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PubMed1983

Effects of postnatal trimethyltin or triethyltin treatment on CNS catecholamine, GABA, and acetylcholine systems in the rat.

The effects on brain neurochemistry of two neurotoxic tin compounds, trimethyltin (TMT) hydroxide and triethyltin (TET) sulfate, were examined. Long-Evans rats were treated with TMT hydroxide (1 mg/kg, i.p.) on alternate days from day 2 to 29 of life. These treatments caused a weight deficit of 10-20% by the time the animals were killed on day 55 by head-focused microwave irradiation. These TMT treatments are known to cause severe neuronal loss in the hippocampus and lesser damage in other brain regions. Accordingly, the concentration of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) was decreased in the hippocampus; however, acetylcholine and choline concentrations were unaffected. These data suggest that TMT-induced effects on GABA systems are greater than that due simply to generalized neuronal loss. The TMT treatments also caused a significant decrease in dopamine concentrations in the striatum, but did not alter the concentrations of dihydroxyphenylacetic acid or homovanillic acid, the acidic metabolites of dopamine. Conversely, concentrations of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain stem and norepinephrine in the cerebellum were not altered. Despite reports in the literature of TMT-induced neuronal damage in areas of the cortex, no effects on GABA, acetylcholine, or choline levels were found in the cortical areas examined, or in the hypothalamus. TET sulfate (0.3 mg/kg/day) was administered for 6 consecutive days of every week during days 2-29 of life. This dose is lower than that needed to cause intramyelin edema, yet it does result in long-term behavioral changes. Despite this, no changes in the concentration of any of the measured neurotransmitters or their metabolites were detected. In concert, these data demonstrate that neurochemical methods should not be used as neurological "screens," but rather to define specific mechanisms suggested by detailed behavior, pharmacological, and/or physiological studies.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1982

Occupational irritant contact folliculitis associated with triphenyl tin fluoride (TPTF) exposure.

Triphenyl tin fluoride (TPTF) is a bioactive organo-tin compound used in concentrations 2-12% as anti-foulants in boat paints. The chemical is moderately toxic to the skin. An occupational irritant contact folliculitis from TPTF in a marine paint plant worker is described. Contact allergy was excluded by patch testing. An attempt to reproduce the follicular reaction in man, rabbit and guinea pig was unsuccessful.

Animals↗
PubMed1984

In vivo antibacterial effect of tin on the oral microflora.

The antibacterial effect of oral rinses with stannous fluoride and stannous chloride solutions, and of the use of a toothpaste containing stannous fluoride and stannous pyrophosphate was tested by recording the bacterial viable counts on the oral mucous membrane. Stannous chloride had no antibacterial effect, while stannous fluoride drastically reduced the viable counts up to 4 h. Calculations demonstrated that 25% of the tin content in 10 ml rinsing solutions was retained in the mouth, and analyses showed a raised tin level in saliva up to 4 h after rinsing or toothbrushing. It is suggested that most of the retained tin is bound to the oral mucosa.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Scanning electron microscope and electron microprobe study of reactions of stannous fluoride and stannous chloride with dental enamel.

Stannous fluoride but not stannous chloride has shown a caries inhibiting effect in animal studies. The effect of aqueous solutions of stannous fluoride and stannous chloride on dental enamel surfaces was investigated by scanning electron microscope and analytical electron microprobe. Some large globules and a continuous layer of small globules were observed after stannous fluoride treatment. The large globules were soluble in both water and alkali, whereas the small ones were only soluble in alkali. Both fluoride and tin were found to be present on the enamel surfaces by the electron microprobe after stannous fluoride treatment. The fluoride could not be detected after immersion in distilled water whereas alkali treatment removed the tin. The large fluoride-containing globules may consist of calcium fluoride as this substance is known to be slightly soluble in water and soluble in alkali. Stannous chloride treatment gave a layer of small tin-containing globules with properties similar to the layer formed on enamel treated with stannous fluoride. It is therefore suggested that the tin-containing layer is not associated with caries protection whereas calcium fluoride-like deposition on the enamel probably is a factor in the caries inhibition caused by stannous fluoride.

Dental Enamel↗
PubMed1984

Effects of peptide YY and neuropeptide Y on gastric emptying in man.

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and peptide YY (PYY) are two structurally related peptides. PYY has been identified within endocrine cells and NPY within nerves of the gastrointestinal tract. Infusion of PYY at a low dose at a nominal rate of 2 pmol/kg/min resulted in an increment of 59.2 +/- 7.1 pmol/1 in plasma concentration and a significant delay in gastric emptying of glucose. Infusion of NPY at the same rate produced similar plasma concentrations (52.5 +/- 1.1 pmol/1) and had no significant effect on the rate of gastric emptying.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Alveolar targeting of aerosol pentamidine. Toward a rational delivery system.

Nebulizer systems that deposit a high proportion of aerosolized pentamidine on large airways are likely to be associated with marked adverse side effects, which may lead to premature cessation of treatment. We have measured alveolar deposition and large airway-related side effects (e.g., cough, breathlessness, and effect on pulmonary function) after aerosolization of 150 mg pentamidine isethionate labeled with 99mTc-Sn-colloid. Nine patients with AIDS were studied using three nebulizer systems producing different droplet size profiles: the Acorn System 22, Respirgard II, and Respirgard II with the inspiratory baffle removed. Alveolar deposition was greatest and side effects least with the nebulizer producing the smallest droplet size profile (Respirgard II), whereas large airway-related side effects were prominent and alveolar deposition lowest with the nebulizer producing the largest droplet size (Acorn System 22). Values for alveolar deposition and adverse airway effects were intermediate using the Respirgard with inspiratory baffle removed, thus indicating the importance of the baffle valve in determining droplet size. Addition of a similar baffle valve to the Acorn System 22 produced a marked improvement in droplet size profile. Selection of a nebulizer that produces an optimal droplet size range offers the advantage of enhancing alveolar targeting of aerosolized pentamidine while reducing large airway-related side effects.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1981

Comparative effect of SnF2, NaF, and SnCl2 on the growth of Streptococcus mutans.

The inhibitory effects of NaF, SnF2, and SnCl2 were compared in vitro on the growth of Streptococcus mutans NCTC No. 10449. Sodium fluoride arrested growth at 300 and 600 ppm F (while SnF2 suppressed the rate of growth at 75 ppm F), showed some bactericidal activity at 150 and 300 ppm F, and was totally bactericidal at 600 ppm F. The greater inhibition by SnF2 suggests an additive effect of SN2+. As a measure of a fluoride-free Sn2+ solution, SnCl2 was inappropriate since most of the tin present, at a neutral pH, was Sn4+. The influence of pH was particularly noteworthy with SnF2 at 600 ppm F, where a total bactericidal effect was observed within four h at pH 5.9, while viable cells were still recoverable from four to 40 h with SnF2 at pH 7.2.

Fluorides↗
PubMed1992

Determination of the arterial flow fraction in normal and diseased livers using constrained deconvolution.

There is some evidence that the ratio of the blood flow to the liver through the hepatic artery to the total flow to the liver through the hepatic artery and portal vein (the hepatic arterial flow fraction, AFF) is altered in the presence of cirrhosis. Several methods have been published that seek to provide an index of this ratio. These indices are dependent on factors other than the AFF and cannot provide a true measure of it. The impulse retention function of the liver has two components and these may be derived using a model-driven deconvolution of the arterial tracer concentration curve and the curve of tracer concentration in the liver. The AFF may then be obtained from the relative heights of these two components. Simulation studies show that the AFF calculated using this method is reasonably accurate and a small clinical series shows that it is capable of appropriate clinical classification of patients into cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic groups.

Colloids↗
PubMed1984

A comparison of computed tomography, ultrasound and scintigraphy in the diagnosis of alcoholic liver disease.

In 35 alcoholics with histologically proven liver disease, computed tomography (CT), grey scale ultrasonography and liver scintigraphy were evaluated for their abilities to detect an abnormal liver and to identify the patients with cirrhosis. Abnormal studies were present on CT in 83% of patients, in 64% on ultrasound and in 94% on scintigraphy. In 10 control patients specificity was 90% by CT, 100% by ultrasound and 70% by scintigraphy. CT and ultrasound were poor in identifying the alcoholics with cirrhosis. Scintigraphy suggested cirrhosis in all but one of the patients with this diagnosis. Similar images were obtained in half of the patients with fatty change without cirrhosis but, with the exception of one patient, this appeared to be due to co-existent hepatitis. The results suggest that scintigraphy is the best of the imaging tests for screening alcoholics for cirrhosis.

Fatty Liver, Alcoholic↗
PubMed1994

Effects of organometals on cellular signaling. I. Influence of metabolic inhibitors on metal-induced arachidonic acid liberation.

Organic lead and tin compounds stimulate an increase of free arachidonic acid (AA) in HL-60 cells. This fatty acid is involved in numerous health problems and physiological mechanisms. Three major pathways result in a liberation of AA from membrane phospholipids and there is evidence that G-proteins serve as couplers within all three pathways. Therefore we investigated the influence of pertussis toxin (PT) on the organometallic-induced AA liberation. The effect of all studied compounds (organotin and organo-lead) was diminished by PT. We conclude that the organometals activate PLA2 to some extent via a PT-sensitive pathway. The ionophor A 23187 (1-10 microM) led to an increase of free AA by raising the intracellular Ca2+ level. One of the postulated ways of AA release is via Ca2+ channel activation; phospholipases are Ca2+ dependent. Thus, we examined the necessity of free intracellular Ca2+ for the organometallic effect. The Ca2+ chelator EGTA inhibited the increase of free AA induced by organometals. This is true also for verapamil, a Ca2+ channel blocker. Quinacrine, which is thought to be an inhibitor of phospholipase A2 (PLA2), prevented the AA liberation from membrane phospholipids induced by organometals. This could be due to the inhibition of PLA2, but it could also be the result of an inhibited Ca2+ influx.

Arachidonic Acid↗
PubMed1983

An adult case with rhabdomyosarcoma of the liver.

An autopsy case of primary rhabdomyosarcoma of the liver in a 70-year-old man is described. The case could not be clinically differentiated from hepatocellular carcinoma. The tumor showed typical features of rhabdomyosarcoma; phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin (PTAH)-positive myofibrils and cross-striations were observed in the cytoplasm of highly plemorphic tumor cells.

Aged↗
PubMed1986

Oesophagus scintigraphy in patients with diabetes mellitus.

Oesophagus scintigraphy with 99mTc was used to evaluate oesophageal motility in 40 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. Abnormal oesophageal function was found in one third of the patients, although none reported oesophageal symptoms. The patients with abnormal oesophageal motility had a high frequency of abnormal autonomic nerve function tests compared with controls.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Hiatus hernia in gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy and radiologic examination were performed in 101 patients with symptoms strongly suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease. Hiatus hernia (HH) was found in 50 patients diagnosed by radiography or endoscopy, or both, in 22, 19, and 9 patients respectively. Severe endoscopic esophagitis (grades III and IV) was found more often (p less than 0.05) in the patients with HH than in those without. The same was true for the early positive timed acid perfusion tests (p less than 0.02). Furthermore, the patients with HH more often had reflux by the standard acid reflux test (42 of 50 versus 28 of 51; p less than 0.01), gastroesophageal scintigraphy (47 of 50 versus 40 of 51; p less than 0.05), and radiography (20 of 50 versus 2 of 51; p less than 0.001) than the patients without HH. The results show that severe GER disease can occur without an associated HH and indicate that patients with symptoms of GER disease and associated HH are likely to have a more severe GER disease than those without HH.

Barium Sulfate↗
PubMed1986

The acid perfusion test in gastroesophageal reflux disease.

An acid perfusion test, isotope scanning, endoscopy, and esophageal biopsy were performed in 101 patients with symptoms strongly suggestive of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) disease. A positive acid perfusion test within 30 min (APT) and within 5 min (TAPT) was found in 70.2% and 37.6% of the patients, respectively. A positive APT was found significantly more often in patients with than without endoscopic esophagitis, whereas a positive TAPT was found significantly more often in patients with severe symptoms than in patients with moderate symptoms and in a significantly higher proportion of patients with than without GER by scintigraphy. Neither the APT nor the TAPT showed any dependency on the presence of histologic esophagitis. Most (97%) patients with a negative acid perfusion test, in addition to typical symptoms, also presented with scintigraphic, endoscopic, or histologic evidence of GER disease. Although it shows that the acid perfusion test, particularly when early positive, may serve as a weak predictor of the severity of GER disease, the present study gives little support to the test's clinical usefulness.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Clinical efficacy of an optimized stannous fluoride dentifrice, Part 2: A 6-month plaque/gingivitis clinical study, northeast USA.

The objective of this 6-month, double-blind clinical study, conducted following the American Dental Association guidelines, was to investigate the efficacy of Colgate Optimized Stannous Fluoride (COSF) dentifrice for the control of supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. This dentifrice contains 0.454% stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, polyphosphate, and citrate in a silica base. At the 3- and 6-month study examinations, the COSF dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions in both plaque and gingivitis compared to the control dentifrice group. At the 6-month examination, the magnitude of these percent reductions exceeded 20% for all 4 parameters measured. Thus, the results of this study support the conclusion that the COSF dentifrice is efficacious for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Clinical efficacy of an optimized stannous fluoride dentifrice, Part 3: A 6-month plaque/gingivitis clinical study, southeast USA.

This 6-month, double-blind clinical study, also following the American Dental Association guidelines, investigated the efficacy of Colgate Optimized Stannous Fluoride (COSF) dentifrice in controlling supragingival dental plaque and gingivitis. The same dentifrice, containing 0.454% stannous fluoride, stannous chloride, polyphosphate, and citrate in a silica base was used. Adult men and women from the Atlanta, Georgia, area received an oral prophylaxis and were instructed to brush their teeth twice daily (morning and evening) for 1 minute with their assigned dentifrice, using a soft-bristled toothbrush. As in the first study, plaque and gingivitis examinations were conducted after 3 months and again after 6 months of using the dentifrices. At both the 3- and 6-month study examinations, the COSF dentifrice group exhibited statistically significant reductions in both plaque and gingivitis compared to the control dentifrice group. At the 6-month examination, the magnitude of these percent reductions exceeded 20% for all 4 parameters measured. Thus, the results of this study reflect those found in the New Jersey study, i.e., supporting the conclusion that the COSF dentifrice is efficacious for the control of supragingival plaque and gingivitis.

Adolescent↗