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PubMedDate not supplied

Laryngotracheitis outbreak limited to a part of a chicken flock exposed to smoke and chemicals.

Laryngotracheitis was diagnosed in a flock of molted, caged table-egg-layers. Morbidity was restricted to an area of the house in which the birds had been exposed to smoke from a fire in the house and to a powdered chemical fire-extinguisher used on the fire. Mortality in this group began to rise 6 days after the fire and continued to be above normal for about 3 weeks. Feed consumption dropped for about 1 1/2 weeks after the fire but was normal or above normal during the rest of the disease outbreak. Egg production dropped slightly for 1 week after the fire, then returned to normal. Microscopic tracheitis in the exposed birds continued for 11 weeks after the fire. Hens outside of the smoke-affected area did not show histopathological changes or shed laryngotracheitis virus.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Development of a biotinylated probe for the rapid detection of Mycoplasma gallisepticum.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum causes respiratory diseases in the form of tracheitis and air sacculitis in chickens and turkeys. It is a major cause of reduced egg production, reduced hatchability, and downgrading of carcasses. Current means of diagnosis depend on the isolation and identification of the organisms, or on serological assays to detect serum antibodies. The evaluation of avian sera for M. gallisepticum antibodies is becoming more difficult to interpret, and thus less useful, due to the increasing use of killed M. gallisepticum vaccines. Maximum efficiency of M. gallisepticum disease control requires a rapid and sensitive identification system. A biotinylated total genome M. gallisepticum DNA probe was constructed by labeling the DNA with biotin-11-dUTP in a standard nick-translation reaction. Hybridization reactions with 100 ng/ml of biotinylated probe were capable of detecting 75 ng of M. gallisepticum target-DNA and 1.5 x 10(4) M. gallisepticum/ml within 24 h. The probe did hybridize to other mycoplasma DNAs, but to a greatly reduced degree.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Croup syndrome.

Spasmodic croup has a sudden onset, almost always at night, and usually responds well to humidification. Laryngotracheobronchitis is the most common form of the croup syndrome; children with this disease generally do well, although some require hospitalization and intubation. Bacterial tracheitis may mimic severe laryngotracheobronchitis; diagnosis is usually established during visualization of the airway. Epiglottitis is rare but is often life-threatening.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1985

[Special infections of the respiratory tract in children].

Inspiratory or exspiratory stridor associated with dyspnea represents a common pediatric symptomatology compatible with various diseases which usually are of infectious etiology. The causative obstruction of the infantile airways may lead to life-threatening respiratory failure. A review is conducted of the most important emergencies characterized by stridor and dyspnea in early childhood: croup syndromes (acute viral laryngotracheitis, spasmodic croup, bacterial tracheitis), epiglottitis and bronchiolitis.

Bacterial Infections↗

PubMed1985

Respiratory infection: the disease.

Infectious pneumonias are inflammations of the lung that can be localized in the alveoli or interstitial tissue or both. The pathogenic agent is usually airborne; more rarely it is hematogenous. Important distinctions are between bacterial and nonbacterial forms, between diseases acquired outside and inside hospitals, and between patients who are basically healthy and those with a previous illness. Pneumococci continue to be the dominant pathogens outside hospitals. In hospitals, gram-negative, anaerobic, and fungal pathogens are more often found. Usually, purulent chronic bronchitis or an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis is based on a prior viral infection or an impairment of bacterial clearance mechanisms of the respiratory tract. The dominant pathogens are Haemophilus influenzae and pneumococci. Worldwide, viral infections of the upper respiratory tract have great epidemiological significance. With 12 different groups of viruses and more than 150 serotypes, there can be many causes of symptoms of rhinitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, laryngitis, and tracheitis as well as bronchitis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1984

Stridor in childhood.

The acute onset of stridor in a young child usually represents viral croup, particularly during the fall and early winter. If the clinical picture is entirely consistent with this diagnosis and gas exchange is maintained, management with cool mist at home is appropriate. Rapid deterioration is unusual in viral croup; however, if obstruction is prolonged or becomes unusually severe, racemic epinephrine aerosols, hospitalization for careful observation, a brief course of corticosteroid therapy, and, rarely, endotracheal intubation may be required. Many of the other causes of acute stridor in childhood represent true pediatric emergencies: epiglottitis, foreign body aspiration, bacterial tracheitis, allergic airway edema, and retropharyngeal abscess, all requiring management with a consultant. Chronic stridor in infancy most often represents laryngomalacia, a developmental abnormality of the laryngeal cartilage which usually resolves by the second year of life and rarely requires specific treatment. Other causes of chronic stridor in childhood include subglottic hemangioma, vocal cord paralysis, and a long list of abnormalities. In the older child with chronic stridor or in the infant whose clinical picture is unusual for laryngomalacia, airway roentgenograms, barium studies, or laryngoscopy/bronchoscopy should be obtained to establish the definitive diagnosis.

Airway Obstruction↗

PubMed1982

[Air-conditioner disease. Results of an industrial medicine survey (author's transl)].

The results of a survey conducted in a company employing 1850 persons working in air-conditioned premises are reported. One hundred and five persons were examined, including 790 who mostly complained of respiratory disorders and 20 controls. Regular check-ups during the last two years have failed to reveal any serious disease. The most frequent complaints were rhinitis and tracheitis, especially among female employees. No alveolitis was observed. The finding of Bacillus subtilis in samples of ambient air and air-conditioner filters in conjunction with the presence of precipitating antibodies against crude extracts from these samples, suggested that the respiratory disorders might have been due to this microorganism. A multifactorial analysis demonstrated a statistically significant correlation between clinical symptoms and immunological disorders. The air-conditioner disease, therefore, may present as a benign condition.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Isolation of a Mycoplasma sp. from three buzzards (Buteo spp.).

Mycoplasma spp. were isolated from the respiratory tissues of three buzzards. Bird I, a rough-legged buzzard (Buteo lagopus), showed airsacculitis, catarrhal-fibrinous pneumonia, and catarrhal tracheitis. Bird II, a common buzzard (Buteo buteo), revealed mycotic airsacculitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. Bird III was a healthy rough-legged buzzard. All isolates metabolized glucose but not arginine and were serologically identical by immunofluorescence and growth-inhibition tests. No serological cross-reactions were seen with several known Mycoplasma species.

Air Sacs↗

PubMed1995

[Spirometric examinations at laryngectomized patients and healthy subjects].

Spirometric studies were conducted at 40 patients, divided into on basic group (20 laryngectomized men, aged 48-77 years) and comparative group (20 healthy men, aged 20-57 years). The results obtained showed that the mean value of airways resistance was about 5-times higher than at healthy subjects. The large resistance of airways influence for considerable decreasing of the maximum ventilation volume. Tracheitis and bronchitis chronic in cause of increase resistance of airways at laryngectomized patients and it can influence for quality and understanding of vicarious voice.

Adult↗

PubMed1979

[Tracheal stenosis (author's transl)].

13 cases of stenosis of the trachea are reported and its causes are reviewed. The main causal factors are malignant and benign growths, but chronic granulating tracheitis consequent on prolonged artificial ventilation also plays a role. The extent of the stenosis necessitated partial resection of the trachea in 9 patients. Problems attendant on the operation are reviewed with special reference to after-treatment. In cases of inoperable cancer with tracheal narrowing endoscopic removal of tumour tissue may be life-prolonging measure.

Aftercare↗

PubMed1996

Involvement of gicerin, a cell adhesion molecule, in tracheal development and regeneration.

Gicerin is a novel cell adhesion protein that belongs to the immunoglobulin superfamily. Gicerin protein adheres to neurite outgrowth factor, an extracellular matrix protein in the laminin family, and also exhibits homophilic adhesion. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of gicerin and neurite outgrowth factor in tracheal development and regeneration. In an early embryonic stage, gicerin protein was highly expressed in tracheal epithelial cells, but not in loosely arranged mesenchymal cells. During development, mesenchymal cells become condensed around the tracheal epithelium and then differentiate into muscle and cartilage; high levels of gicerin expression were observed in these cells. In the later embryonic and posthatching stages, no gicerin expression was detected in tracheal epithelium or cartilage. In addition, expression of gicerin increased transiently in the tracheal epithelium during the regeneration after tracheitis induced by the infectious bronchitis virus. Furthermore, a polyclonal antibody against gicerin inhibited the epithelial regeneration in tracheal organ cultures. These findings suggest that glcerin plays an important role in both tracheal development and regeneration.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

[Diagnostic and therapeutic applications of bronchoscopy (author's transl)].

The development of therapeutic bronchoscopy into diagnostic bronchoscopy is described. Based on a personal experience of more than 35,000 bronchoscopies, attention is given to some important points in diagnosis and therapy. In diagnosis, these factors include: 1) color of mucosa, 2) structure of cartilage, 3) minimal tissue changes (nodules, vessels, folds), 4) tonus, 5) secretion, 6) miscellaneous peculiarities. Therapeutic studies involve: 1) recanalisation (from secretion to foreign body and tumor), 2) scrubbing (in treatment of fibrinous bronchitis and tracheitis, 3) bougies, 4) irrigation, 5) washing (for status asthmaticus, aspiration of gastric contents, etc.), 6) tamponade for persistent hemoptysis.

Bronchial Diseases↗

PubMed1998

[Reovirus infection of pheasants (Phasianus colchicus)].

In this case report we discribe clinic, pathology and diagnostic of an avian reovirus-infection in pheasants. The disease was observed 1993 in a flock of game-pheasants in the western part of Turkey. Of a live-stock of 100 animals, 27 were affected most of them being three to five months old. Beside a general disorder, sick pheasants showed signs of shortness of breath as well as greenish, watery diarrhoea and died within a week. The pathologic findings were dominated by an extreme hepatopathia. In addition a fibrinous tracheitis, a catarrhal inflammation of the gut and a perihepatitis fibrinosa could be observed. From organs of affected pheasants a pathogen could be isolated, which was characterized anti-genetically, by physico-chemical properties an by electronmicroscopy as avian reovirus.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Management of distal tracheal stenosis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the treatment, perioperative management, and outcome of infants who underwent repair of congenital tracheal stenosis. We hypothesized that early resection and tracheoplasty with early weaning of ventilatory support results in less mucosal injury, and thus better outcome. DESIGN: Retrospective study from 1986 to 1996. SETTING: Tertiary care children's hospital. PATIENTS: Seventeen consecutive infants with congenital tracheal stenosis, aged from birth to 16 months. Fifteen patients had complete tracheal rings, 6 of whom also had a left pulmonary artery sling. Fourteen patients underwent either tracheoplasty or resection and reanastomosis of the trachea, both facilitated by cardiopulmonary bypass. RESULTS: Six patients underwent resection and reanastomosis; 4 patients were extubated within 2 to 5 days without sequelae. There was 1 unrelated perioperative death. Two patients required reintubation. Eight patients required tracheoplasty due to severe tracheal stenosis and had variable postoperative courses. Seven of 14 patients required 0 to 1 postoperative bronchoscopies. Seven of 14 patients required 2 to 7 bronchoscopies for granulation tissue formation, cicatrix, graft collapse, and tracheitis. One patient required numerous procedures and revision tracheoplasty for cicatrix and stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Correction of short-segment (<5 rings) tracheal stenosis by resection and reanastomosis of the trachea with the aid of cardiopulmonary bypass and early weaning of ventilatory support is recommended. Tracheoplasty using either the castellation technique or slide tracheoplasty is recommended in the treatment of infants with severe (long segment) tracheal stenosis.

Bronchoscopy↗

PubMed1981

Clinical efficacy of cefoxitin in the treatment of head and neck infections.

Cefoxitin sodium, a new cephamycin antibiotic, is active against many aerobic and anaerobic bacteria. Four patients with infections of the head and neck (otitis externa with cellulitis, parotiditis, tracheitis, and facial cellulitis), who had failed to respond to initial antibiotic regimens, responded satisfactorily to cefoxitin therapy. No adverse effects were noted in any of these patients. Results of this report suggest cefoxitin is a safe and well-tolerated antibiotic that is efficacious in the treatment of head and neck bacterial infections that are sensitive to this drug.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

The holmium:YAG laser-assisted otolaryngologic procedures.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effectiveness of the holmium: YAG (Ho:YAG) laser in otolaryngologic procedures that necessitate the ablation of osseous and soft tissue. DESIGN: Case series. SETTING: Lahey Clinic, Burlington, Mass. PATIENTS: Consecutive series of 37 patients; 29 with chronic sinusitis, five with chronic dacryocystitis, one with recurrent choanal stenosis, one with tracheopathia osteoplastica, and one with a sphenoid sinus mucocele. INTERVENTION: The Ho:YAG laser was used to assist in 37 procedures, including endoscopic sinus surgery, dacryocystorhinostomy, treatment of choanal stenosis, ablation of obstructive tracheopathia osteoplastica, and removal of a sphenoid sinus mucocele. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Postsurgical success and complications, satisfaction of the patients, and the ability of the laser to remove tissue. RESULTS: Complications occurred in eight patients: intranasal or ethmoid scarring (four), persistent polyps (one), bleeding (one), stent dislodgment (one), and tracheitis (one). Three patients required revision surgery. None of the complications were related to use of the laser, although the laser may produce increased scarring. The laser was effective for osseous and soft-tissue ablation, but its usefulness was limited for hemostasis. CONCLUSIONS: The Ho:YAG laser can be used in otolaryngologic procedures when surgical access is difficult or when controlled, precise ablation of osseous tissue is necessary.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Outpatient treatment of croup with nebulized dexamethasone.

PURPOSE: To determine if treating children who have acute, moderate croup with nebulized dexamethasone sodium phosphate in the emergency department results in clinical improvement by 4 hours and a decrease in the hospitalization rate. DESIGN: Randomized, double-blind, placebo controlled trial. SETTING: Emergency department, children's hospital. PATIENTS: Fifty-five children with croup who were in moderate respiratory distress after treatment with mist for 30 minutes who met inclusion and exclusion criteria. MEASUREMENTS: Croup score, respiratory rate, heart rate, and oxygen saturation were assessed by one of us (D.W.J. or S.S.) before treatment and 2 and 4 hours after treatment. A staff pediatrician or senior pediatric resident, also "blind" to treatment, decided on admission to or discharge from the hospital. The differences between groups for change in croup score and hospitalization rate after treatment were analyzed. RESULTS: Evaluation of the croup scores disclosed a significant improvement in the dexamethasone-treated group compared with the placebo group at 4 hours (P=.005, Mann-Whitney U). However, the hospitalization rate was not statistically different at the end of treatment (33% vs 52%, P=.28) or after 24 hours (48% vs 60%, P=.56, Yates corrected chi(2)). Our study has 80% power to detect a two-thirds reduction in hospitalization rate. Two patients with neutropenia treated with dexamethasone had a clinical course consistent with bacterial tracheitis. CONCLUSIONS: Treatment of moderate croup with nebulized dexamethasone results in clinical improvement within 4 hours. We did not show a decrease in hospitalization rates, although our sample size was only large enough to detect a 67% reduction in the rate of hospitalization. Given the infectious complications and the absence of evidence for a sustained clinical effect, we do not recommend that patients with croup be treated with nebulized dexamethasone.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed1987

Toxic shock syndrome. A newly recognized complication of influenza and influenzalike illness.

Nine cases of severe hypotension or death compatible with toxic shock syndrome (TSS) as a complication of influenza and influenzalike illness were identified in Minnesota with onsets between Jan 2, 1986, and Feb 23, 1986, in which five of the patients died. During this time, an influenza outbreak was occurring in the state. Cultures of respiratory secretions were performed in eight patients; Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from all of them. Seven S aureus isolates were available for determination of exotoxin production; five isolates produced toxic shock syndrome toxin-1, one produced enterotoxin B, and one produced both. Acute influenza B infection was confirmed in three of four patients for whom throat cultures or acute and convalescent serum samples were available. Two patients fulfilled the Centers for Disease Control-confirmed case definition for TSS. Four additional patients fulfilled the CDC criteria for a probable case of TSS, and TSS was a likely diagnosis in the remaining three patients. The initial presentation was suggestive of nonsuppurative tracheitis or viral pneumonia in eight patients. In the remaining patient, the initial clinical presentation was compatible with staphylococcal pneumonia. This report demonstrates that TSS can occur as a complication of influenza and influenzalike illness.

Adolescent↗