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PubMed1998

Genetic localization of a bruchid resistance gene and its relationship to insecticidal cyclopeptide alkaloids, the vignatic acids, in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek).

Bruchid resistance, controlled by a single dominant gene (Br) in a wild mungbean accession (TC1966), has been incorporated into cultivated mungbean (Vigna radiata). The resistance gene simultaneously confers inhibitory activity against the bean bug, Riptortus clavatus Thunberg (Hemiptera: Alydidae). The resultant isogenic line (BC20 generation) was characterized by the presence of a group of novel cyclopeptide alkaloids, called vignatic acids. A linkage map was constructed for Br and the vignatic acid gene (Va) using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers and a segregating BC20F2 population. By screening resistant and susceptible parental lines with 479 primers, eight randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers linked to Br were identified and cloned for use as RFLP probes. All eight RAPD-based markers, one mungbean, and four common bean genomic clones were effectively integrated around Br within a 3.7-cM interval. Br was mapped to a 0.7-cM segment between a cluster consisting of six markers and a common bean RFLP marker, Bng110. The six markers are closest to the bruchid resistance gene, approximately 0.2 cM away. The vignatic acid gene, Va, cosegregated with bruchid resistance. However, one individual was identified in the BC20F2 population that retained vignatic acids in spite of its bruchid susceptibility. Consequently, Va was mapped to a single locus at the same position as the cluster of markers and 0.2 cM away from Br. These results suggest that the vignatic acids are not the principal factors responsible for bruchid resistance in V. radiata but will facilitate the use of map-based cloning strategies to isolate the Br gene.

Alkaloids↗
PubMed2005

Bifidogenic effect of dietary fiber and resistant starch from leguminous on the intestinal microbiota of rats.

OBJECTIVES: The bifidogenic effect of leguminous containing diets on the intestinal microbiota of male Wistar rats was studied. METHODS: Isoprotein (12.2+/-0.3%) and isoenergetic (373.2+/-4.2 kcal/100 g) experimental diets, whose sources of dietary fiber and resistant starch were pea (Pisum sativum, L.), common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris, L.), chickpea (Cicer arietinum, L.), and lentil (Lens culinaris, Med.), and a control diet (casein+microcrystalline cellulose) were offered ad libitum to recently weaned male albino Wistar rats (16 rats/treatment) for 28 d. Cecal appendices were removed and analyzed for Bifidobacterium, Lactobacillus, Enterobacter, Bacteroides, Clostridium, and total anaerobes. RESULTS: The common bean diet showed the highest content of dietary fiber (17.0+/-0.2 g/100 g), which was significantly different (P<0.05) from the others. Resistant starch content was similar for all diets. The control and chickpea groups showed significantly higher consumption of diet and food conversion efficiency than the others. The leguminous-containing diets produced a larger mass of cecal material that was statistically different from the control group. The pea group presented the highest count of Bifidobacterium (9.4+/-0.7 log colony-forming units per gram of raw material), which was significantly different from the others, and the Lactobacillus count was similar for all groups. Animals fed leguminous-containing diets showed lower counts of Enterobacter and Bacteroides than did the control group and no statistical difference (P>0.05) was found between groups with respect to counts of Clostridium and total anaerobes. CONCLUSIONS: The pea and chickpea groups stood out from the others with respect to growth of Bifidobacterium, especially the pea group.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Phylogenetic position of Rhizobium sp. strain Or 191, a symbiont of both Medicago sativa and Phaseolus vulgaris, based on partial sequences of the 16S rRNA and nifH genes.

Phenotypic and DNA sequence comparisons are presented for eight Rhizobium isolates that were cultured from field-grown alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in Oregon. These isolates were previously shown to nodulate both alfalfa and common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) Savi.). The objective of the present study was to determine their phylogenetic relationships to the normal symbionts of these plants, Rhizobium meliloti and Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar phaseoli, respectively. Phenotypically, the Oregon isolates more nearly resemble strains from P. vulgaris than those from M. sativa. For example, even though nitrogen fixation levels were low with both host species, the symbiotic efficiency of a representative Rhizobium isolate (Or 191) with common bean was twice that observed with alfalfa. Comparative sequencing of a 260-bp segment of the 16S rRNA gene (directly sequenced after amplification by the polymerase chain reaction) demonstrated that Or 191 is not closely related to the type strain of R. meliloti (ATCC 9930), R. leguminosarum (ATCC 10004), or Rhizobium tropici (CIAT 899). Instead, sequence comparisons of the 16S gene indicated that Or 191 belongs to a distinct and previously unrecognized taxonomic group that includes strains that have previously been called R. leguminosarum bv. phaseoli type I. Unlike type I strains, however, Or 191 has only a single copy of the nifH gene (type I strains have three), and the nucleotide sequence of this gene is substantially different from those of other rhizobial and nonrhizobial nifH genes examined thus far.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Development of four phylogenetically-arrayed BAC libraries and sequence of the APA locus in Phaseolus vulgaris.

The APA family of seed proteins consists of three subfamilies, in evolutionary order of hypothesized appearance: phytohaemagglutinins (PHA), alpha-amylase inhibitors (alphaAI), and arcelins (ARL). The APA family plays a defensive role against mammalian and insect seed predation in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). The main locus (APA) for this gene family is situated on linkage group B4. In order to elucidate the pattern of duplication and diversification at this locus, we developed a BAC library in each of four different Phaseolus genotypes that represent presumptive steps in the evolutionary diversification of the APA family. Specifically, BAC libraries were established in one P. lunatus (cv. 'Henderson: PHA+ alphaAI- ARL-) and three P. vulgaris accessions (presumed ancestral wild G21245 from northern Peru: PHA+ alphaAI+ ARL-; Mesoamerican wild G02771: PHA+ alphaAI+ ARL+; and Mesoamerican breeding line BAT93: PHA+ alphaAI+ ARL-). The libraries were constructed after HindIII digestion of high molecular weight DNA, obtained with a novel nuclei isolation procedure. The frequency of empty or cpDNA-sequence-containing clones in all libraries is low (generally <1%). The Henderson, G21245, and G02771 libraries have a 10x genome coverage, whereas the BAT93 library has a 20x coverage to allow further, more detailed genomic analysis of the bean genome. The complete sequence of a 155 kbp-insert clone of the G02771 library revealed six sequences belonging to the APA gene family, including members of the three subfamilies, as hypothesized. The different subfamilies were interspersed with retrotransposon sequences. In addition, other sequences were identified with similarity to chloroplast DNA, a dehydrin gene, and the Arabidopsis flowering D locus. Linkage between the dehydrin gene and the D1711 RFLP marker identifies a potential syntenic region between parts of common bean linkage group B4 and cowpea linkage group 2.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

A cytoplasmic male sterility-associated mitochondrial protein causes pollen disruption in transgenic tobacco.

In higher plants, dominant mitochondrial mutations are associated with pollen sterility. This phenomenon is known as cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). It is thought that the disruption in pollen development is a consequence of mitochondrial dysfunction. To provide definitive evidence that expression of an abnormal mitochondrial gene can interrupt pollen development, a CMS-associated mitochondrial DNA sequence from common bean, orf239, was introduced into the tobacco nuclear genome. Several transformants containing the orf239 gene constructs, with or without a mitochondrial targeting sequence, exhibited a semi sterile or male-sterile phenotype. Expression of the gene fusions in transformed anthers was confirmed using RNA gel blotting, ELISA, and light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry. Immunocytological analysis showed that the ORF239 protein could associate with the cell wall of aberrant developing microspores. This pattern of extracellular localization was earlier observed in the CMS common bean line containing orf239 in the mitochondrial genome. Results presented here demonstrate that ORF239 causes pollen disruption in transgenic tobacco plants and may do so without targeting of the protein to the mitochondrion.

Chimera↗
PubMed2000

cDNA cloning, biochemical characterization and inhibition by plant inhibitors of the alpha-amylases of the Western corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera.

We report the characterization and cDNA cloning of two alpha-amylase isozymes from larvae of the Western corn rootworm (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte). Larvae raised on artificial media have very low levels of amylase activity, and much higher levels are found in larvae raised on maize seedlings. At pH 5.7, the optimum pH for enzyme activity, the alpha-amylases are substantially but not completely inhibited by amylase inhibitors from the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and from wheat (Triticum aestivum). Using the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we cloned two cDNAs with 83% amino acid identity that encode alpha-amylase-like polypeptides. Expression of one of the two cDNAs in insect cells with a baculovirus vector shows that this cDNA encodes an active amylase with a mobility that corresponds to that of one of the two isozymes present in larval extracts. The expressed enzyme is substantially inhibited by the same two inhibitors. We also show that expression in Arabidopsis of the cDNA that encodes the amylase inhibitor AI-1 of the common bean results in the accumulation of active inhibitor in the roots, and the results are discussed with reference to the possibility of using amylase inhibitors as a strategy to genetically engineer maize plants that are resistant to Western corn rootworm larvae.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Engineering the nifH promoter region and abolishing poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate accumulation in Rhizobium etli enhance nitrogen fixation in symbiosis with Phaseolus vulgaris.

Rhizobium etli, as well as some other rhizobia, presents nitrogenase reductase (nifH) gene reiterations. Several R. etli strains studied in this laboratory showed a unique organization and contained two complete nifHDK operons (copies a and b) and a truncated nifHD operon (copy c). Expression analysis of lacZ fusion demonstrated that copies a and b in strain CFN42 are transcribed at lower levels than copy c, although this copy has no discernible role during nitrogen fixation. To increase nitrogenase production, we constructed a chimeric nifHDK operon regulated by the strong nifHc promoter sequence and expressed it in symbiosis with the common bean plant (Phaseolus vulgaris), either cloned on a stably inherited plasmid or incorporated into the symbiotic plasmid (pSym). Compared with the wild-type strain, strains with the nitrogenase overexpression construction assayed in greenhouse experiments had, increased nitrogenase activity (58% on average), increased plant weight (32% on average), increased nitrogen content in plants (15% at 32 days postinoculation), and most importantly, higher seed yield (36% on average), higher nitrogen content (25%), and higher nitrogen yield (72% on average) in seeds. Additionally, expression of the chimeric nifHDK operon in a poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate-negative R. etli strain produced an additive effect in enhancing symbiosis. To our knowledge, this is the first report of increased seed yield and nutritional content in the common bean obtained by using only the genetic material already present in Rhizobium.

Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial↗
PubMed2001

Cloning, characterization and mRNA expression analysis of PVAS1, a type I asparagine synthetase gene from Phaseolus vulgaris.

A gene encoding a putative asparagine synthetase (AS; EC 6.3.5.4) has been isolated from common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). A 2-kb cDNA clone of this gene (PVAS1) encodes a protein of 579 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of 65,265 Da, an isoelectric point of 6.3, and a net charge of -9.3 at pH 7.0. The PVAS1 protein sequence conserves all the amino acid residues that are essential for glutamine-dependent AS, and PVAS1 complemented an Escherichia coli asparagine auxotroph, which demonstrates that it encodes a glutamine-dependent AS. The PVAS1 protein showed the highest similarity to soybean SAS1, and piled up with other legume ASs to form an independent dendritic group of type-I AS enzymes. Northern blot analyses revealed that the expression pattern of PVAS1 resembles that of PVAS2, another AS previously described in the common bean. Unlike PVAS2, however, PVAS1 was not expressed in the nodule and was not repressed by light, suggesting different functions for these two AS genes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1986

The glycosylated seed storage proteins of Glycine max and Phaseolus vulgaris. Structural homologies of genes and proteins.

Considerable information is now available concerning the 7 S seed storage proteins of legumes and the genes that encode them. Our study compares the gene encoding a beta-type subunit of phaseolin (Pvu beta), the 7 S protein of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), with the gene encoding an alpha'-subunit of beta-conglycinin (Gma alpha'), the 7 S protein of soybean (Glycine max). The comparison involves 2880 base pairs of Pvu beta and 3636 base pairs of Gma alpha' and includes approximately 1 kilobase pair of 5'-flanking sequences, and 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, as well as the six exons and five introns that are found to occur in similar positions in both genes. Conserved sequences in the 5'-flanking regions of these genes are discussed in light of their potential regulatory role. Published sequences for 7 S genes of pea (Pisum sativum) permit the inference of the nature and direction of evolutionary change and, in particular, show that the major size difference between the large Gma alpha' polypeptide and the smaller polypeptides of pea and common bean is due to a large insertion in the first exon of Gma alpha'. Comparisons of protein primary structure, potential glycosylation sites, and predicted protein hydropathy show that strongly conserved features of 7 S proteins cut across exon boundaries and that nonconserved regions exist that may have potential for protein modification.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Actin expression is induced and three isoforms are differentially expressed during germination in Zea mays.

Previous analysis of actin in a dicotyledonous plant, Phaseolus vulgaris (or common bean), showed very low actin levels in cotyledons but they were concentrated in the embryo axis. Upon imbibition, actin expression increased 5-fold and a maximum of four actin isoforms were observed, two of them transient and two major ones were steadily expressed. In this work, analysis of the actin expression in a monocotyledonous plant, Zea mays (or maize), and over a longer period of germination/growth, showed that striking similarities exist. Actin is present in all the seed components, but it is mainly concentrated in the embryo axis. The expression of maize actin was induced during post-imbibition at both the protein and mRNA levels. Sharp increases in actin appeared from 24-48 h and again from 72-96 h. A more modest and steady actin mRNA increase in expression was observed; however, it did not appear as dramatic as in the case of common bean due to the presence of readily detectable amounts of message in the dry maize seed. The isoform distribution in the dry seed showed a pattern of at least three isovariants of pIs approximately 5.0, 5.1, and 5.2, which were differentially expressed at the various post-imbibition times analysed. Two of the actin isoforms at 48 h post-imbibition cross-reacted with a phosphotyrosine-specific antibody and they are the product of three expressed genes as shown by in vitro translation assays. These data indicate that maize actin protein and mRNA expression is induced upon the trigger of germination, and the isoform expression kinetics and patterns resemble those from bean, suggesting that, in both species, actin expression at these early germination/growth stages is a highly regulated event.

Actins↗
PubMed2000

Prey range characterization, ribotyping, and diversity of soil and rhizosphere Bdellovibrio spp. isolated on phytopathogenic bacteria.

Thirty new Bdellovibrio strains were isolated from an agricultural soil and from the rhizosphere of plants grown in that soil. Using a combined molecular and culture-based approach, we found that the soil bdellovibrios included subpopulations of organisms that differed from rhizosphere bdellovibrios. Thirteen soil and seven common bean rhizosphere Bdellovibrio strains were isolated when Pseudomonas corrugata was used as prey; seven and two soil strains were isolated when Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, respectively, were used as prey; and one tomato rhizosphere strain was isolated when A. tumefaciens was used as prey. In soil and in the rhizosphere, depending on the prey cells used, the concentrations of bdellovibrios were between 3 x 10(2) to 6 x 10(3) and 2.8 x 10(2) to 2.3 x 10(4) PFU g(-1). A prey range analysis of five soil and rhizosphere Bdellovibrio isolates performed with 22 substrate species, most of which were plant-pathogenic and plant growth-enhancing bacteria, revealed unique utilization patterns and differences between closely related prey cells. An approximately 830-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA genes of all of the Bdellovibrio strains used was obtained by PCR amplification by using a Bdellovibrio-specific primer combination. Soil and common bean rhizosphere strains produced two and one restriction patterns for this PCR product, respectively. The 16S rRNA genes of three soil isolates and three root-associated isolates were sequenced. One soil isolate belonged to the Bdellovibrio stolpii-Bdellovibrio starrii clade, while all of the other isolates clustered with Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and formed two distantly related, heterogeneous groups.

Bdellovibrio↗
PubMed1991

Autoregulatory response of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to symbiotic mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli.

In Rhizobium-legume symbiosis, the plant host controls and optimizes the nodulation process by autoregulation. Tn5 mutants of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli TAL 182 which are impaired at various stages of symbiotic development, were used to examine autoregulation in the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Class I mutants were nonnodulating, class II mutants induced small, distinct swellings on the roots, and a class III mutant formed pink, bacterium-containing, but ineffective nodules. A purine mutant (Ade-) was nonnodulating, while a pyrimidine mutant (Ura-) formed small swellings on the roots. Amino acid mutants (Leu-, Phe-, and Cys-) formed mostly empty white nodules. Each of the mutants was used as a primary inoculant on one side of a split-root system to assess its ability to suppress secondary nodulation by the wild type on the other side. All mutants with defects in nodulation ability, regardless of the particular stage of blockage, failed to induce a suppression response from the host. Only the nodulation-competent, bacterium-containing, but ineffective class III mutant induced a suppression response similar to that induced by the wild type. Suppression was correlated with the ability of the microsymbiont to proliferate inside the nodules but not with the ability to initiate nodule formation or the ability to fix nitrogen. Thus, the presence of bacteria inside the nodules may be required for the induction of nodulation suppression in the common bean.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2001

Mapping genetic factors affecting the reaction to Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli in Phaseolus vulgaris L. under field conditions.

The objectives of the present study were to evaluate the field effects of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), which causes common bacterial blight (CBB) on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and to identify genetic factors for resistance to CBB using a linkage map constructed with random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), simple sequence repeat (SSR), and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers. One hundred and forty-two F2:4 lines, derived from a cross between 'OAC Seaforth' and 'OAC 95-4', and the parents were evaluated for their field reaction to CBB. In the inoculated plots, the reaction to CBB was negatively correlated with seed yield, days to maturity, plant height, hypocotyl diameter, pods per plant, and harvest index. A reduction in seed yield and its components was observed when disease-free and CBB-inoculated plots were compared. The broad-sense heritability estimate of the reaction to CBB was 0.74. The disease segregation ratio was not significantly different from the expected segregation ratio for a single locus in an F2 generation. The major gene for CBB resistance was localized on linkage group (LG) G5. A simple interval mapping procedure identified three genomic regions associated with the reaction to CBB. One quantitative trait loci (QTL), each on LG G2 (BNG71Dra1), G3 (BNG21EcoRV), and G5 (PHVPVPK-1) explained 36.3%, 10.2%, and 42.2% of the phenotypic variation for the reaction to CBB, respectively. Together, these loci explained 68.4% of the phenotypic variation. The relative positions of these QTL on the core common bean map and their comparison with the previous QTL for CBB resistance are discussed.

Chromosome Mapping↗
PubMed1992

A mitochondrial DNA sequence is associated with abnormal pollen development in cytoplasmic male sterile bean plants.

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in common bean is associated with the presence of a 3-kb unique mitochondrial sequence designated pvs. The pvs sequence encodes at least two open reading frames (297 and 720 bp in length) with portions derived from the chloroplast genome. Fertility restoration by the nuclear restorer gene Fr results in the loss of this transcriptionally active unique region. We examined the effect of CMS (pvs present) and fertility restoration by Fr (pvs absent) on the pattern of pollen development in bean. In the CMS line, pollen aborted in the tetrad stage late in microgametogenesis. Microspores maintained cytoplasmic connections throughout pollen development, indicating aberrant or incomplete cytokinesis. Pollen-specific events associated with pollen abortion and fertility restoration imply that a gametophytic factor or event may be involved in CMS. In situ hybridization experiments suggested that significant reduction or complete loss of the mitochondrial sterility-associated sequence occurred in fertile pollen of F2 populations segregating for fertility. These observations support a model of fertility restoration by the loss of a mitochondrial DNA sequence prior to or during microsporogenesis/gametogenesis.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Tannins, trypsin inhibitors and lectin cytotoxicity in tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common (Phaseolus vulgaris) beans.

This study compared the levels of antinutritional components and cytotoxic effect of extracts, from tepary (Phaseolus acutifolius) and common (Phaseolus vulgaris) beans. Antinutritional factors were evaluated by determining their effect on the viability of epithelial cells isolated from rat small intestine. The protein and carbohydrates content were similar in all the genotypes studied (20 and 60%, respectively). Common beans presented higher content of trypsin inhibitors, tannins and lectins than tepary beans. There was not a significant correlation between tannins and cooking time. However, water absorption and cooking time correlated significantly (p < 0.05). Considerable variation was observed in lectin activity (1302-18161 Ul/mg) of extracts from different beans. Tannins, lectins, trypsin inhibitors and fat content differed between bean varieties whereas protein content was similar. The percent cellularity on rat epithelial cells was significantly different among protein extracts from different bean cultivars and ranged between 53.5% and 87.4% (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the incorporation of tepary beans in the diet would not alter the current nutritional contribution of common beans or introduce adverse toxic effects. The agronomic characteristics of tepary beans make them attractive for cultivation. However, the harder to cook phenomenon may be a limiting factor that needs further consideration.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Molecular analysis of two phytohemagglutinin genes and their expression in Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Pinto, a lectin-deficient cultivar of the bean.

Phytohemagglutinin (PHA), the seed lectin of the common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is encoded by two highly homologous, tandemly linked genes, dlec1 and dlec2, which are coordinately expressed at high levels in developing cotyledons. Their respective transcripts translate into closely related polypeptides, PHA-E and PHA-L, constituents of the tetrameric lectin which accumulates at high levels in developing seeds. In the bean cultivar Pinto UI111, PHA-E is not detectable, and PHA-L accumulates at very reduced levels. To investigate the cause of the Pinto phenotype, we cloned and sequenced the two PHA genes of Pinto, called Pdlec1 and Pdlec2, and determined the abundance of their respective mRNAs in developing cotyledons. Both genes are more than 90% homologous to the normal PHA genes found in other cultivars. Pdlec1 carries a 1-bp frameshift mutation close to the 5' end of its coding sequence. Only very truncated polypeptides could be made from its mRNA. The gene Pdlec2 encodes a polypeptide, which resembles PHA-L and its predicted amino acid sequence agrees with the available Pinto PHA amino acid sequence data. Analysis of the mRNA of developing cotyledons revealed that the Pdlec1 message is reduced 600-fold, and Pdlec2 mRNA is reduced 20-fold with respect to mRNA levels in normal cultivars. A comparison of the sequences which are upstream from the coding sequence shows that Pdlec2 has a 100-bp deletion compared to the other genes (dlec1, dlec2 and Pdlec1). This deletion which contains a large tandem repeat may be responsible for the low level of expression of Pdlec2. The very low expression of Pdlec1 is as yet unexplained.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1992

1H-NMR structural determination of the N-linked carbohydrate chains on glycopeptides obtained from the bean lectin phytohemagglutinin.

Phytohemagglutinin, the lectin of the common bean Phaseolus vulgaris, is a N-linked glycoprotein with one high-mannose-type and one xylose-containing oligosaccharide side chain per polypeptide. The high-mannose-type glycan is attached to Asn12 and the complex-type glycan to Asn60 [Sturm, A. & Chrispeels, M. J. (1986) Plant Physiol. 81, 320-322]. The structures of the oligosaccharides were elucidated from two glycopeptides obtained from the lectin by Pronase digestion, affinity chromatography on concanavalin-A--Sepharose and gel-filtration chromatography on a column of BioGel P-4. The N-linked glycan structures were investigated by 500-MHz 1H-NMR spectroscopy and were established to be: [formula; see text]

Carbohydrate Conformation↗
PubMed1997

The cardiovascular effects of green beans (Phaseolus aureus), common rue (Ruta graveolens), and kelp (Laminaria japonica) in rats.

1. The hypotensive effect of green beans, common rue and kelp was recently shown in normotensive rats in vivo. A number of mechanisms of action of these aqueous extracts was identified. The present study examined these actions at the tissue level in vitro with possible interactions of these extracts. 2. Rue showed positive chronotropic and inotropic effects on isolated right atria. Green beans and kelp alone showed negative chronotropic effects on isolated right atria but no effect on atrial tension (AT). A combination of green beans and kelp showed no additive effect on the decrease in atrial rate (AR) nor any negative inotropic responses. Combinations of rue and green beans and of rue and kelp showed responses that were either positive or negative chronotropically, were not dose dependent and were less than the sum total of their individual responses (i.e., subtractive). A combination of all three showed subtractive effects on the decrease in AR that were dose related. No change in AT was observed upon treatment with a combination of the three plant extracts in spite of the positive inotropic effect of true. 3. Rue and kelp alone relaxed KCl preconstricted rat tail artery strips probably by a direct effect of vascular smooth muscle. Green beans had no effect. The combination of rue and kelp exerted a subtractive relaxation effect. These plants therefore contained cardiovascular active substances that had a direct effect on the cardiovascular system. These substances further interacted to modify their cardiovascular effects. 4. Data explained why herbs, as in herbal medicine, should be used together therapeutically.

Animals↗