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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Prevalence of a Vibrio cholerae 18-kDa antigen in vibrios.

An 18-kDa protein that occurs in Vibrio cholerae has been described as an in vivo and low-iron regulated outer membrane antigen. Monoclonal antibodies which recognized this antigen were protective as passive vaccines in the infant rabbit model of cholera disease. In this study, those monoclonal antibodies were used in three immunological assays for surveillance of various bacteria for the 18-kDa antigen. ELISA, and Western blot assays gave variable results with bacteria or outer membrane preparations. The biodot assay was the most sensitive test, detecting the 18-kDa antigen in 29 of 29 V. cholerae strains, independent of biotype or serotype. A few other Gram-negative bacteria and V. parahaemolyticus reacted weakly with our antibodies and antiserum.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

A gene for the enterotoxin zonula occludens toxin is present in Vibrio mimicus and Vibrio cholerae O139.

The presence of the zonula occludens toxin (ZOT) gene, which encodes an enterotoxin produced by serotype O1 strains of the pathogenic bacterium, Vibrio cholerae, in addition to cholera toxin, was investigated in selected strains of V. mimicus and the new pandemic V. cholerae non-O1 serotype O139. The zot gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification, using sets of primers based on the sequence of the V. cholerae O1 zot sequence. PCR amplification of genomic DNAs of both cholera toxin gene (ctx) positive and ctx- strains of V. mimicus detected the presence of zot gene. An AccI-EcoRV V. cholerae zot gene fragment designed to overlap PCR products was used as a probe. Southern hybridization studies confirmed that the PCR fragments from V. mimicus and V. cholerae O139 were strongly homologous to the V. cholerae O1 zot gene. The zot gene was found with 3 of 5 strains of V. mimicus of which only one strain harbored the ctx gene. The presence of a zot gene in ctx- toxigenic V. mimicus indicates a possible role of ZOT in the toxigenicity of this species. We conclude that, in addition to ctx, V. mimicus and V. cholerae O139 have the potential to produce ZOT.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1986

Molecular epidemiology of non-O1 Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio mimicus in the U.S. Gulf Coast region.

Ten toxigenic Vibrio cholerae non-O1 and V. mimicus strains isolated from clinical and environmental sources in the U.S. Gulf Coast region were examined for genetic relatedness. Restriction digest patterns of chromosomal DNA and Southern blot analysis with a cholera toxin gene probe revealed that the strains exhibited greater genetic divergence than the highly conserved V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from clinical and sewage samples in this region.

Cholera Toxin↗
PubMed1988

The annual cycle of zooplankton-associated Vibrio cholerae and related vibrios in Albufera lake and its coastal surrounding waters (Valencia, Spain).

Most probable numbers of zooplankton-associated Vibrio spp. and V. cholerae were determined in Albufera lake, Spain, and in its coastal receiving waters throughout a year. Highest counts of 10(5) bacterial cells/g of plankton were associated to high temperatures and were also related to the kind of water. All isolates were non-01 serovars, and most belonged to Heiberg groups I and II.

Animals↗
PubMed1968

Pathogenicity of vibrio coli for swine. II. Experimental infection of conventional pigs with vibrio coli.

The pathogenicity of V. coli for conventional swine was studied by inoculating pigs with cultures of V. coli and V. coli infected gut of gnotobiotic pigs. Thus, six conventional pigs were inoculated with strains of V. coli freshly isolated from infected gnotobiotic pigs. The cultures were grown in simulated sows milk, and added to the feed. Two other groups, of three pigs each, were infected by administration of minced intestine from two gnotobiotic pigs, heavily infected with the organism. Vibrio was isolated from all pigs, including five of the six controls, but larger numbers were isolated from the inoculated groups, especially from those fed macerated gut. Clinical signs of disease were not observed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Comparison of relative photon flux from single cells of the bioluminescent marine bacteria Vibrio fischeri and Vibrio harveyi using photon-counting microscopy.

Photon counting microscopy was used to quantify relative photon flux from 616 single sessile cells of Vibrio harveyi and 180 single sessile cells of V. fischeri. V. fischeri cells all emitted light at nearly the same level (average 15.93+/-11.48 photons/min, range 0-58.9 photons/min) when bioluminescence was induced, whereas photon flux of V. harveyi single cells was extremely variable (average 10.51+/-20.60 photons/min, range 0-211 photons/min).

Evaluation Studies as Topic↗
PubMed1989

Extracellular and surface-bound biological activities of Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio furnissii and related species.

Twenty-seven Vibrio strains were assessed for virulence-associated biological activities, including iron chelation, hydrolases, haemolysis and haemagglutination. All strains hydrolysed DNA, chitin, gelatin and casein, produced siderophores, and lysed red blood cells. All V. fluvialis, V. cholerae and V. mimicus strains exhibited diverse lipolytic activity distinct from more discriminate lipolysis by V. furnissii. V. furnissii manifested fibrin and mucin hydrolysis but no phosphate or esculin hydrolysis, for which V. fluvialis varied. No strains hydrolysed urea, alginate or keratin. V. fluvialis, V. furnissii and V. mimicus strains failed to exhibit the mannose-sensitive haemagglutination typical of V. cholerae. Some activities may distinguish otherwise phenotypically similar species. Species tested commonly possessed biological activities that may contribute to virulence, although there was no apparent correlation with isolation from human sources.

Hemagglutination↗
PubMed1991

In vivo evidence of immunological masking of the Vibrio cholerae O antigen of a hybrid Salmonella typhi Ty21a-Vibrio cholerae oral vaccine in humans.

The immunogenicity of the live oral hybrid vaccine organism Salmonella typhi Ty21a/V. cholerae Inaba (EX210) following its growth in media containing variable concentrations of supplemental galactose was examined in human volunteer subjects. The local intestinal IgA-specific antibody responses to both typhoid and cholera lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preparations were determined. It was observed that the immunogenicity of the galactose-independent Vibrio cholerae O antigen in vivo was dependent upon the variation in galactose-dependent long chain S. typhi O antigen production which was directly proportional to the media galactose concentration. It is likely that this observation was a result of steric hindrance of the presentation of the V. cholerae O antigen by S. typhi Ty21a in the presence of the longer, immunodominant S. typhi Ty21a O antigen. This observation may have relevance to the use of S. typhi vectors in vaccine development involving the presentation of LPS-associated heterologous antigens.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed1999

Antibodies to the truncated (short) form of 'O' polysaccharides (TFOP) of Vibrio cholerae O139 lipopolysaccharides protect mice against experimental cholera induced by encapsulated O139 strains and such protection is mediated by inhibition of intestinal colonization of vibrios.

An antiserum raised against the lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of an encapsulated Vibrio cholerae O139 strain was shown to induce passive protection against challenge with O139, but not O1, organisms. Subsequent experiments, however, revealed that the purified LPS, obtained by the conventional phenol-water extraction method, contained capsular polysaccharide (CPS) material. Therefore, another antiserum was raised by immunization with electrophoresed gel-cut material containing only the truncated (short) form of 'O' polysaccharides (TFOP) linked to the core of O139 LPS. Anti-TFOP antibodies and their Fab (IgG) fragments induced passive protection against challenge with colonial variants of encapsulated O139 strains and such protection was mediated by inhibition of intestinal colonization. These results suggest that it is possible to engender protection against encapsulated O139 strains by using TFOP material (devoid of CPS) as the immunogen.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The genes responsible for O-antigen synthesis of vibrio cholerae O139 are closely related to those of vibrio cholerae O22.

Several studies have shown that the emergence of the O139 serogroup of Vibrio cholerae is a result of horizontal gene transfer of a fragment of DNA from a serogroup other than O1 into the region responsible for O-antigen biosynthesis of the seventh pandemic V. cholerae O1 biotype El Tor strain. In this study, we show that the gene cluster responsible for O-antigen biosynthesis of the O139 serogroup of V. cholerae is closely related to those of O22. When DNA fragments derived from O139 O-antigen biosynthesis gene region were used as probes, the entire O139 O-antigen biosynthesis gene region could be divided into five classes, designated as I-V based on the reactivity pattern of the probes against reference strains of V. cholerae representing serogroups O1-O193. Class IV was specific to O139 serogroup, while classes I-III and class V were homologous to varying extents to some of the non-O1, non-O139 serogroups. Interestingly, the regions other than class IV were also conserved in the O22 serogroup. Long and accurate PCR was employed to determine if a simple deletion or substitution was involved to account for the difference in class IV between O139 and O22. A product of approx. 15kb was amplified when O139 DNA was used as the template, while a product of approx. 12.5kb was amplified when O22 DNA was used as the template, indicating that substitution but not deletion could account for the difference in the region between O22 and O139 serogroups. In order to precisely compare between the genes responsible for O-antigen biosynthesis of O139 and O22, the region responsible for O-antigen biosynthesis of O22 serogroup was cloned and analyzed. In concurrence with the results of the hybridization test, all regions were well conserved in O22 and O139 serogroups, although wbfA and the five or six genes comprising class IV in O22 and O139 serogroups, respectively, were exceptions. Again the genes in class IV in O22 were confirmed to be specific to O22 among the 155 'O' serogroups of V. cholerae. These data suggest that the gene clusters responsible for O139 O-antigen biosynthesis are most similar to those of O22 and genes within class IV of O139, and O22 defines the unique O antigen of O139 or O22.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1998

Acalculous cholecystitis and septicemia caused by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae: first reported case and review of biliary infections with Vibrio cholerae.

The first case of septicemic acute acalculous cholecystitis caused by non-O1 Vibrio cholerae is described in a healthy traveler, and biliary tract infections from V. cholerae are reviewed. Immediately after a vacation in Cancun, Mexico, a 55-year-old man developed acute cholecystitis. Blood and bile cultures grew non-O1 V. cholerae. At surgery, the gallbladder was acalculous, inflamed, distended, and nearly ruptured. Pathogenetic factors may have included diarrhea prophylaxis with bismuth subsalicylate, distension of the gallbladder from illness-induced fasting, and bacterial toxins in the gallbladder. The patient received i.v. cephapirin, followed by oral cephradine for a total of 10 days, and he made a quick and complete recovery. V. cholerae should be considered in the differential diagnosis of persons from endemic areas who present with cholecystitis or acute jaundice.

Bacteremia↗
PubMed2001

Are the environmental niches of Vibrio cholerae O139 different from those of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor?

BACKGROUND: Vibrio cholerae are known to be normal inhabitants of surface water. However, the environmental niches of the different strains of cholera are not well known, and therefore, populations at risk for cholera outbreaks cannot be clearly identified. METHODS: This study identifies environmental risk factors for cholera caused by V. cholerae O1 El Tor and O139 and environmental niches of the two strains present in Matlab, a cholera endemic area of Bangladesh. The study year was 1993, the year that the O139 strain first appeared in the study area. Patients who had either strain of cholera identified in a laboratory were included in the study. A geographic information system was used to map the household locations of the patients, to describe the human sanitary environment and population density, and to address potential anthropogenic and environmental risk factors of the disease. Spatial point pattern and exploratory spatial data analysis techniques were used to define the environmental niches of the two cholera strains. RESULTS: The study suggests the niches of O1 El Tor and O139 strains of V. cholerae appear to be similar, based on common environmental risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study support a theory that O1 El Tor could possibly be replaced by the newer O139 strain in the future.

Bangladesh↗
PubMed2000

Chitinases from Vibrio: activity screening and purification of chiA from Vibrio carchariae.

Fourteen species of Vibrio were screened for chitin-induced chitinase activity in culture medium. V. carchariae, V. alginolyticus 283 and V. campbellii showed high levels of activity. Screening on agar plates containing swollen chitin showed high levels of chitinase activity by the same three species, and also by V. fischeri and V. alginolyticus 284. An affinity purification procedure was developed for the chitinase from V. carchariae. The purified chitinase was active as a monomer with M(r) 63,000-66,000, and displayed activity toward polymeric chitin from acetylated chitosan or from crab shells. N-terminal sequence analysis and immunological cross-reactivity confirmed that the enzyme belongs to the group A/chiA family of bacterial chitinases.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1996

Cloning and sequence of a region encoding a surface polysaccharide of Vibrio cholerae O139 and characterization of the insertion site in the chromosome of Vibrio cholerae O1.

Vibrio cholerae serogroup O139 Bengal is the first documented serogroup other than O1 to cause epidemic cholera. The O139 Bengal strains are very similar to V. cholerae serogroup O1 biotype El Tor strains. The major differences between the two serogroups are that O139 Bengal contains a distinct O antigen and produces a polysaccharide capsule. We previously described three TnphoA mutants of O139 strain AI1837 which abolish both O antigen and capsule production. These TnphoA insertions were mapped to a 21.5 kb EcoRI fragment of the O139 chromosome. We describe here the cloning and mapping of this 21.5 kb EcoRI fragment and it was shown to complement each of the mutants in trans to produce O antigen and capsule. The EcoRI fragment contains 13 kb of DNA that is specific to O139 and 8.5 kb of DNA that is common to O1 and O139. Sequence analysis of the 13 kb of O139-specific DNA revealed that it contains 11 open reading frames all of which are transcribed in the same direction. Eight of the 11 open reading frames are homologous to sugar biosynthesis genes from other organisms. Using extended polymerase chain reactions, we show that the extent of the DNA region in O139 that is not present in O1 is approximately 35 kb. The site of insertion of this O139-specific DNA in the O1 chromosome was mapped to the rfbO1 region. We also demonstrate that O139 Bengal strain AI1837 contains a deletion of 22 kb that in serogroup O1 strains contains the rfb region. Therefore, O139 Bengal probably arose from an O1 strain that had undergone genetic rearrangements including deletion of the O1 rfb region and acquisition of a 35 kb region of DNA which encodes O139 surface polysaccharide.

Bacterial Capsules↗
PubMed2001

The coral bleaching Vibrio shiloi Kushmaro et al. 2001 is a later synonym of Vibrio mediterranei Pujalte and Garay 1986.

The coral bleaching Vibrio shiloi LMG 19703T was characterized by means of Fluorescent Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (FAFLP), DNA-DNA hybridisation, mol% G+C content, fatty acids methyl ester (FAME) analysis and phenotypical tests. Numerical analysis of the FAFLP band patterns indicated that the type strain of V. shiloi in fact belongs to the species V. mediterranei. The type strains of both species shared 77% DNA similarity, as determined by DNA-DNA hybridisation experiments at stringent conditions. Moreover, V. shiloi and V. mediterranei showed almost identical fatty acid composition and phenotypical features. Collectively, the genotypic and phenotypic data presented in this study suggest that V. shiloi Kushmaro et al. 2001 should be considered a later synonym of V. mediterranei Pujalte and Garay 1986. The involvement of V. mediterranei in coral bleaching was unknown until now.

Animals↗