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PubMed2003

Identification of a major locus conferring resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe polygoni DC) in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) by QTL analysis.

A major locus conferring resistance to the causal organism of powdery mildew, Erysiphe polygoni DC, in mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) was identified using QTL analysis with a population of 147 recombinant inbred individuals. The population was derived from a cross between 'Berken', a highly susceptible variety, and ATF 3640, a highly resistant line. To test for response to powdery mildew, F7 and F8 lines were inoculated by dispersing decaying mungbean leaves with residual conidia of E. polygoni amongst the young plants to create an artificial epidemic and assayed in a glasshouse facility. To generate a linkage map, 322 RFLP clones were tested against the two parents and 51 of these were selected to screen the mapping population. The 51 probes generated 52 mapped loci, which were used to construct a linkage map spanning 350 cM of the mungbean genome over 10 linkage groups. Using these markers, a single locus was identified that explained up to a maximum of 86% of the total variation in the resistance response to the pathogen.

Ascomycota↗
PubMed1988

Complex organization of the length heterogeneous 5' external spacer of mung bean (Vigna radiata) ribosomal DNA.

Restriction enzyme analysis and cloning of the 18S, 5.8S, and 25S ribosomal RNA genes (rDNA) of the mung bean (Vigna radiata = Phaseolus aureus) reveal length heterogeneity in the repeating units (10-11 kbp) localized within two different regions in the ribosomal spacer. The 1.5-2.0 kbp region flanking the 3' end of the 25S rRNA contains various numbers (8-10) of tandemly arranged 180 bp subrepeats. After DNA sequencing a complex organized length heterogeneous 5' external spacer built up of different numbers of 340 bp subrepeats, each flanked by 52 bp direct repeats, is detected and described for the first time for plant ribosomal DNA repeating units. Sequences occurring in front of and within this repeated structure (elements II-IV) can be combined with the motifs P1, P2, and P3. These exhibit a strong similarity to transcription initiation sites specific for RNA polymerase I described for other plant and animal rDNA investigated to date. Transcription products complementary to the complex repeated structures are detected by hybridization to total nuclear RNA. The 9 bp element V located in fron of the first 340 bp region appears in duplicated form as a direct repeat with sequence similarity to SV40 (or RNA polymerase II) enhancer sequences.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Separation, characterization, and specificity of alpha-mannosidases from Vigna umbellata.

Information about the specificity of glycosidase enzymes is important since it affects their use for characterization and synthesis of oligosaccharides. Two alpha-mannosidases (EC 3.2.1.24), I and II, were isolated from rice beans (Vigna umbellata). The native molecular weight of both isozymes was estimated to be 329,000, but pIs of form I were 5.03-5.34 and pIs of form II were 5.46-6.20. The two isozymes were characterized in terms of optimal pH and temperature, effects of metal ions, inhibition by swainsonine and 1-deoxymannojirimycin, and kinetic parameters for p-nitrophenyl-alpha-D-mannopyranoside and Man alpha (1-2)Man. Both enzymes were more specific towards Man alpha (1-2)Man in both hydrolysis and synthesis, but their hydrolytic specificities towards Man alpha (1-3)[Man alpha (1-6)]Man were different.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗
PubMed2003

Purification, characterization, and sequence analysis of two alpha-amylase isoforms from azuki bean, Vigna angularis, showing different affinity towards beta-cyclodextrin sepharose.

Two alpha-amylase isoforms designated VAAmy1 and VAAmy2 were purified from cotyledons of germinating seedlings of azuki bean (Vigna angularis). VAAmy1 apparently had lower affinity towards a beta-cyclodextrin Sepharose column than VAAmy2. Molecular weights of VAAmy1 and VAAmy2 were estimated to be 47,000 and 44,000, respectively. However, no considerable difference was found between them in effects of pH, temperature, CaCl2, and EDTA, as well as the kinetic parameters for amylose (average degree of polymerization 17): kcat, 71.8 and 55.5 s(-1), Km, 0.113 and 0.097 mg/ml; for blocked 4-nitrophenyl alpha-D-maltoheptaoside: kcat, 62.4 and 85.3 s(-1), Km, 0.22 and 0.37 mM, respectively. Primary structures of the two enzymes were analyzed by N-terminal sequencing, cDNA cloning, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, implying that the two enzymes have the same peptide. The results indicated that the low affinity of VAAmy1 towards beta-cyclodextrin Sepharose was due to some modification on/near carbohydrate binding site in the limited sequence regions, resulting in higher molecular weight.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2004

Suppressive effect of a hot water extract of adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) on hyperglycemia after sucrose loading in mice and diabetic rats.

A hot water extract obtained by boiling adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) to produce bean paste for Japanese cake showed inhibitory activity against alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, maltase, sucrase, and isomaltase after HP-20 column chromatography. The IC(50) values for each hydrolylase were 0.78 mg/ml (alpha-amylase), 2.45 mg/ml (maltase), 5.37 mg/ml (sucrase), and 1.75 mg/ml (isomaltase). The active fraction showed potential hypoglycemic activity in both normal mice and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats after an oral administration of sucrose, but did not show any effect on the blood glucose concentration after glucose administration, suggesting that the active fraction suppressed the postprandial blood glucose level by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase and alpha-amylase, irrespective of the endogenous blood insulin level.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Gibberellin 2-oxidases from seedlings of adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) show high gibberellin-binding activity in the presence of 2-oxoglutarate and Co2+.

Five full-length cDNA encoding gibberellin 2-oxidases, VaGA2oxA1, VaGA2oxA2, VaGA2oxB1, VaGA2oxB2, and VaGA2oxB3, were cloned from etiolated adzuki bean (Vigna angularis cv. Dainagon) seedlings, and their enzymatic characteristics were examined using recombinant enzymes fused with glutathione S-transferase (GST). Recombinant VaGA2oxA1 (rVaGA2oxA1) and rVaGA2oxA2 showed 2beta-hydroxylation activity by converting GA1, GA4, GA9, GA20, GA4-methyl ester, and 16,17-dihydro-GA4 to the corresponding 2beta-hydroxylated gibberellins, which were identified by GC/MS. rVaGA2oxB1, rVaGA2oxB2, and rVaGA2oxB3 showed similar activity by converting [3H4]-16,17-dihydro-GA4 to a metabolite showing an Rf value of 16,17-dihydro-GA34. RNA-blot analysis showed that VaGA2oxA1 and VaGA2oxA2 were the major ones expressed in etiolated hypocotyls. The addition of Co2+ instead of Fe2+ to the assay medium apparently reduced the enzymatic activity, but increased the binding of [3H4]-16,17-dihydro-GA4 to rVaGA2oxA1, indicating the possibility that VaGA2oxs can be detected as gibberellin-binding proteins under certain conditions.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2005

Hot-water extracts from adzuki beans (Vigna angularis) stimulate not only melanogenesis in cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells but also pigmentation of hair color in C3H mice.

A hot-water extract of adzuki was obtained by boiling beans of adzuki (Vigna angularis). This hot-water extract was fractionated using HP-20 column chromatography. Its distilled water fraction (WEx) was found to stimulate tyrosinase activity in cultured mouse B16 melanoma cells and hair color pigmentation in C3H mice. At concentrations of 1-3 mg/ml, WEx stimulated melanogenesis without inhibiting cell growth. During this effect, WEx activated tyrosinase-inducing activity in the cells, but did not activate tyrosinase, which exists at an intracellular level. In this study, WEx increased cyclic adenosine-3',5'-monophospate (cAMP) content in the cells and protein kinase A (PKA) activity, and stimulated translocation of cytosolic protein kinase C (PKC) to the membrane-bound PKC. These results suggest that the addition of WEx activates the adenylcyclase and protein kinase pathways and, as a result, stimulates melanogenesis. WEx was found to have pigmentation activity on hair color in C3H mice. It might be useful in anti-graying, protecting human skin from irradiation.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Crystal structure of the Bowman-Birk Inhibitor from Vigna unguiculata seeds in complex with beta-trypsin at 1.55 A resolution and its structural properties in association with proteinases.

The structure of the Bowman-Birk inhibitor from Vigna unguiculata seeds (BTCI) in complex with beta-trypsin was solved and refined at 1.55 A to a crystallographic R(factor) of 0.154 and R(free) of 0.169, and represents the highest resolution for a Bowman-Birk inhibitor structure to date. The BTCI-trypsin interface is stabilized by hydrophobic contacts and hydrogen bonds, involving two waters and a polyethylene glycol molecule. The conformational rigidity of the reactive loop is characteristic of the specificity against trypsin, while hydrophobicity and conformational mobility of the antichymotryptic subdomain confer the self-association tendency, indicated by atomic force microscopy, of BTCI in complex and free form. When BTCI is in binary complexes, no significant differences in inhibition constants for producing a ternary complex with trypsin and chymotrypsin were detected. These results indicate that binary complexes present no conformational change in their reactive site for both enzymes confirming that these sites are structurally independent. The free chymotrypsin observed in the atomic force microscopy assays, when the ternary complex is obtained from BTCI-trypsin binary complex and chymotrypsin, could be related more to the self-association tendency between chymotrypsin molecules and the flexibility of the reactive site for this enzyme than to binding-related conformational changes.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Vicilins (7S storage globulins) of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds bind to chitinous structures of the midgut of Callosobruchus maculatus (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) larvae.

The presence of chitin in midgut structures of Callosobruchus maculatus larvae was shown by chemical and immunocytochemical methods. Detection by Western blotting of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seed vicilins (7S storage proteins) bound to these structures suggested that C. maculatus-susceptible vicilins presented less staining when compared to C. maculatus-resistant vicilins. Storage proteins present in the microvilli in the larval midgut of the bruchid were recognized by immunolabeling of vicilins in the appropriate sections with immunogold conjugates. These labeling sites coincided with the sites labeled by an anti-chitin antibody. These results, taken together with those previously published showing that the lower rates of hydrolysis of variant vicilins from C. maculatus-resistant seeds by the insect's midgut proteinases and those showing that vicilins bind to chitin matrices, may explain the detrimental effects of variant vicilins on the development of C. maculatus larvae.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

A protein with amino acid sequence homology to bovine insulin is present in the legume Vigna unguiculata (cowpea).

Since the discovery of bovine insulin in plants, much effort has been devoted to the characterization of these proteins and elucidation of their functions. We report here the isolation of a protein with similar molecular mass and same amino acid sequence to bovine insulin from developing fruits of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) genotype Epace 10. Insulin was measured by ELISA using an anti-human insulin antibody and was detected both in empty pods and seed coats but not in the embryo. The highest concentrations (about 0.5 ng/micro g of protein) of the protein were detected in seed coats at 16 and 18 days after pollination, and the values were 1.6 to 4.0 times higher than those found for isolated pods tested on any day. N-terminal amino acid sequencing of insulin was performed on the protein purified by C4-HPLC. The significance of the presence of insulin in these plant tissues is not fully understood but we speculate that it may be involved in the transport of carbohydrate to the fruit.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Studies on the management of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum disease complex of green gram, Vigna radiata cv ML-1108.

Studies were conducted under pot conditions to determine the comparative efficacy of carbofuran at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, bavistin at 1 mg a.i./kg soil, neem (Azadirachta indica) seed powder at 50 mg/kg soil, green mould (Trichoderma harzianum) at 50.0 ml/kg soil, rhizobacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens) at 50.0 ml/kg soil against root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita-wilt fungus, Fusarium oxysporum disease complex on green gram, Vigna radiata cv ML-1108. All the treatments significantly improved the growth of the plants as compared to untreated inoculated plants. Analysis of data showed that carbofuran and A. indica seed powder increased plant growth and yield significantly more in comparison to bavistin and P. fluorescens. Carbofuran was highly effective against nematode, bavistin against fungus, A. indica seed powder against both the pathogens and both the bioagents were moderately effective against both the pathogens.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Nutrient composition and amino acid pattern of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp, Fabaceae) grown in the Gizan area of Saudi Arabia.

The proximate composition, grain protein, minerals, amino acid and sugar profiles of Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp were analyzed. The crude protein was 23%, fat 3.40% and ash 3.60%. Amino acid analysis indicated the presence of at least 17 amino acids including most of the essential ones. The essential amino acids valine, leucine, phenylalanine and lysine were slightly higher, but sulphur-containing amino acids were lower than recommended in the WHO/FAO requirement pattern. Qualitative phytochemical screening of seeds showed fructose, alpha-glucose, beta-glucose, glycerol, manitol, inositol and some oligosaccharides, e.g. raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose. The grain contained almost similar amount of phosphorus as compared with that of Lebanese and Pakistani cultivars. Calcium was found to be lower as compared to some Indian, Pakistani and Lebanese cultivars. In general the results indicated that the legume is nutritive as staple food, feed and/or fodder.

Amino Acids↗
PubMed1998

Effect of processing on some properties of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), seed, protein, starch, flour and akara.

Large brown eye Kano white cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds were processed into three batches of flour by wetting, drying individually at 30, 80, and 120 degrees C, decorticating and dry milling. Starch was extracted from the cowpea seed and protein from the flour using water as solvent. The water-extractable proteins were purified by dialysis and analysed by electrophoresis. The cowpea flour was used to produce akara balls (fried paste). The microstructure of the cowpea cotyledon, flour, starch and akara crumb were examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Electrophoretic separation revealed that some of the protein fractions from the sample extracted from 30 degrees C dried cowpea were absent in the sample extracted from the 80 degrees C and 120 degrees C dried cowpeas or their quantities had decreased. In the SEM study, no difference was observed in the microstructure of the three flour samples except in the size and shape of the starch granules and particles of protein and cell wall material. The starch granules from the cowpea dried at 120 degrees C had surface defects. Cavities occurred in the cotyledons of the 80 and 120 degrees C dried cowpea seeds, some starch granules, protein matrix and sometimes the entire cell contents were lost from the cell. The protein sheet in the akara crumb became thicker as temperature increased to 80 and 120 degrees C.

Dietary Carbohydrates↗
PubMed1976

[Nutritive value of macaçar bean (Vigna unguiculatta L.) Walp (author's transl)].

The biological value of dry and immature macaçar bean (Vigna unguiculatta L.) Walp, isolated or associated to manioc flour, was studied. Thirty-six male Albino rats, Wistar strain, aged 23 days, were divided into six groups and fed experimental and control (casein) diets for 28 days. The weight curve and the PER of the animals fed dry and immature macaçar bean either isolated or associated to manioc flour were lower than those of the casein group. The data lead to the conclusion that the macaçar bean is to be used as a food supplement only, due to its low biological value.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Manifestation of polylysogeny in Pseudomonas vignae].

Ultraviolet irradiation and treatment with mitomycin C demonstrated that a culture of Ps. vignae, strain 1025, was polylysogenic, as electron microscopic preparations of phagolysates revealed two types of virus particles: "large" with a hexagonal head of 700 A in diameter, and "small" with a round head of 500 A in diameter. Subcultivation of the test and indicator cultures showed in both cases formation of particles of these phages, the content of "small" virions increasing with the number of passages of negative colonies. Attempts to separate these viruses biological methods were not successfull. The phenomenon of polylysogeny is unusual in that moderate phage adsorbed repeatedly on host bacteria culture and lysed it. The causes of the discovered phenomenon are discussed.

Bacteriophages↗
PubMed2000

A patatin-like protein with galactolipase activity is induced by drought stress in Vigna unguiculata leaves.

This paper reports the cloning of a cDNA (Vupat1) expressed in Vigna unguiculata leaves coding for a protein with 48% sequence homology to patatin, the major protein from potato tuber which has lipolytic acylhydrolase activity. Two cultivars differing in drought tolerance were examined in Northern-blot analyses. Expression of Vupat1 is stimulated by drought stress, especially in the drought-sensitive cultivar. Vupat1 was expressed in the baculovirus system as a fusion protein secreted in the culture medium. The recombinant protein displays lipolytic activity towards monogalactosyldiacylglycerol, digalactosyldiacylglycerol and sulphoquinovosyldiacylglycerols.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Vigna sesquipedalis Koern (asparagus bean).

Agrobacterium mediated transformation of Vigna sesquipedalis was achieved using cotyledonary node explants prepared from 5 days old seedlings germinated on B5 basal medium, and transformed using Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101, carrying the phosphinothricin-N-acetyltransferase gene and neomycin-3-phosphotransferase-II gene as selectable markers and GUS gene as a screenable marker. Gene transfer was achieved by inoculation of cotyledonary node explants with a bacterial suspension and a further cocultivation with Agrobacterium suspension for 3 days on B5 basal medium. Only 10% of the explants were transformed with EHA101 and exhibited transient expression of GUS genes, while 2% of shoots exhibited stable integration of genes and developed into plants. Transgenic character of tissues was confirmed by GUS assay and Southern analysis. Histological analysis of GUS gene expression directly after cocultivation revealed a high competence of subepidermal cell layers of cotyledonary node and associated cotyledons for transformation with Agrobacterium.

Fabaceae↗
PubMed2000

Nutritional value of mung bean (Vigna radiata) as effected by cooking and supplementation.

The study was conducted to improve the nutritional value of Mung (Vigna radiata) by supplementation with different kinds of meat. Diets were prepared using raw and cooked Mung and then cooked Mung was supplemented with poultry, mutton and beef at 10, 15, and 20 percent levels. Nutritional value of Mung was determined by chemical analysis as well as by rat assay. Mung had 25 percent protein and minor losses were observed during cooking. It had 1.21 percent lysine which was reduced by 43 percent on cooking. Other amino acids also showed losses during cooking. The Protein Efficiency Ratio (PER) of diet containing Mung was significantly reduced on cooking (1.86 vs 1.40). On the contrary cooking resulted in some improvement of Net Protein utilization (NPU) and True Digestibility (TD) of the Mung based diets. Twenty percent level of different meats showed better results in terms of PER, NPU and TD.

Animals↗