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PubMed2004

Refinement of terminology in qualitative analysis of human movement.

The emergence of qualitative analysis of human movement as a sub-discipline within the discipline of Kinesiology has led to a slow refinement in definitions and terms used to describe the area as a whole and parts of the total analysis process. A 2003 paper by McKethan, Kernodle, Brantz, and Fischer illustrates some differences in use of terminology. Using their terminology, differences are noted with a view to standardizing terminology in the subdiscipline.

Humans↗
PubMed1991

Considerations on the morphology and terminology of the organs.

In anatomy, the morphological features of organs are captured in a variety of ways, and this allows wide interpretations of the terminology for organs. However, the present terminology is considered to include terms that require re-evaluation for appropriate ranking of organs. Organs should be understood in a proper perspective of their anatomical hierarchy and architectural characteristics. I consider that organs should be classified morphologically by the terminology of "organelle" on the cytological level, "sub-organ" on the histological level, "organ" on the macroscopic anatomical level, and "organ system", which may also be expressed as "apparatus" or "organa", on the level of systematic anatomy. I strongly demand that N.A.V.-N.H. (1983) acknowledge this hierarchial order and adopt the general term "organum".

Anatomy↗
PubMed2002

Latin as the language of medical terminology: some remarks on its role and prospects.

The present paper offers an up-to-date view of the status of Latin as the language of medicine, namely in its terminological component. It is concerned in greater detail with the three basic terminological vocabularies in which a doctor cannot so far manage without its knowledge. In this sense a primary rank is occupied by anatomical nomenclature whose international version remains Latin in the full extent. A more varied picture is presented by the clinical disciplines where, apart from Latin terms, expressions of ancient provenance have been applied in a large measure in the form of ethnic languages. At the same time, particularly in view of the needs of computerisation, repeated attempts have appeared to support English, which has the greatest chance of becoming a new language in the particular region of clinical medicine. In pharmaceutical terminology Latin has, for the time being, remained a functioning means of international communication, guaranteed by the European Pharmacopoeia (1996) and by the corpus of International Non-proprietary Names (1992, 1996), even though in the future an ever stronger competition of national languages should be taken into account.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Clinical and experimental models of the midtarsal joint: proposed terms of reference and associated terminology.

Recent debate and literature have provided impetus to the growing body of thought that we should not model the midtarsal joint as having two simultaneous axes of rotation but as having a single instantaneous axis of rotation. Building on this concept, we present new reference terminology and propose that descriptions of midtarsal joint kinetics and kinematics relate to moments and motion in the cardinal body planes as defined by the x-, y-, and z-axes of the local reference system of the calcaneus. This replaces the existing terminology that describes the oblique and longitudinal axes for the midtarsal joint. The purpose of the new terms of reference and terminology is to aid in the communication of ideas and concepts regarding the biomechanics of the midtarsal joint among clinicians and between researchers and clinicians. It will also allow integration of the midtarsal joint into the emerging biomechanical model of the lower limb, promote consistency in discussions of the joint, and ease understanding of the interrelationships between the kinetics and the kinematics of the articulations in the foot and lower limb and their relationship to pathology and clinical practice.

Biomechanical Phenomena↗
PubMed1997

A second generation of terminological systems is coming.

Diverse achievements by recent computer-based terminological systems are outlining a new generation of systems (i.e. a "second generation"). We collected the relevant features of various advanced terminological systems and we systematized these features into four components of a unique framework. We review a set of systems according to our framework, and we discuss how standardization activities can support the evolution of computer-based terminological systems towards a complete set of new performances.

Humans↗
PubMed1999

[Eponyms in medical terminology].

Use of eponyms and their frequency in anatomical and clinical medical terminologies are compared. In the standard anatomical terminology, use of eponyms in the macroscopic anatomical terms is not allowed. In the clinical terminology, on the other hand, the use of eponyms is very frequent. In conclusion the author presents advantages and disadvantages of the eponym use. (Ref. 7.)

Anatomy↗
PubMed1999

Segmenting healthcare terminology users: a strategic approach to large scale evolutionary development.

Healthcare terminologies have become larger and more complex, aiming to support a diverse range of functions across the whole spectrum of healthcare activity. Prioritization of development, implementation and evaluation can be achieved by regarding the "terminology" as an integrated system of content-based and functional components. Matching these components to target segments within the healthcare community, supports a strategic approach to evolutionary development and provides essential product differentiation to enable terminology providers and systems suppliers to focus on end-user requirements.

Delivery of Health Care↗
PubMed1999

A reference terminology for drugs.

GALEN technology for re-usable terminologies using formal classification is being applied to the creation and maintenance of a reference terminology for drugs. GALEN's techniques are being used to address specific deficiencies of existing drug classifications that make it difficult to create and maintain guidelines to support prescribing in the care of patients with chronic diseases. The reference terminology is in two parts; firstly, a re-usable and automatically-classified 'ontology' is built with GALEN technology; this describes generic drugs, their composition in terms of chemicals and chemical classes, their actions, indications and interactions. Secondly, a 'dictionary' of prescribable proprietary products is integrated with this ontology. The result is a drug resource designed to support both the traditional uses of a drug knowledge base (e.g. prescribing and messaging), and the specialized demands of guideline authoring and execution.

Artificial Intelligence↗
PubMed1999

A large-scale evaluation of terminology integration characteristics.

OBJECTIVE: To describe terminology integration characteristics of local specialty specific and general vocabularies in order to facilitate the appropriate inclusion and mapping of these terms into a large-scale terminology. METHODS: We compared the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and positive likelihood ratios for Automated Term Composition to correctly map 9050 local specialty specific (dermatology) terms and 4994 local general terms to UMLS using Metaphrase. Results were systematically combined among exact matches, semantic type filtered matches, and non-filtered matches. For the general set, an analysis of semantic type filtering was performed. RESULTS: Dermatology exact matches defined a sensitivity of 51% (57% for general terms) and a specificity of 86% (92% general terms). Including semantic type filtered matches increased sensitivity (75% dermatology; 88% general); as did inclusion of non-filtered matches (98% and 99%). These inclusions correspondingly decreased specificity (filtered: 82% and 74%; non-filtered: 52% and 32%). Positive predictive values for exact matches (93.0% dermatology, 97.6% general) were improved by small but significant (p < 0.001) margins by including filtered matches (95.1% dermatology, 98.4% general) but decreased with non-filtered matches (89.2% dermatology, 87.8% general). Adding additional semantic types to the filtering algorithm failed to improve the positive predictive value or the positive likelihood ratio of term mapping, in spite of a 2.3% improvement in sensitivity. CONCLUSIONS: Automated methods for mapping local "colloquial" terminologies to large-scale controlled health vocabulary systems are practical (ppv 95% dermatology, 98% general). Semantic type filtering improves specificity without sacrificing sensitivity and yields high positive predictive values in every set analyzed.

Algorithms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The structure of the medical and pharmaceutical terminology in the Romanian language].

When we analyse diachronically the Romanian medical and pharmaceutical terminology, we can say that it represents a lexical ensemble characterized by heterogeneousness. It has its own dynamics due to the specific character of the terms. New lexical elements have been added permanently in the twentieth century to the corpus of medical terms established in the last century. Another characteristic of the medical terminology in our century is its international tendency. The great number of international words--among which those of Latin, Greek and, more recent, English origin--make it easier to decode the message for the specialists speaking different languages. The great number of words of this type emphasize the scholarly, artificial character of the vocabulary. A well-represented class, from the point of view of its number, are the neologism of Latin-Romantic origin, terms that have been adapted phonetically and morphologically to the system of the Romanian language. The linguistic facts we find in the specialty texts (in the XIX and XX centuries) confirm our belief that, as a whole, the medical terminology is a linguistic field in a continuous process of modeling, and mainly that is open to be renewed.

Language↗
PubMed2000

An evaluation of ICNP intervention axes as terminology model components.

In this paper we evaluate selected axes of the International Classification of Nursing Practice (ICNP) as terminology model components for nursing actions by dissecting and categorizing two data sets of term phrases (Patient Care Data Set and Home Health Care Classification). Second, we critically analyze the relationships between the ICNP axes and terminology model components used to formally define procedures (including nursing actions) in SNOMED RT. Our findings demonstrate that the semantic categories represented by the ICNP intervention axes are relevant sources for terminology model components for nursing actions. In addition, our findings suggest that only minimal additions or extensions to the current semantic links of SNOMED RT are needed to support the formal definition of nursing actions such as those contained in PCDS and HHCC.

Models, Theoretical↗
PubMed2000

An overview of coding and its relationship to standardized clinical terminology.

Coding systems and standardized clinical terminologies are interrelated. Coding schemes can be developed for classification systems, nomenclatures, and clinical terminologies. The coding systems most commonly used in the United States lose clinical detail and cannot meet the demands of the clinical information systems needed to support the computer-based patient record, outcomes studies, or risk-adjusted comparative research. Systems using computerized encoding and structured as terminologies offer more promise of providing the needed clinical detail. Companion systems can be developed to automatically place standardized clinical terms into less granular classification systems, such as ICD-9-CM, to maintain international compatibility and to continue federal programs based on such classifications.

Abstracting and Indexing↗
PubMed2000

Evaluation of DICE, a terminological system for intensive care.

Evaluative research and the introduction of the Patient Data Management System to support care have increased the need for structured and standardized registration of diagnostic information in Dutch intensive cares (IC). To this end a terminological system to describe diagnoses is needed. A terminological system is a system that denotes terms to concepts in a domain based on specifications of these concepts. During the last two years we have developed DICE (Diagnoses for Intensive Care Evaluation), a terminological system application which includes knowledge about the IC diagnoses domain, such as the anatomical localization, the pathophysiology and the etiology. This paper briefly describes the design of DICE and focus on the preliminary evaluation of DICE. DICE was evaluated on the basis of 126 diagnoses collected. The knowledge modeller as well as the intensivists judged DICE positively. However, there were some points for improvement. The knowledge modeller observed a problem in modelling dependencies between qualifiers of a concept and the intensivists observed some gaps in the knowledge base and were critical about the current interface to compose plural operative procedures.

Critical Care↗
PubMed2001

Common medical terminology comes of age, Part One: Standard language improves healthcare quality.

It has become abundantly clear that standards of recording clinical terms in human-readable, computer-processable format are indispensable. Controlled medical terminology is the missing link in health information standards (in fact, medical terminology can be viewed as the mother of all standards); its absence interferes with the business of healthcare and impedes the core processes of healing and maintaining health. Medicine has lacked the controlled common medical vocabulary that would enable universal sharing of data at the point of care and ensure reliable information for determining health intervention effectiveness. Simple clinical and code content alone has proven insufficient for healthcare enterprises to successfully manage the terminology problem; the "lexical runtime engine," formerly called a vocabulary server (VOSER), which manages the vocabulary ontology and serves up the relevant vocabulary to users of applications in the clinical environment, has recently become a reality.

Database Management Systems↗
PubMed2002

Student perceptions of an online dental terminology course.

Online learning is becoming a recognized method for delivering educational content throughout institutions of higher education. Few studies have been performed regarding online learning in dentistry or dental hygiene. The purpose of this qualitative research study was to describe and analyze the experiences of thirteen students enrolled in an online dental terminology course to determine their satisfaction level. The overall perceptions of online learning were positive, and although some frustrations were apparent, the majority of students stated that they learned a great deal, found the course valuable, and were now familiar with the terminology. Students commented on the convenience of taking the course at a time that fit their schedule and a place that they did not have to commute to attend. Technical issues and student isolation seemed to be the primary drawbacks to online learning. Some students missed the interaction that exists in a regular classroom. Students strongly suggested that, to be successful in online education, one had to be a self-directed learner. In addition, visual learners were more apt than audio learners to appreciate online learning. The results of this study suggest that online learning was a valuable method for teaching dental terminology and is particularly beneficial for students with no other alternative methods for gaining access to the courses due to geographical location. Where appropriate, online courses should be considered an option for providing distance education in dental hygiene programs.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Medication errors: standarizing the terminology and taxomany. Ruiz Jarabo 2000 grand results].

OBJECTIVE: To make available a consistent terminology and taxonomy that permits standardization in medication error detection, analysis, classification, and recording. METHODS: A working group consisting of healthcare professionals from four hospitals of varying characteristics was established to develop the terminology and the taxonomy, which was validated through a qualitative analysis of 423 medication errors registered in the participating hospitals. RESULTS: A document with a terminology and a taxonomy for classifying medication errors is presented. CONCLUSIONS: This document will facilitate analysis of the information collected on incidents caused by medication, and will allow comparisons to be made among data gathered in different kinds of settings. In addition, it will be a useful tool for medication safety committees in hospitals in their efforts to set up internal reporting programs designed to identify shortcomings in their medication use systems and to adopt effective measures to reduce the incidence of medication errors.

Adverse Drug Reaction Reporting Systems↗
PubMed2003

Logical ontology for mediating between nursing intervention terminology systems.

OBJECTIVES: Several researchers have proposed the use of logical ontologies as 'reference terminologies'. However, there are a number of unresolved issues. This article describes the development of a logical ontology for nursing interventions and presents the results of evaluation. METHODS: Initially this study involved the development in GRAIL of two separate experimental ontologies: an ontology based on the textual content of informal definitions for nursing interventions drawn from the Nursing Interventions Classification; and an ontology based on labels for the same nursing interventions. Following initial bench-testing, the ontology based on labels was selected for extension (to accommodate also nursing intervention components of the Home Health Care Classification System and the Omaha System), for further testing and for external evaluation. RESULTS: A hierarchy of nursing interventions generated automatically from the experimental ontology based on informal definitions contained only 3 hierarchical relationships, compared to 214 for the initial ontology based on labels. For the final extended ontology based on labels, the generated hierarchy contained the three source terminology systems in entirety - there were a total of 2861 hierarchical relationships. While the results of comparative bench testing of the final ontology were favourable, the results of external evaluation were mixed and showed little agreement between reviewers. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that while a logical ontology based on labels might be a useful tool for mediating between nursing intervention terminology systems, a formative consensus type development methodology might improve the approach by helping to harmonise ideological differences that may exist across the nursing profession.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

New terminology services based on term comparison using semantic definitions and similarity computation.

As medical information can be encoded within different terminological systems, terms comparison is an important issue to allow communication between applications. In description logics, terms are compared by the means of semantic definitions and subsumption relations. Similarity is also a convenient method for term comparison but is not supported by terminology servers which implement subsumption relations. We present new terminology services built on a semantic distance that could help for semantic mediation between medical applications ranging from semi-automatic encoders to data mining tools. These services are 1) comparison between terms 2) k-nearest-neighbors 3) support for concept coding 4) automatic generation of similarity tables 5) distance based queries 6) support for clustering.

Artificial Intelligence↗