and ethambutol (CAS 1070-11-7) from Myrin tablets (test preparation) with the bioavailability of these drugs from a combination of capsules containing rifampicin and tablets containing isoniazid and ethambutol (reference). There were 2 treatment periods and on clinic days volunteers were given either the reference (300 mig rifampicin plus 200 mg isoniazid and 600 mg ethambutol HCl), or the test preparation (300 mg rifampicin, 150 mg isoniazid and 600 mg ethambutol HCl). Serial blood samples were drawn from the volunteers and rifampicin, isoniazid and ethambutol assays were performed. The results of this study indicate that the test preparation is equivalent to the reference with respect to both the rate and the extent of absorption of rifampicin, isoniazid (after adjustment for the different doses of isoniazid and ethambutol).

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[A new class of small RNP (alpha-RNP) containing antisense RNA in K-562 cells. IV. The coordinated regulation of the expression of Alu-containing mRNA and alpha-RNA during differentiation].

Small alpha-RNP of K-562 cells contain a small RNA as an RNA component, this RNA is homologous to Alu-repeating sequences of human DNA. When cells are exposed to dimethylsulfoxide, an agent inducing cell differentiation along the erythroid pathway, the content of both high-molecular-weight (heterogeneous nuclear and messenger) RNA enriched with Alu repeats and low-molecular-weight specific RNA, small Alu-homologous alpha-RNA undergoes a coordinated decrease. Using the technique of northern blot hybridization, we have demonstrated nonuniform distribution of Alu repeats both in the fraction of total low-molecular-weight RNA of the cytoplasm as well as in the fraction of messenger RNA. It is proposed that alpha-RNA (alpha-RNP) participates in the control of expression of non-linked Alu-containing genes.

Blotting, Northern↗
PubMed1976

[Effect of mutagens on RNA-containing phages and its infectious RNA. VII. Genetic nature of morphologic mutants of RNA-containing phage MS2].

Temperature-sensitive "leaky" mutants of phage MS2 having white dense ring around negative colonies are described. As these mutants are used for quantitative genetic studies, the white ring presents interest. Typical mutant 40 is used as a model for investigation. Light microscopy has shown, that cells from white ring zone have spore-like inclusions, which determine the characteristic structure of surrounding mutant negative colonies. Cytochemical reactions for the presence of glicogen, lipids, volutin, nuclear material and spores were negative. Electrone microscopy of negatively stained samples and ultrathin sections has revealed that cells from white ring zone, unlike phage-infected wild type cells, have two types of electron dense inclusions: 1) crystalline structures formed with great number of closely packed mature phage particles, and 2) large amorphic bodies. Electrone microscope-cytochemical data showed that inclusions remain intact under treatment of ultrathin sections of white zone ring with DNase and perchloric acid, while nuclear material was completely destroyed. Amorphic bodied were completely destructed after the treatment with RNase, while nuclear material and crystalline phage aggregated remained unchanged. Therefore, amorphic bodies consist of RNA, which has not been used to form virions. Single cycle of the development of mutant 40 at 37 degrees and 43 degrees C and under the temperature of incubation 37 degrees leads to 43 degrees C and 43 degrees leads to 37 degrees C in the course of intracellular reproduction is investigated. Influence of the phage on growth on infected culture is studied. The data obtained draw to a conclusion that the impaired function belongs to cystron protein of the phage membrane. As certain mutations in this cystrone of RNA-containing phage result in the depression of cystrone RNA polymerase, it is supposed that the formation of RNA containing bodies in infected cells, determining the formation of white rings in NA, together with cristalline aggregates of cells, is a result of mutation damage of cystrone protein of the phage MS2 membrane.

Coliphages↗
PubMed1996

Lambda clone B22 contains a 7676 bp genomic fragment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae chromosome VII spanning the VAM7-SPM2 intergenic region and containing three novel transcribed open reading frames.

A genomic clone of 7676 bp designated B22 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been sequenced. The 5' end matches the previously described gene, VAM7, and the 3' end matches the previously described gene, SPM2, both of which have been assigned to the left arm of chromosome VII. The intergenic region contains three transcribed open reading frames (ORFs). The first is related to an uncharacterized ORF of Bacillus subtilis and more weakly to MesJ in Escherichia coli; this is found as a single transcript of 1.1 kb by Northern blotting. The second ORF encodes a small ras-like GTPase of 222 residues with strong homology to yeast Ypt8p and to mammalian Rab11; this is found as a single transcript of 1.1 kb by Northern blotting. The third ORF generates a transcript of 1.6 kb and encodes a protein of 382 residues including a perfect match to the consensus sequence of a C2H2 zinc finger domain; it shares a strong homology with yeast Mig1p and Cre-A from Aspergillus, Emericella and E. coli. This ORF also has a striking similarity to a putative 43 kDa zinc finger protein encoded by an ORF (YEL8) immediately downstream of YPT8, raising the possibility that a region between VAM7 and SPM2 on chromosome VII arose as a duplication of the YPT8-YEL8 region of chromosome V, followed by a translocation.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1981

Topographic atlas of somatostatin-containing neurons system in the avian brain in relation to catecholamine-containing neurons system. I. Telencephalon and diencephalon.

The morphological organization of the somatostatin (SRIF)-positive neurons in the forebrain (telencephalon and diencephalon) of the warbling grass parakeet (Melopsittacus undulatus) was studied using the indirect immunohistochemical technique of Coons and co-workers ('58). In the telencephalon, a number of SRIF-positive neurons was detected in the lobus paraolfactorius, hippocampus, and paleostriatum. Furthermore, scattered SRIF-labeled cells were noticed in the area corticoidea dorsolateralis and area temporoparieto-occipitalis. A moderate density of immunoreactive fibers was found in the above areas. In addition, although the septal areas was devoid of SRIF-positive neurons, this area contained a moderate occurred in the following hypothalamic areas: (1) nucleus medialis hypothalami posterior, (2) lateral hypothalamus, and (3) mammillary nucleus. The bird hypothalamus also received a strikingly massive SRIF innervation. The heaviest concentration of SRIF-labeled fibers was detected in the medial eminence. Many SRIF-labeled fibers were also observed in other hypothalamic regions. Their locations roughly corresponded in many cases to the areas in which SRIF-positive neurons were disclosed. The overall distribution of the catecholamine system (CA) of the avian forebrain is also represented by means of histofluorescent technique. A possible interaction between SRIF and CA neurons systems is briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Topographic atlas of somatostatin-containing neuron system in the avian brain in relation to catecholamine-containing neuron system. II. Mesencephalon, rhombencephalon, and spinal cord.

With the indirect immunofluorescence technique of Coon's and collaborators, overall distribution of the somatostatin (SRIF)-positive neurons system in the avian lower brain stem was explored. Numerous cell somata containing SRIF were identified in the interpeduncular nucleus and substantia grisea centralis (GCT) at the level of the nucleus nervi trochlearis. Furthermore, a moderate number of SRIF-positive neurons were seen in the tectum opticum, nucleus tractus solitarii, and spinal cord. Scattered labeled cells were noticed in the rhombencephalon. A dense network of SRIF-positive fibers was distributed widely in the lower brain stem of birds. Their locations corresponded in many cases to the areas where SRIF-positive neurons were found. The present study also presents the distribution of the catecholamine (CA) neuron system in the avian lower brain stem. Possible interactions between SRIF and CA neurons systems are briefly discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Influence of the radiopacifier in an acrylic bone cement on its mechanical, thermal, and physical properties: barium sulfate-containing cement versus iodine-containing cement.

In all acrylic bone cement formulations in clinical use today, radiopacity is provided by micron-sized particles (typical mean diameter of between about 1 and 2 microm) of either BaSO(4) or ZrO(2). However, a number of research reports have highlighted the fact that these particles have deleterious effects on various properties of the cured cement. Thus, there is interest in alternative radiopacifiers. The present study focuses on one such alternative. Specifically, a cement that contains covalently bound iodine in the powder (herein designated the I-cement) was compared with a commercially available cement of comparable composition (C-ment3), in which radiopacity is provided by BaSO(4) particles (this cement is herein designated the B-cement), on the basis of the strength (sigma(b)), modulus (E(b)), and work-to-fracture (U(b)), under four-point bending, plane-strain fracture toughness (K(IC)), Weibull mean fatigue life, N(WM) (fatigue conditions: +/-15 MPa; 2 Hz), activation energy (Q), and frequency factor (ln Z) for the cement polymerization process (both determined by using differential scanning calorimetry at heating rates of 5, 10, 15, and 20 K min(-1)), and the diffusion coefficient for the absorption of phosphate-buffered saline at 37 degrees C (D). For the B-cement, the values of sigma(b), E(b), U(b), K(IC), N(WM), Q, ln Z, and D were 53 +/- 3 MPa, 3000 +/- 120 MPa, 108 +/- 15 kJ m(-3), 1.67 +/- 0.02 MPa check mark m, 7197 cycles, 243 +/- 17 kJ mol(-1), 87 +/- 6, and (3.15 +/- 0.94) x 10(-12) m(2) s(-1), respectively. For the I-cement, the corresponding values were 58 +/- 5 MPa, 2790 +/- 140 MPa, 118 +/- 45 kJ m(-3), 1.73 +/- 0.11 MPa check mark m, 5520 cycles, 267 +/- 19 kJ mol(-1), 95 +/- 9, and (3.83 +/- 0.25) x 10(-12) m(2) s(-1). For each of the properties of the fully cured cement, except for the rate constant of the polymerization reaction, at 37 degrees C (k'), as estimated from the Q and ln Z results, there is no statistically significant difference between the two cements. k' for the I-cement was about a third that for the B-cement, suggesting that the former cement has a higher thermal stability. The influence of various characteristics of the starting powder (mean particle size, particle size distribution, and morphology) on the properties of the cured cements appears to be complex. When all the present results are considered, there is a clear indication that the I-cement is a viable candidate cement for use in cemented arthroplasties in place of the B-cement.

Arthroplasty↗
PubMed1976

Isolation from bovine brain of a fraction containing capillaries and a fraction containing membrane fragments of the choroid plexus.

Combined differential and density gradient centrifugation was used for the isolation of a capillary-rich fraction from the cerebral cortex and a brush border containing fraction from the bovine choroid plexus. The activities of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and several other marker enzymes were monitored during the fractionation procedure. Electron microscopic examination showed a membrane-rich fraction in the choroid plexus high in the gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and 5'-nucleotidase activities. From the brain cortex, a capillary-rich fraction was obtained which was high in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and alkaline phosphatase activities. A histochemical examination showed gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity localized in the capillary walls.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed2004

Regional distribution of SK3 mRNA-containing neurons in the adult and adolescent rat ventral midbrain and their relationship to dopamine-containing cells.

SK3 small conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels play an important role in regulating the activity of mesencephalic dopamine (DA) neurons. In the present series of experiments, in situ hybridization techniques were used to compare SK3 and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA expression throughout the rostrocaudal extent of the ventral midbrain in juvenile and adult rats. SK3 mRNA was found exclusively in areas that also contained large numbers of DA neurons including the substantia nigra (SN), the ventral tegmental area, and related cell groups (VTA-A10). An anteroposterior and mediolateral gradient in SK3 mRNA hybridization was apparent in the VTA-A10 but not in the SN. Younger rats appeared to possess higher levels and less regional variation in TH and SK3 transcripts. These results are consistent with previous studies reporting differential expression of SK3 protein within the midbrain and suggest that variations in SK3 channel distribution could contribute to differences in dopamine-related functions in the rat.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1999

Vicinal-thiol-containing molecules enhance but mono-thiol-containing molecules reduce nickel-induced DNA strand breaks.

Several thiol-containing molecules (TCM) are currently used as antidotes for nickel, and vicinal TCM seem to be more effective in mobilizing tissue nickel than are mono TCM. Using single cell alkaline electrophoresis, we have shown that the vicinal TCM, meso-2, 3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), 2,3-dimercaptopropane-1-sulfonate, and 2,3-dimercaptopropanol markedly enhanced, whereas the mono TCM, D-penicillamide, glutathione, beta-mercaptoethanol, and diethyl dithiocarbomate, reduced nickel chloride (Ni)-induced DNA breaks in a human leukemia cell line, NB4 cells. Ni or TCM alone did not induce plasmid DNA breaks in test tubes and neither did Ni plus mono TCM; however, Ni plus vicinal TCM did. Vicinal TCM did, but mono TCM did not generate H(2)O(2) in solution. H(2)O(2) alone did not, but H(2)O(2) plus Ni induced plasmid DNA breaks. Although Ni plus glutathione did not break DNA, Ni plus glutathione plus H(2)O(2) did. The Ni-DMSA-induced DNA breaks in NB4 cells, as well as in plasmids, were completely prevented by d-mannitol or partially prevented by several antioxidants. Therefore, the DNA breaks induced by Ni plus vicinal TCM seem to be due to the complex of Ni with TCM in concert with the H(2)O(2) produced by the vicinal TCM. The results that DMSA at a concentration as low as 5 microM enhanced the Ni-induced DNA breaks suggest a further evaluation of the TCM as nickel chelators is needed.

Cell Line↗
PubMed1994

Nitric oxide synthase-containing, peptide-containing, and acetylcholinesterase-positive nerves in the cat lower oesophagus.

The innervation of the cat lower oesophagus, including the lower oesophageal sphincter, was studied by enzyme histochemistry, immunohistochemistry, and confocal microscopy. In the lower oesophageal sphincter, and at a level 2 cm above it, no apparent differences were seen in the nerve distribution pattern. Among the nerve populations studied, acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-positive nerves were the most abundant in both these regions. The density of AChE-positive nerves was particularly marked in the circular muscle layer. A rich supply of nitric oxide synthase (NOS)-containing nerves was identified by using an antiserum against neuronal NOS, or by enzyme histochemical staining for NADPH diaphorase activity. Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-immunoreactive nerves had a similar distribution pattern as NOS-immunoreactive nerves, and nerves displaying immunoreactivity for NOS and VIP often showed profiles coinciding with AChE-positive nerves. As judged by confocal microscopy, immunoreactivities for helospectin, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP) and VIP, to a large extent were found in the same nerves. At a level 7 cm above the lower oesophageal sphincter, the total nerve supply was less than in the sphincter itself and 2 cm above it. Immunoreactivity towards VIP, PACAP and helospectin was also found to co-exist with NOS and neuropeptide Y within the same nerve structures. It is concluded that there is an intricate innervation pattern in the feline lower oesophagus reflecting the complexity in the regulation of its motility.

Acetylcholinesterase↗
PubMed1995

Caenorhabditis elegans contains genes encoding two new members of the Zn-containing alcohol dehydrogenase family.

We have characterized two cDNA clones from the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans that display similarity to the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) gene family. The nucleotide sequences of these cDNAs predict that they encode Zn-containing long-chain ADH enzymes. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that one is most similar to dimeric class III ADHs found in diverse taxa; the other is most similar to the tetrameric forms of ADH previously described only in fungi.

Alcohol Dehydrogenase↗
PubMed1993

Tyrosine-hydroxylase-containing vagal afferent neurons in the rat nodose ganglion are independent from neuropeptide-Y-containing populations and project to esophagus and stomach.

Immunoreactivity to the rate limiting enzyme of catecholamine synthesis, tyrosine hydroxylase, has been described in the inferior sensory (= nodose) ganglion of the vagal nerve in the rat. The aim of the present study was to characterize further this neuronal population. The neurons do not represent displaced autonomic efferent neurons, since they do not receive synaptic input, as indicated by the absence of synaptophysin-immunoreactive terminals. In addition to the immunoreactivity to tyrosine hydroxylase, a tyrosine hydroxylase cRNA probe hybridizes with nodose ganglion neurons as demonstrated by in situ hybridization and Northern blotting. Many but not all of the tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive neurons are also immunoreactive to the dopamine synthesizing enzyme, aromatic-L-amino-acid-decarboxylase, but lack the noradrenaline-synthesizing enzyme, dopamine-beta-hydroxylase, thus favoring synthesis of dopamine. Neuropeptide Y, which is often colocalized with catecholamines, is also present in a subset of nodose ganglion neurons, as indicated by immunohistochemistry, in situ hybridization and Northern blotting. However, double-labeling immunofluorescence has revealed that these two antigens are localized in different cell populations. Retrograde neuronal tracing utilizing fluorescent dyes (Fast blue, Fluoro-gold) combined with tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry has demonstrated that the esophagus and stomach are peripheral targets of tyrosine-hydroxylase-containing vagal viscero-afferent neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

The genes for the human VPS10 domain-containing receptors are large and contain many small exons.

The two human proteins with a VPS10 domain, SorLA and sortilin, both bind neuropeptides. Searching for other VPS10-domain proteins in the database revealed three new putative human neuropeptide receptors. The new receptors were designated SorCS1, SorCS2 and SorCS3, due to their identical domain composition, which, except for the N-terminal VPS10 domain, differs from that of SorLA and sortilin. Using the databases of the human genome project we elucidated the exon-intron structures of the human VPS10-receptor genes. They contain many short exons, separated by introns, several of which extend over more than 50 kb. The three SorCS genes encompass more than 500 kb of genomic DNA and therefore represent some of the largest known human genes. All these genes map to chromosomal localisations of known genetic diseases, many of them neurological disorders, corresponding to the strong expression of these receptors in the brain. CpG islands are located in the first exon of each of the VPS10-receptor genes and might be involved in developmental or tissue-specific regulation of gene expression.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Molecular phylogenetic relationships between prostanoid-containing Okinawan soft coral ( Clavularia viridis) and nonprostanoid-containing Clavularia species based on ribosomal ITS sequence.

To study phylogenetic relationships among Okinawan soft corals of the genus Clavularia, the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer sequences of host corals and the 18S rDNA sequences of symbiotic algae were analyzed. The molecular phylogenetic trees of hosts showed that a prostanoid-containing species, Clavularia viridis, is deeply diverged from other species of Clavularia which do not biosynthesize the prostanoids as the main secondary metabolites. Comparison of their trees suggested poor phylogenetic concordance between hosts and symbionts.

Animals↗