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PubMed2006

A critical role for the host mediator macrophage migration inhibitory factor in the pathogenesis of malarial anemia.

The pathogenesis of malarial anemia is multifactorial, and the mechanisms responsible for its high mortality are poorly understood. Studies indicate that host mediators produced during malaria infection may suppress erythroid progenitor development (Miller, K.L., J.C. Schooley, K.L. Smith, B. Kullgren, L.J. Mahlmann, and P.H. Silverman. 1989. Exp. Hematol. 17:379-385; Yap, G.S., and M.M. Stevenson. 1991. Ann. NY Acad. Sci. 628:279-281). We describe an intrinsic role for macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in the development of the anemic complications and bone marrow suppression that are associated with malaria infection. At concentrations found in the circulation of malaria-infected patients, MIF suppressed erythropoietin-dependent erythroid colony formation. MIF synergized with tumor necrosis factor and gamma interferon, which are known antagonists of hematopoiesis, even when these cytokines were present in subinhibitory concentrations. MIF inhibited erythroid differentiation and hemoglobin production, and it antagonized the pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation that normally occurs during erythroid progenitor differentiation. Infection of MIF knockout mice with Plasmodium chabaudi resulted in less severe anemia, improved erythroid progenitor development, and increased survival compared with wild-type controls. We also found that human mononuclear cells carrying highly expressed MIF alleles produced more MIF when stimulated with the malarial product hemozoin compared with cells carrying low expression MIF alleles. These data suggest that polymorphisms at the MIF locus may influence the levels of MIF produced in the innate response to malaria infection and the likelihood of anemic complications.

Alleles↗
PubMed1999

Ancestral Asian source(s) of new world Y-chromosome founder haplotypes.

Haplotypes constructed from Y-chromosome markers were used to trace the origins of Native Americans. Our sample consisted of 2,198 males from 60 global populations, including 19 Native American and 15 indigenous North Asian groups. A set of 12 biallelic polymorphisms gave rise to 14 unique Y-chromosome haplotypes that were unevenly distributed among the populations. Combining multiallelic variation at two Y-linked microsatellites (DYS19 and DXYS156Y) with the unique haplotypes results in a total of 95 combination haplotypes. Contra previous findings based on Y- chromosome data, our new results suggest the possibility of more than one Native American paternal founder haplotype. We postulate that, of the nine unique haplotypes found in Native Americans, haplotypes 1C and 1F are the best candidates for major New World founder haplotypes, whereas haplotypes 1B, 1I, and 1U may either be founder haplotypes and/or have arrived in the New World via recent admixture. Two of the other four haplotypes (YAP+ haplotypes 4 and 5) are probably present because of post-Columbian admixture, whereas haplotype 1G may have originated in the New World, and the Old World source of the final New World haplotype (1D) remains unresolved. The contrasting distribution patterns of the two major candidate founder haplotypes in Asia and the New World, as well as the results of a nested cladistic analysis, suggest the possibility of more than one paternal migration from the general region of Lake Baikal to the Americas.

Asia↗
PubMed2000

A short tandem repeat-based phylogeny for the human Y chromosome.

Human Y-chromosomal short tandem repeat (STR) data provide a potential model system for the understanding of autosomal STR mutations in humans and other species. Yet, the reconstruction of STR evolution is rarely attempted, because of the absence of an appropriate methodology. We here develop and validate a phylogenetic-network approach. We have typed 256 Y chromosomes of indigenous descent from Africa, Asia, Europe, Australia, and highland Papua New Guinea, for the STR loci DYS19, DXYS156Y, DYS389, DYS390, DYS392, and DYS393, as well as for five ancient biallelic mutation events: two poly (A) length variants associated with the YAP insertion, two independent SRY-1532 mutations, and the 92R7 mutation. We have used our previously published pedigree data from 11,000 paternity-tested autosomal STR-allele transfers to produce a two-class weighting system for the Y-STR loci that is based on locus lengths and motif lengths. Reduced-median-network analysis yields a phylogeny that is independently supported by the five biallelic mutations, with an error of 6%. We find the earliest branch in our African San (Bushmen) sample. Assuming an age of 20,000 years for the Native American DYS199 T mutation, we estimate a mutation rate of 2.6x10-4 mutations/20 years for slowly mutating Y STRs, approximately 10-fold slower than the published average pedigree rate.

Africa↗
PubMed2004

Feasibility of a novel design of high resolution parallax-free Compton enhanced PET scanner dedicated to brain research.

A novel concept for a positron emission tomography (PET) camera module is proposed, which provides full 3D reconstruction with high resolution over the total detector volume, free of parallax errors. The key components are a matrix of long scintillator crystals and hybrid photon detectors (HPDs) with matched segmentation and integrated readout electronics. The HPDs read out the two ends of the scintillator package. Both excellent spatial (x, y, z) and energy resolution are obtained. The concept allows enhancing the detection efficiency by reconstructing a significant fraction of events which underwent Compton scattering in the crystals. The proof of concept will first be demonstrated with yttrium orthoaluminate perovskite (YAP):Ce crystals, but the final design will rely on other scintillators more adequate for PET applications (e.g. LSO:Ce or LaBr3:Ce). A promising application of the proposed camera module, which is currently under development, is a high resolution 3D brain PET camera with an axial field-of-view of approximately 15 cm dedicated to brain research. The design philosophy and performance predictions based on analytical calculations and Monte Carlo simulations are presented. Image correction and reconstruction tools required to operate this transmissionless device in a research environment are also discussed. Better or similar performance parameters were obtained compared to other known designs at lower fabrication cost. The axial geometrical concept also seems to be promising for applications such as positron emission mammography.

Brain↗
PubMed2003

Hybrid yeast-bacteria cloning system used to capture and modify adenoviral and nonviral genomes.

Adenoviral vectors are widely used to express transgenes in vitro and in vivo. A major obstacle to the generation of adenoviral vectors is the manipulation of the large (35 kb) adenoviral genome. We developed a hybrid yeast-bacteria cloning system for the creation of novel adenoviral vectors. The adenovirus 5 (Ad5) genome was cloned into a shuttle vector that contains both yeast and bacterial elements for replication and therefore functions as both a yeast artificial plasmid (YAP) and as a plasmid artificial chromosome (PAC). Any sequence can be introduced into any region of the adenoviral genome via the highly efficient homologous recombination in yeast and then these recombinants are rapidly amplified in bacteria. Adenoviral vectors are generated by introduction of the PAC into the appropriate complementing mammalian cell without the need for plaque purification. Vectors were constructed with deletions in the E1, E3, and/or E4 regions. We have generated more than 100 vectors with a number of different transgenes and regulatory elements. In addition, the YAP/PAC vector was used to capture a DNA fragment encompassing the human factor IX gene, demonstrating the utility of this system to clone and analyze genomic DNA. This novel cloning strategy allows the rapid and versatile construction of adenoviral vectors for gene expression and gene therapy applications.

Adenoviridae↗
PubMed2000

TAZ: a novel transcriptional co-activator regulated by interactions with 14-3-3 and PDZ domain proteins.

The highly conserved and ubiquitously expressed 14-3-3 proteins regulate differentiation, cell cycle progression and apoptosis by binding intracellular phosphoproteins involved in signal transduction. By screening in vitro translated cDNA pools for the ability to bind 14-3-3, we identified a novel transcriptional co-activator, TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) as a 14-3-3-binding molecule. TAZ shares homology with Yes-associated protein (YAP), contains a WW domain and functions as a transcriptional co-activator by binding to the PPXY motif present on transcription factors. 14-3-3 binding requires TAZ phosphorylation on a single serine residue, resulting in the inhibition of TAZ transcriptional co-activation through 14-3-3-mediated nuclear export. The C-terminus of TAZ contains a highly conserved PDZ-binding motif that localizes TAZ into discrete nuclear foci and is essential for TAZ-stimulated gene transcription. TAZ uses this same motif to bind the PDZ domain-containing protein NHERF-2, a molecule that tethers plasma membrane ion channels and receptors to cytoskeletal actin. TAZ may link events at the plasma membrane and cytoskeleton to nuclear transcription in a manner that can be regulated by 14-3-3.

14-3-3 Proteins↗
PubMed1999

Npw38, a novel nuclear protein possessing a WW domain capable of activating basal transcription.

We have found a novel cDNA encoding a 265 amino acid protein possessing a WW domain in our full-length cDNA bank. The WW domain was sandwiched between an acidic region and an acidic-basic amino acid repetitive region. In vitro transcription/translation of the cDNA produced a 38 kDa product that was also found in the cell lysate by western blot analysis. Thus this protein is named the nuclear protein containing a WW domain with a molecular mass of 38 kDa, Npw38. Immunofluorescence studies and expression of a fusion protein to a green fluorescent protein revealed that this protein is localized in the nucleus. Npw38 was shown to be capable of binding to a poly(rG) resin. Interestingly, the WW domain of Npw38 was found to function as a transcriptional activator in CHO cells using the GAL4 DNA-binding fusion system. Furthermore, the WW domains of human YAP and Pin1 were demonstrated to have a similar transcription-promoting activity. Combined mutation of the conserved first and second Trp residues and a hydrophobic triplet of TyrTyrTrp in the WW domain of Npw38 abolished the transcription-promoting activity, but single mutations of these sites did not. These results suggest that some WW domains potentially possess transcription-promoting activity in mammalian cells.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Y chromosome variation of mice and men.

DNA sequences from the nonrecombining portion of the Y chromosome were compared with autosomal and X-linked sequences from mice and humans to test the neutral prediction that ratios of polymorphism to divergence are the same for different genes. Intraspecific variation within Mus domesticus was compared with divergence between M. domesticus and Mus caroli for Sry, a region 5' to Sry, and four X-linked genes, Hprt, Plp, Amg, and Glra2. None of these comparisons revealed significantly reduced variation on the Y chromosome. Intraspecific variation within humans was compared with divergence between humans and chimpanzees for three Y-linked loci (Zfy, the YAP region, and the Sry region), seven X-linked loci (Il2rg, Plp, Hprt, Gk, Ids, Pdhal, and Dmd), and the beta-globin locus on chromosome 11. In these comparisons, the observed level of variation on the human Y chromosome was slightly lower than expected, but was significantly lower in only one case (Sry region vs. Dmd). These results suggest that the levels of variability on the Y chromosome in mice and humans are close to expected values given the effective population size and mutation rates for these loci. There is at most only a modest reduction in variability that may be attributed to natural selection (either genetic hitchhiking or background selection).

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Rhodotorula pacifica sp. nov., a novel yeast species from sediment collected on the deep-sea floor of the north-west Pacific Ocean.

A novel species of the genus Rhodotorula was isolated from sediments collected on the deep-sea floor in the north-west Pacific Ocean. Strains SY-96T, isolated from the Yap Trench, and SY-246, isolated from the Iheya Ridge, had almost identical nucleotide sequences for their internal transcribed spacers and their 5.8S rDNA. Their physiological characteristics were also almost identical. The strains were assumed to be related to Rhodotorula mucilaginosa and Rhodotorula dairenensis based on sequence similarities in the D1/D2 region of the 26S rDNA. The low DNA-DNA relatedness and sequence similarity between strain SY-96T and related species revealed that strains SY-96T and SY-246 represent a hitherto unknown species. As ballistoconidia and sexual reproduction were not observed in strains SY-96T and SY-246, these strains are described as Rhodotorula pacifica sp. nov. The type strain is SY-96T (= JCM 10908T = CBS 10070T).

DNA, Fungal↗
PubMed1997

The design of an animal PET: flexible geometry for achieving optimal spatial resolution or high sensitivity.

We present the design of a positron emission tomograph (PET) with flexible geometry dedicated to in vivo studies of small animals (TierPET). The scanner uses two pairs of detectors. Each detector consists of 400 small individual yttrium aluminum perovskite (YAP) scintillator crystals of dimensions 2 x 2 x 15 mm3, optically isolated and glued together, which are coupled to position-sensitive photomultiplier tubes (PSPMT's). The detector modules can be moved in a radial direction so that the detector-to-detector spacing can be varied. Special hardware has been built for coincidence detection, position detection, and real-time data acquisition, which is performed by a PC. The single-event data are transferred to workstations where the radioactivity distribution is reconstructed. The dimensions of the crystals and the detector layout are the result of extensive simulations which are described in this report, taking into account sensitivity, spatial resolution and additional parameters like parallax error or scatter effects. For the three-dimensional (3-D) reconstruction a genuine 3-D expectation-maximization (EM)-algorithm which can include the characteristics of the detector system has been implemented. The reconstruction software is flexible and matches the different detector configurations. The main advantage of the proposed animal PET scanner is its high flexibility, allowing the realization of various detector-system configurations. By changing the detector-to-detector spacing, the system is capable of either providing good spatial resolution or high sensitivity for dynamic studies of pharmacokinetics.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2006

Testing and evaluation of 43 "noncore" Y chromosome markers for forensic casework applications.

A developmental validation study was performed on three Y-STR multiplex systems, Multiplex III (MPIII), Multiplex IV (MPIV), and Multiplex V (MPV), to ascertain their potential applicability to forensic casework. MPIII contains eight Y-STRs, including DYS426, DYS435, DYS436, DYS441, DYS442, DYS446, DYS462, and Y-GATA-A10, and one InDel, YAP (DYS287). MPIV contains 21 Y-STR loci, including DYS443, DYS444, DYS445, DYS447, DYS448, DYS449, DYS452, DYS453, DYS454, DYS455, DYS456, DYS458, DYS463, DYS464, DYS468, DYS484, DYS522, DYS527, DYS531 DYS557, and DYS588. MPV contains 13 Y-STR loci, including DYS459, DYS476, DYS488, DYS513, DYS549, DYS561, DYS570, DYS575, DYS576, DYS590, DYS594, DYS598, and DYS607. Full genetic profiles were consistently obtained for all three multiplexes with 25-50 pg of male DNA. No significant amplification was observed with 1 mug of female DNA. Each multiplex permitted the determination of the number of male donors in male:male DNA admixtures. Species specificity studies demonstrated some cross-reactivity with some primate samples. Environmentally compromised blood samples produced full or partial profiles after exposure to various conditions for up to 1 year. Full profiles were recovered from simulated casework specimens including cigarette butts and postcoital cervicovaginal swabs. Population data were collected to determine individual loci gene diversity and multiplex discriminatory capacity.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Two nuclear proteins, Cin5 and Ydr259c, confer resistance to cisplatin in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

In an attempt to identify genes that can confer resistance to cisplatin, we introduced a yeast genomic library into Saccharomyces cerevisiae and selected for transformants that grew in the presence of a normally toxic concentration of cisplatin. Plasmids were rescued from the transformants and were analyzed for the presence of individual open reading frames that conferred resistance to cisplatin. We isolated two genes, CIN5 and YDR259c, that increased resistance to cisplatin when overexpressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These genes encoded two proteins, Cin5 and Ydr259c, that were homologous to yAP-1, a basic leucine zipper transcriptional factor that is known to mediate cellular resistance to various toxic agents. The two proteins exhibited stronger homology to each other (33.2% identity, 49.2% similarity) than to all other gene products in S. cerevisiae. Overexpression of each of these proteins also conferred resistance to two DNA-alkylating agents, methylmethanesulfonate and mitomycin C. An experiment with fusion proteins with green fluorescent protein revealed that Cin5 and Ydr259c were localized constitutively in the nuclei of yeast cells. Our results suggest that Cin5 and Ydr259c might be involved in pleiotropic drug-resistance and might protect yeast against the toxicity of cisplatin and other alkylating agents via a single mechanism. These two nuclear proteins might act as transcriptional factors, regulating the expression of certain genes that confer resistance to DNA-alkylating agents.

Alkylating Agents↗
PubMed2000

beta-cyanoalanine production by marine bacteria on cyanide-free medium and its specific inhibitory activity toward cyanobacteria.

In screening the culture broth of marine bacteria collected at Yap (Micronesia), Palau (Belau), and Okinawa (the southwest islands of Japan) for antimicroalgal activity, 37 out of 2,594 bacterial isolates tested were found to produce anticyanobacterial substances against Oscillatoria amphibia NIES-361. One strain, C-979, identified as a Vibrio sp., was selected and cultured in 2.4 liters of marine broth 2216 to identify the bioactive compound produced by the strain. The purified very hydrophilic compound (16.4 mg) was determined to be beta-cyano-L-alanine (L-CNAla) by instrumental analyses and the application of the advanced Marfey method. L-CNAla did not inhibit the growth of bacteria, yeast, or eukaryotic microalgae, but some cyanobacteria were found to be sensitive to L-CNAla at a concentration of 0.4 to 25 microg/ml. The effect of L-CNAla on some other environmental organisms, including invertebrates and a macroalgae, is discussed. CNAla production in marine broth was examined by thin-layer chromatography for the 37 bacterial isolates which produced an anticyanobacterial substance. The broth of 36 of these strains contained CNAla, suggesting the wide distribution of CNAla production by marine bacteria. This is the first report on bacteria that produce CNAla without a supply of the cyanide ion in the medium.

Alanine↗
PubMed2004

Msn2- and Msn4-like transcription factors play no obvious roles in the stress responses of the fungal pathogen Candida albicans.

In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the (C2H2)2 zinc finger transcription factors Msn2 and Msn4 play central roles in responses to a range of stresses by activating gene transcription via the stress response element (STRE; CCCCT). The pathogen Candida albicans displays stress responses that are thought to help it survive adverse environmental conditions encountered within its human host. However, these responses differ from those in S. cerevisiae, and hence we predicted that the roles of Msn2- and Msn4-like proteins might have been functionally reassigned in C. albicans. C. albicans has two such proteins: CaMsn4 and Mnl1 (for Msn2- and Msn4-like). CaMSN4, but not MNL1, weakly complemented the inability of an S. cerevisiae msn2 msn4 mutant to activate a STRE-lacZ reporter. Also, the disruption of CaMsn4 and Mnl1 had no discernible effect upon the resistance of C. albicans to heat, osmotic, ethanol, nutrient, oxidative, or heavy-metal stress or upon the stress-activated transcriptome in C. albicans. Furthermore, although Cap1-dependent activation of a Yap response element-luciferase reporter was observed, a STRE reporter was not activated in response to stresses in C. albicans. Ectopic expression of CaMsn4 or Mnl1 did not affect the cellular or molecular responses of C. albicans to stress. Under the conditions tested, the putative activation and DNA binding domains of CaMsn4 did not appear to be functional. These data suggest that CaMsn4 and Mnl1 do not contribute significantly to stress responses in C. albicans. The data are consistent with the idea that stress signaling in this fungus has diverged significantly from that in budding yeast.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2003

Corticosteroids are unable to protect against pseudorabies virus-induced tissue damage in the developing brain.

After intraocular injection of the virulent pseudorabies virus (PRV) strain Becker into late-stage chicken embryos, the virus spreads and replicates in the brain, where severe edema and hemorrhaging follow. By contrast, the attenuated Bartha strain does not cause severe brain pathology despite viral replication and spread throughout the brain (B. W. Banfield, G. S. Yap, A. C. Knapp, and L. W. Enquist, J. Virol. 72:4580-4588, 1998). These observations prompted us to explore the mechanism by which the virulent Becker strain mediates pathology in the chicken embryo central nervous system (CNS). To test the hypothesis that Becker infection induced an inflammatory response in the developing CNS, we examined the ability of the anti-inflammatory corticosteroid dexamethasone (Dex) to protect chicken embryos from PRV-induced brain damage. We found that Dex is not sufficient to protect the chicken embryo CNS from damage due to Becker infection. Surprisingly, systemic Dex delivery appeared to potentiate CNS damage, which was preceded by petechial hemorrhaging in the optic lobes. Taken together, these data suggest that the severe pathology elicited during the Becker infection is due not to immunopathology but to damage by the virus itself, possibly through the damage to or destruction of endothelial cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The yeast ras/cyclic AMP pathway induces invasive growth by suppressing the cellular stress response.

Haploid yeast cells are capable of invading agar when grown on rich media. Cells of the Sigma1278b genetic background manifest this property, whereas other laboratory strains are incapable of invasive growth. We show that disruption of the RAS2 gene in the Sigma1278b background significantly reduces invasive growth but that expression of a constitutively active Ras2p (Ras2(Val19)p) in this strain has a minimal effect on its invasiveness. On the other hand, expression of Ras2(Val19)p in another laboratory strain, SP1, rendered it invasive. These results suggest that a hyperactive Ras2 pathway induces invasive growth and that this pathway might be overactive in the Sigma1278b genetic background. Indeed, cells of the Sigma1278b are defective in the induction of stress-responsive genes, while their Gcn4 target genes are constitutively transcribed. This pattern of gene expression was previously shown to be associated with an active Ras/cyclic AMP (cAMP) pathway. We show that suppression of stress-related genes in Sigma1278b cells is a result of their inability to activate transcription through the stress response element (STRE). Disruption of RAS2, which abolished invasiveness, induced an increase in STRE activity. Further, in the SP1 genetic background, disruption of either the MSN2/4 genes (encoding activators of STRE) or the yAP-1 gene was sufficient to restore invasive growth in ras2Delta cells. We conclude that Ras2-mediated suppression of the stress response is sufficient to induce invasiveness. Accordingly, the fact that the stress response is suppressed in Sigma1278b background explains its invasiveness. It seems that invasiveness is a phenotype related to unregulated growth and is therefore manifested by cells harboring an overactive Ras/cAMP cascade. In this respect, invasiveness in yeast is reminiscent of the property of ras-transformed fibroblasts to invade soft agar.

Cell Differentiation↗
PubMed2005

Variants of bcl-2 specific siRNA for silencing antiapoptotic bcl-2 in pancreatic cancer.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Pancreatic cancer remains a devastating diagnosis with only limited therapeutic options. Specific inhibition of expression of target genes has become possible using small interfering (si) RNAs. We therefore investigated how far siRNA specific for bcl-2 may serve as a therapeutic option for pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. METHODS: siRNAs targeting two different regions in the bcl-2 gene were transfected to YAP C and DAN G pancreatic carcinoma cells and human foreskin fibroblasts. Permutations were generated by changing 3' and 5' overhangs and varying the length of the paired RNA duplex. Transfection efficacy was determined using FITC labelled siRNAs and fluorescence microscopy. Cell survival and apoptosis were quantified at 24-120 hours. Pancreatic cancer xenografts in male nude mice were treated intraperitoneally with siRNAs daily for 24 days. siRNA pharmacokinetics in vivo were assessed using radioactively labelled siRNAs. Total protein and RNA were extracted for western Blot analysis and quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Bcl-2 specific siRNAs specifically inhibited expression of the target gene in vitro and in vivo. Antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects were observed in tumour cells but not in fibroblasts or non-malignant tissues. siRNA permutations and diverse overhangs influenced gene silencing efficacy. siRNA was quickly distributed to all organs and excreted via the kidney and liver. Bcl-2 specific siRNA is a promising adjunctive treatment for pancreatic carcinoma.

3' Untranslated Regions↗
PubMed2004

Electroacupuncture analgesia for surgery in cattle.

To establish the proper analgesic method by electroacupuncture (EA) for bovine surgery, the analgesic effect of dorsal and lumbar acupoints, in addition to the combination with dorsal and lumbar acupoints, were investigated in the present study. Four Korean native cattle (two males and two females) and 24 Holstein-Friesian cattle (all females) were used. The experimental animals were divided into four groups according to used acupoints: dorsal acupoint group (Tian Ping [GV-20] and Bai Hui [GV-5]: 7 heads), lumbar acupoint group (Yap Pang 1 [BL-21], Yao Pang 2 [BL-23], Yao Pang 3 [BL-24] and Yao Pang 4 [BL-25]; 5 heads), dorsal-lumbar acupoint group (Yao Pang 1 [BL-21], Yao Pang 2 [BL-23], Yao Pang 3 [BL-24] and Bai Hui [GV-5]; 8 heads) and control group (non-acupoints, the last intercostals space and the femoral area; 3 heads). The acupoints were stimulated with currents of 2-6 V (30 Hz) in dorsal acupoint group, 0.5-2.0 V (30 Hz) in lumbar acupoint group and 0.3-2.5 V (30 Hz) in dorsal-lumbar acupoint group. Recumbency time was 10 seconds to 1 minute (except one case) and induction time of analgesia was approximately 1 to 6 minutes in dorsal acupoint group. Analgesic effect was systemic, including the extremities in dorsal acupoint group. During the EA, the consciousness was evident and blepharo-reaction was still present under EA in dorsal acupoint group. During the surgery, grades of analgesic effect were 6 excellent (6/7, 87.5%) and 1 good (1/7, 14.3%). In addition, induction time for analgesia was about 10 minutes in both lumbar and dorsal-lumbar acupoint groups. Analgesic areas were found in abdominal areas from the last intercostal spaces to the femoral areas, except lower abdomen in lumbar and lumbar-dorsal acupoint groups. The consciousness was evident and standing position was maintained during EA stimulation in contrast to that of dorsal excellent (1/5, 20.0%), 3 good (3/5, 60.0%) and 1 poor (1/5, 20.0%) in the lumbar acupoint group. Additionally, grades of analgesic effect were 4 excellent (4/8, 50.0%), 3 good (3/8, 37.5%) and 1 poor (1/8, 12.5%). On the other hand, pain was present and analgesia was not accomplished under EA stimulation in control group. In conclusion, analgesia by EA was effective with decreasing order of dorsal acupoint > dorsal-lumbar acupoint > lumbar acupoint among groups. It was considered that dorsal acupoint group might be useful for operation with recumbent position, and lumbar and dorsal-lumbar acupoint groups might be proper for operation with standing position.

Acupuncture Analgesia↗