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The development of a new method of cephalometric and study cast mensuration with a computer controlled, video image capture system. Part II: Study cast mensuration.

A computerized system for mensuration of dental casts, developed at the Royal Berkshire Hospital in Reading was tested against a conventional manual method and a computer controlled reflex microscope. Systematic errors, calibration, and handling aspects are discussed. Results showed that the computerized system provided data which while statistically different, were clinically comparable with the same measurements carried out using conventional manual or digitizing techniques. The results indicated that future research is required with respect to object illumination for all indirect techniques.

Analysis of Variance↗

Effectiveness of multimedia reading materials when used with children who are deaf.

The purpose of the study was to assess the relative effectiveness of print, sign, and pictures in the transfer of reading-related information to children who are deaf. By means of personal computers, deaf children were presented CD-ROM-generated stories in four different formats: print only, print plus pictures, print plus sign language, and print plus pictures plus sign. A repeated-measure design was used to analyze participants' reading comprehension performance. Significant differences were found among the four presentation options. One observed phenomenon was that participants would switch from American Sign Language to Signed English when analyzing text. The study findings suggest that presenting stories on CD-ROM with multiple modes of reading cues, such as print, pictures, and sign language, may be an enjoyable and interesting supplement to standard reading practices.

Achievement↗

Question questioned.

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Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

Level of interactivity of videodisc instruction on college students' recall of AIDS information.

Experiment 1 confirmed the greater effectiveness of constructed-response interactive videodisc instruction when compared to a click-to-continue or passive viewing formats on posttest recall of AIDS information by 101 college students. Experiment 2 extended the analysis using a counterbalanced (ABAB-BABA) intrasubject design with 4 students in each of three ability groups. The necessity of constructing answers appears to be an important factor in the effectiveness of instructional programs.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

Interactive videodisc for teaching radiology.

This article reviews the development and current use of the interactive videodisc as a tool for teaching radiology. Inherent advantages of the videodisc include large image capacity with random access, ability to incorporate motion video, ability to overlay arrows and other graphics on images, quality of images, speed of retrieval and display, and ease of management of images.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

Interactive atlas of joint anatomy on MR images.

We designed and developed an atlas of joint anatomy based on MR images. Using a workstation that consisted of a computer and a videodisc player, each with its own monitor, the program presented complete sets of labeled MR images of the joints by using a variety of common pulse sequences in standard imaging planes. The images were stored on videodisc and were retrieved and displayed under the control of the computer program. The images could be viewed in a self-paced, structured sequence or in any arbitrary, self-directed way. Interactive features included a quiz mode that challenged the user to name the anatomic structures, one at a time. The atlas has been exhibited at national meetings and currently is used in our residency and fellowship training programs.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

Effects of modeling errors on the acquisition and retention of sterile hand washing task.

The learning effect of including errors in the instruction of a sterile hand washing task was studied. The numbers of errors made during task reproduction on acquisition and retention were analyzed. Subjects were assigned to one of four groups: observed task demonstration, observed task demonstration and five errors, observed task demonstration and the correct presentation of the five errors, and the Control group was told the clinical importance of hand washing. Two trials were videotaped for evaluation during each time of testing. Group differences were tested using a mixed-model analysis of variance. Instruction altered task performance, although no group difference existed. Scores were higher on acquisition tests than retention and on the second trial than the first.

Adult↗

Assessment of an interactive microcomputer-videodisc programme for teaching medical students to evaluate the peripheral blood smear.

An interactive microcomputer-videodisc programme for providing instruction in interpreting the peripheral blood smear was evaluated by 23 medical students. The mean scores of the students on a test of interpretation of photomicrographs of blood smears increased significantly after use of the teaching programme. The students' responses to a questionnaire indicated that they viewed computer based instruction as a useful learning tool. The results of the study suggest that computer assisted instruction may be one method for addressing some of the current problems in medical education.

Blood Cell Count↗

The use of interactive videodisc in the teaching of orthopaedics in physiotherapy.

The use of an innovative educational medium such as the interactive videodisc was seen as a way of maximizing student learning by using its attributes of excellent visual images, interactivity (active student learning), feedback, quick response time, and the potential for student-directed and student-paced learning. A videodisc containing 1981 slides and approximately 34 minutes of videotape on the topic of orthopaedics was produced in PAL format and the authoring language PC/PILOT was used for programming. The instructional design considerations and the process of producing an interactive videodisc are discussed.

Humans↗

The image database: pictures and computers.

Information technology offers important new ways of using pictures for teaching in medicine. Methods for storing and delivering high quality images for computer-based learning systems are discussed.

CD-ROM↗

The Wellcome Trust tropical diseases videodisc project.

This presentation sets out the aims and methodology involved in creating a sophisticated teaching archive in tropical medicine based on the Wellcome Museum of Medical Science. This visual archive will take the form of a videodisc database containing 30,000 video stills combined with a limited amount of moving material. While authoring tools will ensure the continuing production of interactive learning material from the archive, users will have access to several hundred hours of ready made tutorials, and an expert system to teach clinical skills. They will also be able to browse through any part of the archive. Successful management strategies have involved a close and supportive relationship with the project sponsors, the formation of expert groups to solve specific problems, and a process of continuous formative evaluation.

Humans↗

A survey of videodisc and interactive videodisc projects in North America: Part I.

Selected videodisc (VD) and interactive videodisc (IVD) programs, projects and topics are presented in two articles in this and a subsequent issue of the journal. Part I reviews the impact of Information Science developments on image management. The American Society of Hematology Slide Bank and other specific applications in urology, paediatric neurology, obstetrical nursing, medical decision making, dental diagnosis and treatment (DDT), and paediatric cardiology, are reviewed as educational and informatics research projects. This is followed by a section on three-dimensional reconstructions of the brain which stresses digital images. Multi-purposing and repurposing are reviewed in two prototype programs. A discussion of the multidisciplinary Slice of Life projects completes this first article.

Computer Graphics↗

An interactive videodisc 'cancer patients and their families at home', designed for education in primary health care.

This article describes the development of an interactive videodisc program to support professional education in the field of cancer for the primary health care team. Based on a survey of needs, it concentrates on common symptoms and their control, and problems in communication. The educational approach adopted was chosen on the basis of an extensive consideration of the needs, and what was felt most appropriate for adult learners. Plans were carefully reviewed at each stage, with external advisers, and the prototype system independently evaluated in four sites before completing the package. With financial backing from the 'Europe against Cancer' initiative of the European Commission, and close cooperation with national practitioners, Dutch, German, Greek and Portuguese versions of the package have been developed. Local differences in practice are taken into account and translations of key aspects are provided.

Home Care Services↗