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At least 235 records · Page 13Linked to original sources
PubMed1980

Effects of hypertension and hypercarbia on spinal cord tissue oxygen in acute experimental spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord tissue oxygen was measured by polarography at the dorsum of the spinal cord for 24 hours after acute spinal cord injury, and the effects of hypertension, hypercarbia, and hyperoxia were examined. Acute spinal cord injury was produced in mongrel dogs by constriction of the midthoracic cord with an epidural tourniquet inflated to 400 mm Hg, which was maintained for 5 minutes. At the injury site spinal cord tissue oxygen was slightly increased immediately after injury but was depressed significantly at 1 hour and remained unchanged thereafter. Hypertension induced by the intravenous infusion of norepinephrine elevated the tissue oxygen only slightly after 3 hours. Hypercarbia and hyperoxia produced by ventilation with a 95% O2:5% CO2 mixture did not elevate the depressed spinal cord oxygen content. When hypertension, hypercarbia, and hyperoxia were combined, the spinal cord oxygen value was elevated to the normal level even at 3 hours after injury, when the cord oxygen was at its lowest, and it increased steadily thereafter.

Animals↗
PubMed1974

Antibodies to Candida albicans in hospital patients with and without spinal injury and in normal men and women.

The presence of serum agglutinins and precipitins to Candida albicans in men and women who had impaired bladder function following spinal injury is compared with that in other patients in hospital and in apparently fit men and women. Antibody levels which have commonly been regarded as significant were found in 35 of 76 patients who had urinary candidiasis; in 10 of 52 patients who had spinal injury without urinary candidiasis; in eight of 57 patients who had neither of these conditions, and in nine of 191 normal men and women. Observations are made on the antigens involved in these reactions and on the need for standardization of both reagents and techniques.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Urinary continence in spinal injury patients following complete sacral posterior rhizotomy.

Complete sacral posterior rhizotomy was carried out in 15 spinal injury patients in conjunction with implantation of sacral anterior root stimulators. All patients were incontinent pre-operatively and had video-pressure cystometry before and at regular intervals after surgery. Detrusor hyper-reflexia was totally abolished in all but 1 patient following rhizotomy and 87% no longer require any form of incontinence appliance. Deafferentation produced adverse changes in vesicourethral function and even when rhizotomy was complete, continence could not be guaranteed. The pre-operative state of the bladder neck and distal sphincter mechanism had an important bearing on future continence and those patients with a closed bladder neck and no previous sphincterotomy had the greatest chance of becoming continent after deafferentation. The majority of patients in this series are now fully continent, representing a transformation in their quality of life; it is recommended, however, that to optimise the success of rhizotomy precise pre-operative evaluation and selection of patients are essential.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Are snowboarders more likely to damage their spines than skiers? Lessons learned from a study of spinal injuries from the Otago skifields in New Zealand.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to determine the incidence, nature, and circumstances of spinal injuries caused by skiing and snowboarding at the Otago skifields and treated at Dunedin Hospital during the period 1991 to 2002. METHODS: Patients were identified from the audit records of the Department of Orthopaedic Surgery at Dunedin Hospital. RESULTS: Twenty-five cases were included in the study, 18 snowboarders, and 7 skiers. Twenty-two cases had spinal fractures, with skiers having a higher proportion of burst fractures and multiple fractures. The most frequently fractured vertebrae were T12 and L1, and wedge fractures were the most common fracture type. Jump-related activities were the most common cause of injury in snowboarders, in contrast to skiers whose injuries were more commonly fall-related. CONCLUSIONS: Skier-related spinal injuries were rare and sporadic over the study period, whereas snowboarder-related spinal injuries were more frequent and more recent in occurrence.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Development and validation of virtual driving simulator for the spinal injury patient.

We developed a virtual reality (VR) driving simulator in order to safely evaluate and improve the driving ability of spinal injury patients. The simulator is composed of an actual car, a beam projector, and a large screen. For the interface of our driving simulator, an actual car was adapted and then connected to a computer. We equipped the car with hand control driving devices especially adapted for spinal injury patients. A beam projector was used so that the subjects could see the virtual scene on a large screen set up in front of them. The virtual environment (VE) consisted of 18 sections (e.g., a speed-limited road, a straight road, a curved road, a left turn) and each section was linked naturally to the next. The subjects selected for this trial were 10 normal drivers with valid driving licenses and 15 patients with thoracic or lumbar cord injuries who had prior driving experience. For evaluation, five driving skills were measured, including average speed, steering stability, centerline violations, traffic signal violations, and driving time in various road conditions such as straight and curved roads. The normal subjects manipulated the gas pedal and the brake with their feet, while the patients manipulated a hand control with their hands. After they finished driving the whole course, the participants answered the questions such as "How realistic did the virtual reality driving simulator seem to you?" and "How much was your fear reduced?" In this study, we found that the difference in manipulation method (i.e., the patient group's hand control versus the normal driver's foot controls) does not seem to influence relative performance in the VR driving simulator, though training to improve the use of hand controls in the VR driving simulator would be useful to reduce the fear that the patients feel while driving.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Spinal injuries in the F/FB-111 crew escape system.

During the years 1970-75, a larger than expected number of aircrewmen, forced to use the F/FB-111 crew escape module, experienced acute spinal trauma during otherwise uneventful ejection. This trend in the incidence and severity of F/FB-111 aircrew spinal injuries attracted considerable attention and stimulated extensive inquiry concerning the ethiology of the trauma in order to implement appropriate corrective measures. In response to the expressed concerns, an investigation was initiated to analyze the biodynamic pathogenetic mechanism associated with ejection in the F/FB-111 crew escape module. The purpose of this retrospective investigation is to identify the frequency and severity of spinal trauma in the F/FB-111 crew escape module and to shed additional light on the patterns and severity along with the orthopaedic biomechanics of spinal injury.

Accidents, Aviation↗
PubMed2002

Perceptions of pressure ulcers among young men with a spinal injury.

About 1000 younger people each year suffer a traumatic spinal cord injury that leaves them wholly or partly paralysed. The majority of these individuals are male. Paralysis leads to a host of physical and often psychological problems. Among the major challenges is the management of pressure and the maintenance of skin integrity. Long periods of immobility and loss of sensation make people with a spinal cord injury prone to developing pressure ulcers. While specialist spinal injury units have pioneered a holistic approach to the rehabilitation of those with spinal cord injuries, there has been little research conducted in the UK on the experiences and coping mechanisms of these patients. The study reported here sought to examine the perceptions and experiences of a sample of young men with a spinal cord injury in relation to pressure management and skin integrity, and their experiences of care. The results suggest that these men were knowledgeable about pressure management and highly motivated to look after themselves, but there was an over-reliance on the specialist unit for support.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Lateral flexion/extension radiographs: still recommended following cervical spinal injury.

We present the case of a patient who sustained a cervical spinal injury and subsequent transient quadriplegia with full recovery from the spinal cord concussion. Initial plain X-ray films and magnetic resonance imaging did not show any pathological findings, but lateral radiographs in flexion and extension performed 10 days later revealed a fracture of the C4 spinous process without ligamentous instability, confirming significant injury to the cervical spine.

Cervical Vertebrae↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of early and late naloxone treatment in experimental spinal injury.

The effects of early (1 hour posttrauma) and late (4 hours posttrauma) naloxone treatment on neurologic recovery were compared after experimental cervical spinal injury. Neurologic scores did not differ significantly between the early and late naloxone-treatment groups, and both naloxone groups showed significantly better neurologic recovery than saline-treated controls during a 6-week follow-up. These findings confirm the therapeutic benefit of opiate antagonists in experimental spinal injury and indicate that even delayed naloxone treatment is effective in improving neurologic outcome.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Unique issues in pediatric spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injuries are devastating events, and they are particularly tragic when they affect children or adolescents who have barely had an opportunity to experience life. Of the approximately 10,000 individuals who sustain spinal cord injury each year in the United States, 3% to 5% occur in individuals younger than 15 years of age and approximately 20% occur in those younger than 20 years of age (Nobunaga, Go, & Karunas, 1999). Because of the growth and development inherent in children and adolescents and the unique manifestations and complications associated with spinal cord injuries, management must be developmentally based and directed to the individual's special needs (Vogel, 1997). The many unique facets of pediatric spinal cord injuries are addressed in this article. They clearly delineate the need for care that is responsive to the dynamic changes that occur with growth and development. The multidisciplinary team, combined with a focus on family-centered care, is essential in pediatric spinal cord injuries.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Corticospinal tract plasticity and astroglial reactivity after cervical spinal injury in the postnatal rat.

We have investigated corticospinal (CS) axon growth around cervical spinal injury in the neonatal rat and related this growth to the astroglial reaction occurring at the lesion site. Rats received a high cervical overhemisection (left dorsal funiculotomy, right spinal hemisection) and a right cortical ablation on Postnatal Days (PNDs) 0, 3, 6, 12, and 21 to 24 (weanlings). In chronic operates the remaining CS projection from the left sensorimotor cortex was then assayed using wheat germ agglutinin-horseradish peroxidase as an anterograde tracer. In other operates the formation of the astroglial scar at the spinal lesion site was studied using a monoclonal antibody to glial fibrillary acidic protein. In PNDs 0-6 operates labeled axons extend through the intact left hemicord to bypass the lesion. The labeled axons travel to the edge of the lesion, cross the midline, and pass lateral to the lesion within the dorsal and intermediate gray and dorsal lateral white matter. Axons project bilaterally to normal areas of CS termination in PND 0 operates for a distance of 2.5 to 4 spinal segments caudal to the lesion which decreases to 1.5 to 2 segments in PND 6 operates. In PND 12 and weanling operates labeled fibers do not grow around the lesion but instead are retracted rostrally. There is an astrocytic reaction to injury at all ages by 3 days postoperatively (p.o.) that becomes greater with age and p.o. survival time. A more complicated cystic scar forms in 6-day and older operates. These data show that there is an age-related change in the ability of CS axons to grow around spinal injury which ends near the time CS elongation and gliogenesis is complete in the spinal cord.

Aging↗
PubMed2006

6-Shogaol, a natural product, reduces cell death and restores motor function in rat spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in progressive waves of secondary injuries, which via the activation of a barrage of noxious pathological mechanisms exacerbate the injury to the spinal cord. Secondary injuries are associated with edema, inflammation, excitotoxicity, excessive cytokine release, caspase activation and cell apoptosis. This study was aimed at investigating the possible neuroprotective effects of 6-shogaol purified from Zingiber officinale by comparing an experimental SCI rat group with SCI control rats. Shogaol attenuated apoptotic cell death, including poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity, and reduced astrogliosis and hypomyelination which occurs in areas of active cell death in the spinal cords of SCI rats. The foremost protective effect of shogaol in SCI would therefore be manifested in the suppression of the acute secondary apoptotic cell death. However, it does not attenuate active microglia and macrophage infiltration. This finding is supported by a lack of histopathological changes in the areas of the lesion in the shogaol-treated SCI rats. Moreover, shogaol-mediated neuroprotection has been linked with shogaol's attenuation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, p-SAPK/JNK and signal transducer, and with transcription-3 activation. Our results demonstrate that shogaol administrated immediately after SCI significantly diminishes functional deficits. The shogaol-treated group recovered hindlimb reflexes more rapidly and a higher percentage of these rats regained responses compared with the untreated injured rats. The overall hindlimb functional improvement of hindlimbs, as measured by the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan scale, was significantly enhanced in the shogaol-treated group relative to the SCI control rats. Our data show that the therapeutic outcome of shogaol probably results from its comprehensive effects of blocking apoptotic cell death, resulting in the protection of white matter, oligodendrocytes and neurons, and inhibiting astrogliosis. Our finding that the administration of shogaol prevents secondary pathological events in traumatic SCIs and promotes recovery of motor functions in an animal model raises the issue of whether shogaol could be used therapeutically in humans after SCI.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Opiate antagonist improves neurologic recovery after spinal injury.

The opiate antagonist naloxone has been used to treat cats subjected to cervical spinal trauma. In contrast to saline-treated controls, naloxone treatment significantly improved the hypotension observed after cervical spinal injury. More critically, naloxone therapy significantly improved neurologic recovery. These findings implicate endorphins in the pathophysiology of spinal cord injury and indicate that narcotic antagonists may have a therapeutic role in this condition.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Spinal injuries in sports in the UK.

An analysis was made of 150 rugby, trampolining, gymnastics and horse-riding injuries between 1952 and 1985, resulting in severe spinal injury. The individual analyses of the separate sports had been published previously. There are common factors to all these sports. Of those injured 121 had cervical injuries often as a result of participation in sport by young impetuous people, and causes included: inadequate supervision; motivation to attempt tasks beyond their abilities; a mismatch between the abilities of the performer and the task attempted.

Adolescent↗