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PubMed1985

Prevalence of antibody against influenza A viruses in the Kren-Akorore, an Indian tribe of Central Brazil, first contacted in 1973.

Influenza A antibodies in serum samples obtained in 1980 from two Indian populations in Central Brazil were compared. The Kren-Akorore, who were first contacted in 1973 and two years later transferred to the Xingu Indian Park (PIX), were compared with Indians from other tribes already living in the PIX before 1975. An analysis was made of the prevalence and distribution of antibodies against the influenza A viruses which have circulated in the civilized world since 1918. Antibodies to the early influenza A viruses were absent in both Indian populations, but A/Hong Kong/1/68 (H3N2) virus apparently circulated in the PIX. No antibody to influenza A/Bangkok/1/79 or to A/Brazil/11/78 (H1N1) was found in any of the sera, whereas antibodies to these viruses were commonly found in urban populations in Brazil. The evidence from influenza antibodies agrees with the information that the Kren-Akorore Indians had been living in complete isolation until 1973, when they were first contacted.

Antibodies, Viral↗

PubMed2001

Polymorphism of human HLA-DRB1 antigens generated by genetic exchange between DR2 (DRB115011) and DR6 (DRB11405) alleles: a novel DRB1 allele (DRB1*1437) identified in a Paiwan tribe member of Taiwan.

We report herein the identification of a new DRB1 allele using sequence-based typing (SBT). This novel allele, HLA-DRB1*1437, was found in an aboriginal individual from the Paiwan tribe in the southern part of Taiwan. This individual was typed by SBT method as having an HLA genotype of HLA-A*02011/0203, HLA-B*15011/3901, HLA-DRB1*11011/1437, HLA-DRB3*0202/0202, and HLA-DPB1*0501/1301. This new allele differs from DRB1*1309 in the 5'-end nucleotide sequence of polymorphic exon 2 at codon 16 (CAT-->CAA; H16Q), codon 37 (AAC-->TTC; R37F), codon 47 (TTC-->TAC; F47Y), and codon 58 (GCC-->GCT; both specify alanine). By sequence comparison, it was found that this new allele has a 5'-end sequence (from amino acid residues 7 to 66) identical to that found in the DRB1*1405 allele and a 3'-end sequence (from amino acid residues 58 to 94) identical to that found in the DRB1*15011 allele. Both DRB1*1405 and DRB1*15011 alleles have been identified among the Paiwan members (Note).

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

Use of the MMPI-2 in American Indians: I. Comparability of the MMPI-2 between two tribes and with the MMPI-2 normative group.

The comparability of the MMPI-2 in American Indians with the MMPI-2 normative group was investigated in a sample of 535 Southwestern and 297 Plains American Indian tribal members with contrasting sociocultural and historical origins. Both American Indian tribal groups had clinically significant higher T scores (> 5 T points) on 5 validity and clinical scales, 6 content scales, and 2 supplementary scales than did the MMPI-2 normative group. There were no significant differences between the 2 tribal groups on any of the MMPI-2 clinical, content, or supplementary scales. Matching members of both tribes with persons in the MMPI-2 normative group on the basis of age, gender, and education reduced the magnitude of the differences between the 2 groups on all of these scales, although the differences in T scores still exceeded 5 T points. It appears likely that the MMPI-2 differences of these 2 American Indian groups from the normative group may reflect their adverse historical, social, and economic conditions.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

New recombinant HLA-B alleles in a tribe of South American Amerindians indicate rapid evolution of MHC class I loci.

Evidence suggests that the New World was colonized only 11,000-40,000 years ago by Palaeo-Indians. The descendants of these Palaeo-Indians therefore provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of selection on major histocompatibility complex class I genes over a short period. Here we analyse the class I alleles of the Waorani of South America and the Zuni of North America. Four of the Waorani HLA-B alleles were new functional variants which could be accounted for by intralocus recombination. In contrast, all of the Zuni HLA-A and -B molecules were present in caucasians and orientals. This suggests that the new Waorani HLA-B variants arose in South America. The description of four new HLA-B alleles in the Waorani and another five new HLA-B alleles from two other tribes of South American Amerindians indicates that the HLA-B locus can evolve rapidly in isolated populations. These studies underline the importance of gathering genetic data on endangered native human populations.

Alleles↗

PubMed2000

Phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Bovini using microsatellites.

The objective of the present study was to determine if the generally accepted phylogenetic relationships in the tribe Bovini correspond to a phylogenetic scheme derived from polymorphisms at 20 bovine microsatellite loci. This study comprises 17 representative populations: eight Bos taurus, two Bos indicus, one Poëphagus, one Bibos, one Bison, three Bubalus and one Syncerus. Phylogenetic analyses using (delta mu)2 and chord (DC) distances revealed substantial divergence among species. Neighbor-joining trees with both distance measures showed only minor differences. Bos taurus and Bos indicus grouped first, followed by Bos frontalis (Mithan) and Bos grunniens (Yak), Bison bison branched off next and Bubalus bubalis and Syncerus caffer emerged as the two most divergent species from the Bos clade. These findings would suggest that Bos, Poëphagus, and Bibos should be integrated into the Bos genus with each group classified as a subgenus. On the other hand, Bison, Bubalus and Syncerus should each be considered a separate genus. Direct estimates of the divergence times were calculated using the (delta mu)2 genetic distance. Bos taurus and Bos indicus were estimated to have diverged 0.31-0.82 MYA, Bos and Poëphagus: 0.57-1.53 MYA, Bos and Bibos: 0.57-1.52 MYA, Bos and Bison: 0.46-1.23 MYA, Bos and Bubalus: 1.85-4.93 MYA and Bos and Syncerus: 0.98-2.61 MYA.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

Alarming prevalence of hepatitis-B infection among the Jarawas--a primitive Negrito tribe of Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India.

Jarawas, a classical hunter-gatherer tribe of Andaman and Nicobar islands have lived in isolation for several centuries. It is only recently have they started to come in contact with the outsiders, shedding their hostility. Since then, several disease outbreaks have been reported amongst them. Screening of sera samples collected during one such outbreak showed very high endemicity of hepatitis-B infection with over 60% of the individuals positive for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg). The rates of HBsAg observed among the Jarawas are probably the highest ever reported in the world and warrant immediate control measures which would prevent further spread of this infection in the community.

Black People↗

PubMed2001

Population structure in two sympatric species of the Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Eretmodini: evidence for introgression.

Patterns of genetic differentiation were analysed and compared in two sympatric species of the endemic Lake Tanganyika cichlid tribe Eretmodini by means of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences of the control region and six microsatellite DNA loci. The sample area covers a total of 138 km of mostly uninterrupted rocky shoreline in the Democratic Republic of Congo and includes the entire distribution range of Tanganicodus cf. irsacae that stretches over a distance of 35 km. Both markers detected significant genetic differentiation within and between the two species. T. cf. irsacae contained lower overall genetic variation than Eretmoduscyanostictus, possibly due to its more restricted range of distribution and its smaller effective population sizes. Complete fixation of Tanganicodus mtDNA haplotypes was observed in Eretmodus at two localities, while at two other localities some Tanganicodus individuals possessed Eretmodus mtDNA haplotypes. Taking into account the relatively large average sequence divergence of 6.2% between the two species, as well as the geographical distribution of mtDNA haplotypes in the lake, the observed pattern is more likely to be a consequence of asymmetric introgression than of shared ancestral polymorphism. As there is significant population differentiation between sympatric Tanganicodus and Eretmodus populations, the events of introgressions may have happened after secondary contact, but our data provide no evidence for ongoing gene flow and suggest that both species are reproductively isolated at present time.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Founder effect and number of private polymorphisms observed in Amerindian tribes.

In studies extending over the past dozen years, we have observed eight examples of "private" genetic polymorphisms in 12 Amerindian tribes surveyed for electrophoretic variants of an average of 25 proteins. Each of these is presumed to trace to a single mutation. In a preceding communication [Thompson, E.A. & Neel, J.V. (1978) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 75, 1442-1445] the statistical theory was developed for estimating the likelihood of such a founder effect in a tribal population of this type. In this paper that theory is applied to the distribution defined by these eight variants. It is demonstrated that on the assumption that the phenotypes in question are selectively neutral, such findings are most compatible with a mutation rate of 7 X 10(-6)/locus per generation. This figure applies only to variants that can be detected by the electrophoretic technique.

Alleles↗

PubMed2006

Malnutrition and high childhood mortality among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.

OBJECTIVES: A study was conducted among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the objectives of identifying demographic factors responsible for the decline in their population and assessing their nutritional status, which is an important determinant of child survival. STUDY DESIGN AND SUBJECTS: The study included estimation of indices of fertility and child mortality, and assessment of nutritional status. All individuals of the Onge community settled on Little Andaman Island were included. RESULTS: The mean total marital fertility rate was estimated to be 5.15 live births per woman and the general fertility rate was 200 live births per 1000 married-woman-years. Although the gross reproduction rate was estimated to be 2.2 female children per married woman, the net reproduction rate was only 0.9 surviving female child per married woman. The mean infant mortality rate during the past 30 years was 192.7 per 1000 live births, and the child survival rate was found to be only 53.2%. A mild to moderate degree of malnutrition was found in 85% of children of pre-school age and severe malnutrition in 10%. The Onges had low intakes of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. All the screened Onges were found to be infested with one or more intestinal parasites. CONCLUSIONS: High childhood mortality appears to be the predominant demographic factor responsible for the decline in the Onge population. The high prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency disorders could be important factors contributing to the high childhood mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1975

Population structure of the Juang tribe in Orissa, India.

The coefficient of kinship of the Juangs, a very primitive tribe in the state of Orissa in eastern India, is estimated. The Juang population is sub-divided into two breeding groups: one practising shifting cultivation in the hilly regions of the former state Keonjher and Pal-Lahara, called here "primitive group"; the other settled in Dhenkanal and practising normal Indian agriculture, called here "advanced group". From the migration matrix the mean eoefficient of kinship in a population subdivided by geographically restricted clans is estimated to be 0.0045 for the primitive group and 0.0324 for the advanced group. These values correspond to Alpine and Micronesian isolates, respectively. Estimates from genealogies of randomly paired sibships are substantially smaller (0.0016 and 0.0131, respectively), but are biased downward by incompleteness of pedigrees and by neglect of restricted migration within each group. Therefore the estimates from the migration matrix are presumably more reliable in this material, and perhaps commonly in tribal populations.

Ethnicity↗

PubMed1975

Serum protein and red cell enzyme polymorphisms in Oraon tribe, India.

Blood specimens from 134 Oraon, a Dravidian-speaking tribe in Bihar, India, have been tested for haptoglobin, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, phosphoglucomutase, lactate dehydrogenase, albumin, and malate dehydrogenase types by starch gel electrophoresis. Low Hp1 and high TfD gene frequencies emerge.

Blood Proteins↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Study of phosphoglucomutase polymorphism by isoelectric focusing: gene frequencies in the Gaddi tribe of Himachal Pradesh, India.

A total of 254 Rajputs and Brahmins of the Gaddi tribe from the regions of Kangra and Chamba in Himachal Pradesh, north-west India, were examined for red cell PGM1 phenotypes by isoelectric focusing (IEF). All the ten possible phenotypes from the four alleles of PGM1 described by IEF were found in this population. Comparison of gene frequencies in the present two ethnic groups and with the only other study available on Asians from London shows that IEF is another useful biochemical method for the study of population diversity.

Alleles↗

PubMed1998

Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes.

Previous studies of mtDNA variation in indigenous Taiwanese populations have suggested that they held an ancestral position in the spread of mtDNAs throughout Southeast Asia and Oceania (Melton et al. 1995; Sykes et al. 1995), but the question of an absolute proto-Austronesian homeland remains. To search for Asian roots for indigenous Taiwanese populations, 28 mtDNAs representative of variation in four tribal groups (Ami, Atayal, Bunun, and Paiwan) were sequenced and were compared with each other and with mtDNAs from 25 other populations from Asia and Oceania. In addition, eight polymorphic Alu insertion loci were analyzed, to determine if the pattern of mtDNA variation is concordant with nuclear DNA variation. Tribal groups shared considerable mtDNA sequence identity (P>.90), where gene flow is believed to have been low, arguing for a common source or sources for the tribes. mtDNAs with a 9-bp deletion have considerable mainland-Asian diversity and have spread to Southeast Asia and Oceania through a Taiwanese bottleneck. Only four Taiwanese mtDNA haplotypes without the 9-bp deletion were shared with any other populations, but these shared types were widely dispersed geographically throughout mainland Asia. Phylogenetic and principal-component analyses of Alu loci were concordant with conclusions from the mtDNA analyses; overall, the results suggest that the Taiwanese have temporally deep roots, probably in central or south China, and have been isolated from other Asian populations in recent history.

Alleles↗

PubMed1983

Multiple-locus departures from panmictic equilibrium within and between village gene pools of Amerindian tribes at different stages of agglomeration.

A comparative analysis of departures from multiple-locus Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is presented for a set of four tribal Indian groups (the Yanomama, Makiritare, Wapishana and Ticuna) from the lowlands of South America. These tribes span a range of agglomeration and acculturation from the most traditional, swidden horticulturalists to frontier townspeople. The small-group social organization typical of traditional horticulturalists leads to substantial departures from tribal panmixia, as manifested by the distribution of multiple-locus genotypes both within and between villages. Within villages, the departures from single-locus Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium are small and nonsignificant, but the departures from gametic equilibrium (independence of loci) are substantial, even for the unlinked loci we have used to characterize these populations. The departures from single-locus homogeneity across villages are also substantial. One of the normal concomitants of increasing acculturation in this setting is an increase in agglomeration. As agglomeration increases, the departures from multiple-locus panmixia decrease, a process that can be very rapid. We discuss both the shifting balance theory of evolution and punctuated evolutionary rates in light of the small group social organization that must have obtained throughout most of human evolution.

Brazil↗

PubMed1999

Phylogeography of three closely related African bovids (tribe Alcelaphini).

The phylogeography of three species of African bovids, the hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus), the topi (Damaliscus lunatus), and the wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus), is inferred from sequence variation of 345 sequences at the control region (d-loop) of the mtDNA. The three species are closely related (tribe Alcelaphini) and share similar habitat requirements. Moreover, their former distribution extended over Africa, as a probable result of the expansion of open grassland on the continent during the last 2.5 Myr. A combination of population genetics (diversity and structure) and intraspecific phylogeny (tree topology and relative branch length) methods is used to substantiate scenarios of the species history. Population dynamics are inferred from the distribution of sequence pairwise differences within populations. In the three species, there is a significant structuring of the populations, as shown by analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) pairwise and hierarchical differentiation estimations. In the wildebeest, a pattern of colonization from southern Africa toward east Africa is consistent with the asymmetric topology of the gene tree, showing a paraphyletic position of southern lineages, as well as their relatively longer branch lengths, and is supported by a progressive decline in population nucleotide diversity toward east Africa. The phylogenetic pattern found in the topi and the hartebeest differs from that of the wildebeest: lineages split into monophyletic clades, and no geographical trend is detected in population diversity. We suggest a scenario where these antelopes, previously with wide pan-African distributions, became extinct except in a few refugia. The hartebeest, and probably also the topi, survived in refugia north of the equator, in the east and the west, respectively, as well as one in the south. The southern refugium furthermore seems to have been the only place where the wildebeest has survived.

Africa↗

PubMed1992

Mitochondrial DNA phylogeny of the Old-World monkey tribe Papionini.

The evolution of the Old World monkey tribe Papionini, composed of macaques, baboons, mandrills, drills, and mangabeys, was examined using mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequence data on the cytochrome oxidase subunit II gene. When analyzed cladistically, these data support a baboon clade of savannah (Papio) plus gelada (Theropithecus) baboons, as well as a clade containing drill (Mandrillus) plus mangabey (Cerocebus) genera. This result stands in opposition to most morphological phylogenies, which break up the baboon clade by placing Papio and Mandrillus as sister taxa and Theropithecus as a more distantly related lineage. Analyses of COII gene sequences also suggest that the papionin ancestral stock divided into two lineages, one leading to macaques and the other to the purely African genera. From a molecular evolutionary perspective, the papionin COII gene sequences reveal a pattern of amino acid replacements concentrated in the regions spanning the mitochondrial membrane.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1985

Traditional craniotomies of the Kisii tribe of Kenya.

Our research team has reviewed the practice of traditional craniotomy by the ababari emetwe (craniotomists) of the Kisii tribe of Kenya through interviews with a number of craniotomists and their patients over a period of several years, and through observation of a number of the operations. Cultural background, rationale and indications, techniques and instrumentation, complications, and medical implications of this practice are examined. Our findings are recorded to preserve the details of a cultural phenomenon which is probably destined to disappear within this generation.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗

PubMed2003

Posttraumatic stress disorder, alcohol, and tribes: obstacles to research.

Based on research and clinical experiences on and off Indian reservations in California, Arizona, and New Mexico, the author shares his perspective on systemic obstacles to psychological research in Indian Country. Using those obstacles as a springboard, he maps the emergent epistemological differences between western and native approaches to gathering knowledge and engendering change. The resulting discussion suggests different ways in which research can be conceptualized with Indian tribes.

Alcoholism↗