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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1991

A preliminary investigation into the immobilising potential of a tiletamine/zolazepam mixture, metomidate, a metomidate and azaperone combination and medetomidine in ostriches (Struthio camelus).

Ostrich chicks (n = 34) were successfully immobilised with intramuscular injections of a tiletamine/zolazepam mixture at dosages of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg-1; with metomidate at dosages of 15 and 20 mg kg-1 and with a metomidate/azaperone combination at respectively 20 and 6.6 mg kg-1, and 10 and 3.3 mg kg-1. Unsatisfactory immobilisation with violent body movements and self traumatisation were observed in an adult ostrich after the intramuscular administration of a tiletamine/zolezepam mixture. Anaesthesia was achieved by the administration of metomidate in combination with azaperone. Medetomidine administered at a dosage rate of 0.1 mg kg-1 did not result in immobilisation of ostrich chicks (n = 4). Findings in ostrich chicks should not necessarily be extrapolated to adult birds.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

The veterinary management of a laryngeal air sac infection in a free-ranging mountain gorilla.

A purulent laryngeal air sac infection was diagnosed in a free-ranging adult male mountain gorilla (Gorilla gorilla beringei) in Central Africa. Successful treatment included the administration of antibiotics via blow dart and surgical drainage in the field. This case occurred during an outbreak of respiratory disease of undetermined etiology in this and other gorillas in the population.

Air Sacs↗
PubMed1977

Physiologic measures of nonhuman primates during physical restraint and chemical immobilization.

The arterial acid-base balance and other selected physiologic measures of physically restrained and chemically immobilized nonhuman primates from the families Callithricidae, Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, and Pongidae were compared. The physically restrained primates had significantly lower pH, pCO2, and base excess values, but they had significantly higher pO2 values, rectal temperatures, and pulse and respiration rates. Of 56 physically restrained primates, 30 (54%) experienced severe metabolic acidosis, with pH values less than 7.2; 15 (27% of total) had pH values less than 7.1. Two types of behavior were observed during the physical restraint of golden marmosets. Some of the marmosets were excited during restraint, with a great deal of struggling and vocalizing. The other marmosets were quiet and calm, with minimal struggling. The excited group had significantly lower pH, pCO2, and base excess values, but significantly higher pO2 values, rectal temperatures, and pulse and respiration rates. Primates immobilized with ketamine or tiletaminezolazepam had a near normal acid-base balance and were handled more easily than the physically restrained animals.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[The effect of the anesthetic Tilest in swine].

The clinical signs and effects on the cardio-respiratory system of Tilest were checked out in weaners. The intramuscular injection of 10 mg/kg BW Tilest caused a rapid immobilisation on an average duration of 33.7 +/- 15 minutes. The muscle relaxation was generally good. Analgesia could not obtained. Heart- and respiratory-rates increased during lateral recumbency. Blood pressure decreased initially. The influence on the arterial blood pH-value and the blood gases are insignificant. In connection with trials to get up the lactate value and the body temperature increased. The CK- and ASAT-activities increased 2 to 6 hours after injection with a wide individual variation. During recovery the pigs were excited and salivated.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Intramuscularly administered non-opiate anesthesia in dogs. A report on the use of ketamine/xylazine, tiletamine/zolazepam, ketamine/midazolam and metomidine].

In the present paper, findings on the use of ketamine/xylazine, ketamine/midazolam, tiletamine/zolazepam, and medetomidine following intramuscular injection in dogs are reported. The combined use of ketamine/xylazine induced anaesthesia, the duration of which was thirty minutes. Untoward side-effects were not observed. Administration of tiletamine/zolazepam failed to induce a surgical level of anaesthesia. Recovery was prolonged. In this group, five out of the ten dogs showed signs of post-anaesthetic muscle spasms. Neither the combination ketamine/midazolam nor medetomidine induced a surgical level of anaesthesia. Post-anesthetic muscle spasms were a frequently observed side-effect when the combination ketamine/midazolam was administered. The use of medetomidine resulted in a qualitatively satisfactory and prolonged sedation.

Anesthesia, General↗
PubMed1990

Ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine in dogs and cats anesthetized with tiletamine/zolazepam and halothane.

The ventricular arrhythmogenic dose of epinephrine (ADE) was determined in 6 dogs anesthetized with halothane alone or with halothane after injection of tiletamine/zolazepam (TZ). Respiratory rate and tidal volume were controlled and sodium bicarbonate was administered to maintain arterial pH and blood gas values within reference range. Heart rate and arterial blood pressure were recorded during determination of the ADE. The ADE (mean +/- SD) was no different during anesthesia with use of halothane alone (8.9 +/- 4.3) than it was when injections of TZ preceded administration of halothane (6.7 +/- 2.8). Tiletamine/zolazepam was also administered IV immediately after determination of the ADE during halothane-induced anesthesia. The TZ administered in this manner did not alter the ADE. Blood pressure and heart rate were significantly greater during infusion of epinephrine than immediately prior to infusion. The administration of TZ did not alter blood pressure response. The ADE was also determined in 6 cats anesthetized with halothane preceded by administration of TZ. The ADE (mean +/- SD) was 0.7 +/- 0.23 micrograms/kg, a value similar to that reported for cats during anesthesia with halothane alone.

Anesthesia, Inhalation↗
PubMed1989

Medetomidine/ketamine anaesthesia in cats.

The medetomidine/ketamine combination was evaluated as an anaesthetic in cats undergoing ovariectomy. It was compared with acepromazine/ketamine, xylazine/ketamine and zolazepam/tiletamine combinations. 60 animals, divided into 6 groups of 10 animals were involved. Medetomidine highly potentiated the anaesthetic effects of ketamine and balanced the two main disadvantages of this drug: weak muscle relaxation and poor analgesia in deep organs. 80 micrograms medetomidine/kg--5 mg ketamine/kg provided a duration of anaesthesia longer than 1 mg acepromazine/kg--10 mg ketamine/kg, and not significantly different from those induced by 1 mg xylazine/kg--10 mg ketamine/kg or 7.5 mg zolazepam/kg--7.5 mg tiletamine/kg. Furthermore, it produced a better muscle relaxation than acepromazine/ketamine and zolazepam/tiletamine combinations. The analgesia in deep organs observed after medetomidine/ketamine administration appeared to be more substantial than that observed after acepromazine/ketamine or xylazine/ketamine combinations. The stimulating effect on heart rate of ketamine compensated the bradycardiac effect of medetomidine. Nevertheless, the administration of 80 micrograms medetomidine/kg--5 mg ketamine/kg resulted as with xylazine/ketamine, in decreasing heart rate whereas acepromazine/ketamine and zolazepam/tiletamine combinations did not exhibit bradycardiac effect. It was concluded that the medetomidine/ketamine combination provided a suitable anaesthesia for cats characterized by rapid induction, good muscle relaxation, good analgesia and bradycardia.

Acepromazine↗
PubMed1989

A new anesthetic agent for use in the gerbil.

Gerbils have been neglected in published reports on anesthesia. This study compared several dosages of Telazol used for anesthesia in the gerbil. Each group of animals injected with Telazol was evaluated for onset and duration of anesthesia and analgesia. Results showed Telazol to be a safe anesthetic and when dosed at 60 mg/kg to be suitable for major surgical procedures. Lower dosages of Telazol, in contrast, provided immobility and analgesia suitable for less nocioceptive and noninvasive experimental manipulations. Dosages of Telazol required for surgical depth of analgesia and anesthesia were accompanied by a prolonged recovery time. Gerbils should be monitored closely to insure a safe recovery when using the higher dosages.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1982

Cardiodynamics in the rhesus macaque during dissociative anesthesia.

Effects of dissociative anesthesia on cardiovascular dynamics and respiration were investigated in rhesus macaques to determine its use in nonhuman primates for restraint and minor surgical procedures. Respiration was spontaneous, and premedicants or anesthetic adjuvants were not used. Two doses of the anesthetic were administered (IM): 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg. Depressant effects were observed in all variables initially; some cardiovascular variables eventually exceeded preinjection values after the higher (3.0 mg/kg) dose level. At a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, significant depression in myocardial contractility persisted for 20 minutes, and at 3.0 mg/kg for 50 minutes. Stroke volume was minimally affected initially, although significant increases occurred at 40 and 50 minutes after the 3.0 mg/kg injections. Heart rate was depressed by 5% and 7% in the animals given the small and large doses. Values were within control levels by 90 minutes after the anesthetic was injected, except respiratory rate and body temperature. We conclude that the dissociative anesthetic used produces neither marked nor prolonged cardiovascular effects. Since cardiovascular effects are absent by 90 minutes after the anesthetic was injected, dissociative anesthesia is a desirable technique for minor surgical procedures and restraint, especially before physiologic studies.

Anesthesia↗
PubMed1978

Comparison of anesthetic agents in the sea otter.

Five anesthetic agents (C1744, etorphine, fentanyl, ketamine hydrochloride, and halothane) were tested to establish the dosage of a safe, effective, short-acting anesthetic for use in the sea otter. Etorphine, at a dosage of 0.75 mg per adult otter and used in conjunction with diazepam, at a dosage of 1.25 mg per adult otter, met most of the requirements for use under field conditions. Halothane, administered through an anesthetic machine, proved to be effective for use in a veterinary hospital.

Anesthetics↗
PubMed1995

Increasing xylazine dose-enhanced anesthetic properties of telazol-xylazine combination in swine.

We evaluated combinations of telazol, ketamine, and xylazine (TKX), telazol and xylazine (TX), telazol, xylazine, and xylazine (T2X), and ketamine and xylazine (KX) for chemical restraint and anesthesia induction in swine. Forty healthy mixed-breed pigs were randomly assigned to the four treatment groups with 10 pigs in each group. For TKX, TX, and T2X combinations, anesthetics were premixed by adding xylazine and ketamine, sterile water and xylazine, or xylazine alone directly into the telazol vial. For KX, anesthetic agents were drawn up separately, then mixed in the same syringe immediately before injection. All anesthetics were given as a single intramuscular injection. All four anesthetic combinations induced a rapid onset of sternal recumbency within 1.55 +/- 0.5 min and lateral recumbency within 2.27 +/- 0.6 min in pigs after intramuscular injection. There was no significant difference among treatments in these regards. The T2X combination induced a significantly longer duration of analgesia than did either TKX, TX, or KX. The T2X combination also induced a significantly longer duration of tolerance for endotracheal intubation and duration of lateral recumbency. Heart and respiratory rates were not significantly different among the four treatment groups. Vomiting was not observed in any of the treated pigs throughout the procedure. Recovery quality and duration from time of drug administration to recovery of pig walking unassisted were similar in three treatment groups but was shorter in KX-treated pigs. We concluded that all four anesthetic combinations were suitable for chemical restraint but that only TKX, TX, and T2X were suitable for anesthesia induction in pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Analgesia↗
PubMed1994

[Anesthesia in cats using tiletamine/zolazepam in minimal doses].

The object of this study was to evaluate minimal dose anesthesia with Tiletamine/Zolazepam for castration, dental treatments and other minor surgical procedures in cats. The study included 264 cats treated either at the Department of Veterinary Surgery, Ludwig-Maximilians University of Munich or under private practice conditions, in a small animal clinic in Hamburg (Germany). The drug dose needed for anesthesia for a 10 minute surgical procedure was calculated in each case using a formula. Side effects that occurred with doses recommended by the manufacturer could not be eliminated by decreasing the drug dose, but could be reduced considerably in severity and duration. Tiletamine/Zolazepam was found to be a useful drug for short anesthesia in cats at an average dose of 4.2 mg/kg.

Anesthesia↗