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PubMed2003

Maternal psychological distress: adult sons' and daughters' mental health and educational attainment.

BACKGROUND: Offspring of depressed women have high rates of depressive symptoms and other psychopathology. The authors examined the relationship of mothers' symptoms of depression and anxiety reported during their offspring's childhood and adolescence on depressive disorder and educational achievement of their adult children. METHOD: The data come from a longitudinal cohort study of first graders from Woodlawn, a neighborhood in Chicago, followed from age 6 to 32 years (N = 879). Adult children's depression and educational attainment are regressed on earlier self-reports of mothers' psychological distress. Using multiple logistic regression, the authors controlled for the relationships of poverty, mothers' education, mobility, family structure, mothers' illness, and children's first grade classroom behavior and psychological symptoms. RESULTS: Daughters of mothers with persistent maternal psychological distress had two and a half times the risk of lifetime depressive disorder, but no increased risk of high school dropout. For sons, mothers' psychological distress was not related to depression but was related to poorer educational attainment. CONCLUSIONS: Mothers' depressed feelings during the childrearing years relate to their children's depression and educational attainment as measured in adulthood. The patterns differ for sons and daughters.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Concordant familial segregation of atrial septal defect and Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly in father and son.

The association of congenital heart defect and ocular malformations is involved in several genetic syndromes, metabolic diseases and environmental entities. We report here on father and son, both presenting with the combination of atrial septal defect and congenital ocular anomalies in Axenfeld-Rieger anomaly. The son had anterior iridotrabecular dysgenesis and posterior embryotoxon bilaterally, corneal leucoma and marked iridial vascularization at right. The father had bilateral anterior iridotrabecular dysgenesis, posterior embryotoxon and nystagmus, and corneal leucoma at left. No additional malformations were noted in these patients. The Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome seems to be a spectrum of developmental disorders. The present report confirms the existence of a specific Axenfeld-Rieger phenotype associated with congenital heart defect. Atrial septal defect is the anatomic type of congenital heart defect linked to this condition.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2004

Sexy sons: a dead end for cytoplasmic genes.

Critics of sexual conflict theory argue that females may gain a net reproductive benefit from mating with manipulative males because the direct costs that they suffer may be offset by the production of sexy, i.e. manipulative, sons. However, this exclusive focus on nuclear gene effects represents an incomplete view of female fitness. Females differ fundamentally from males in transmitting not only nuclear genes but also a wide range of cytoplasmic genetic elements (CGEs) that can have profound effects, from male killing to influencing development of the nervous system and cognitive ability. Maternal transmission of CGEs has two major implications for sexual selection. First, the evolution of male fitness traits, such as sperm competitive ability, may be constrained because response to selection on mitochondrial genomes can occur only through the female line. Second, CGEs bear the direct costs of male manipulation but gain no indirect benefits when females produce sexy sons. This should result in perpetual antagonistic coevolution between nuclear genes involved in male manipulation and CGEs that promote female resistance to male sexually selected traits. Explicit consideration of the consequences of selection acting on CGEs is therefore necessary for a better understanding of the relationship between sexual selection and sexual conflict.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Violating Bell's inequality beyond Cirel'son's bound.

Cirel'son inequality states that the absolute value of the combination of quantum correlations appearing in the Clauser-Horne-Shimony-Holt (CHSH) inequality is bound by 2 square root of (2). It is shown that the correlations of two qubits belonging to a three-qubit system can violate the CHSH inequality beyond 2 square root of (2). Such a violation is not in conflict with Cirel'son's inequality because it is based on postselected systems. The maximum allowed violation of the CHSH inequality, 4, can be achieved using a Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1990

Communicative competence in sons of alcoholics.

Sons of alcoholic (SA), depressive (SD), and social drinking (SN) fathers gave 3-min speeches under low- and high-stress conditions. Trained raters, unaware of group membership, scored each speech on a variety of communicative competence dimensions. The results gave evidence that the SA group, relative to the SN group, showed deficits in all six speech variables. Further results suggested that the SA group was unaffected by level of stress, while the SD group showed a decrease in communicative clarity from speech 1 (low stress) to speech 2 (high stress). The results suggest lower levels of communicative competence among adult sons of alcoholics. The implication of this finding with regard to the psychosocial functioning of children of alcoholics is discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Hypertrichosis lanuginosa in a mother and son.

Hypertrichosis lanuginosa (without gingival hyperplasia) is described in a mother and son; the latter also had photophobia, infantile genitalia, growth retardation, hypotension, low IQ and dental abnormalities (hyperdontia, permanence of deciduous and delayed eruption of permanent teeth). Both have normal dermatoglyphics. Some clinical findings are discussed. The presence of this syndrome in a mother and son supports an autosomal mode of inheritance (with variable expressivity). Hypertrichosis lanuginosa is a pure monomultidysplasia and may be classified with the tricho-odontic sub-group of the ectodermal dysplasias.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1982

An unusual connective tissue disease in mother and son: a "new" type of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome?

A 23-year-old woman and her 2 1/2-year-old son both had large hernias, positional foot deformities, abnormal thoracic shape, asthma, and severe eczematoid dermatitis. Their facial appearance was quite similar and included asymmetry with prominent nasal bridge and small jaw. In addition, the mother had severe thoracolumbar kyphoscolosis and "cigarette paper" scars over her legs. She died after rupture of a a thoracic aortic aneurysm and was found on postmortem examination to have cystic medionecrosis of the aorta and myxomatous degeneration and elongation of the mitral and tricuspid valves. The family history was otherwise negative; there was no consanguinity. The connective tissue disease in this mother and her son appears to be a previously unrecognized dominantly-inherited disorder with some similarity to classical Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed1995

Polysyndactyly and asymptomatic hypothalamic hamartoma in mother and son: a variant of Pallister-Hall syndrome.

We report on a 53-year-old woman and her 20-year-old son who both presented with polysndactyly, without other external malformations or mental retardation. MRI imaging revealed, as an incidental finding, asymptomatic hypothalamic hamartomas in both patients. The siblings of both mother and son are unaffected. This family may represent an autosomal dominant variant of Pallister-Hall syndrome.

Abnormalities, Multiple↗
PubMed2004

Female ambrosia beetles adjust their offspring sex ratio according to outbreeding opportunities for their sons.

Recent studies on the effect of local mate competition (LMC) on sex ratios have focused on the effect of post-dispersal mating success by males. A higher proportion of males is expected to be produced as the potential for outbreeding increases. Here we demonstrate that males of a haplodiploid ambrosia beetle with LMC disperse to seek additional matings, and brood sex ratios increase with outbreeding opportunities in the field. Manipulations in the laboratory confirm that females produce more sons when the post-dispersal mating prospects of their sons are experimentally increased. This is the first study showing that male dispersal options may influence individual female sex allocation decisions in species with strong LMC.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Sexy sons from re-mating do not recoup the direct costs of harmful male interactions in the Drosophila melanogaster laboratory model system.

The empirical foundation for sexual conflict theory is the data from many different taxa demonstrating that females are harmed while interacting with males. However, the interpretation of this keystone evidence has been challenged because females may more than counterbalance the direct costs of interacting with males by the indirect benefits of obtaining higher quality genes for their offspring. A quantification of this trade-off is critical to resolve the controversy and is presented here. A multi-generation fitness assay in the Drosophila melanogaster laboratory model system was used to quantify both the direct costs to females due to interactions with males and indirect benefits via sexy sons. We specifically focus on the interactions that occur between males and nonvirgin females. In the laboratory environment of our base population, females mate soon after eclosion and store sufficient sperm for their entire lifetime, yet males persistently court these nonvirgin females and frequently succeed in re-mating them. Females may benefit from these interactions despite direct costs to their lifetime fecundity if re-mating allows them to trade-up to mates of higher genetic quality and thereby secure indirect benefits for their offspring. We found that direct costs of interactions between males and nonvirgin females substantially exceeded indirect benefits through sexy sons. These data, in combination with past studies of the good genes route of indirect benefits, demonstrate that inter-sexual interactions drive sexually antagonistic co-evolution in this model system.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Acromesomelic dysplasia in a father and son: autosomal dominant inheritance.

A father and son with typical acromesomelic dysplasia are reported, with the father more severely affected than the son. The disease was thus apparently transmitted in an autosomal dominant fashion. This is at variance with the autosomal recessive mode of inheritance assumed from hitherto reported families.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Predictors of behavior problems in three-year-old sons of alcoholics: early evidence for the onset of risk.

We investigated risk factors in a population-based sample of alcoholic (father) and comparison families with 3-year-old sons. Alcoholic and comparison parents did not differ in socioeconomic status (SES), education, years married, family size, or cognitive functioning. Antisocial behavior and depression were significantly greater in alcoholic parents. High risk children were more impulsive than comparison children, but there were no differences in developmental age, IQ, or behavior problems. A higher percentage of high-risk children were rated in the extreme clinical range for behavior problems than were comparison children. For alcoholic families, mothers' ratings of their children's total behavior problems, externalizing behavior problems, and internalizing behavior problems were predicted by mothers' lifetime alcohol problems, current depression, and family SES. Father variables failed to predict children's behavior problems. Maternal variables were stronger predictors of their 3-year-old sons' problem behaviors than were paternal variables.

Achievement↗
PubMed2006

Making up is hard to do, especially for mothers with high levels of depressive symptoms and their infant sons.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to evaluate the interactions of mothers with normative or high levels of depressive symptomatology on the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D) and their 3-month-old infants. Although successful mutual regulation of affect is critical to children's socio-emotional development, little is known about the factors that influence dyadic processes such as synchrony, matching, mismatching, and bi-directionality during early infancy. Therefore, this study evaluated the effects of maternal depressive symptom status, infant gender, and interactional context on mother-infant affective expressiveness and the dyadic features of their interactions. METHODS: Participants were 133 mothers and their healthy full-term infants. Mothers were classified into three groups on the basis of their total score on the CES-D at 2 months of infant age: a high symptom group (CES-D score > or = 16), a mid symptom control group (CES-D score = 2-12), and a low symptom group (CES-D score = 0-1). Mothers and infants were then videotaped in the Face-to-Face Still-Face paradigm at 3 months of infant age. The mothers' and infants' affect during the interactions prior to (first play) and following the still-face (reunion play) were coded microanalytically using Izard's AFFEX system. RESULTS: Results indicated that male as compared to female infants were more vulnerable to high levels of maternal depressive symptoms and that high symptom mothers and their sons had more difficult interactions in the challenging reunion episode. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that a cycle of mutual regulatory problems may become established between high symptom mothers and their sons, particularly in challenging social contexts. The long-term consequences of this early social interactive vulnerability in terms of later development need to be further investigated.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Learning achievement in sons of alcoholics.

Adolescent sons of alcoholics, equated to sons of nonalcoholics on age, intelligence, and grade level, performed significantly more poorly on a standardized test of educational achievement. Family environment and rated behavioral disturbance were not systematically correlated with educational achievement. Upon controlling for the effects of psychopathology, the highest and most numerous correlations were found between neuropsychological performance and educational achievement. These findings suggest that cognitive impairment may be associated with the vulnerability for alcoholism.

Achievement↗
PubMed1988

Reactions to alcohol in sons of alcoholics and controls.

This paper synthesizes some major findings coming from our laboratory over the last decade. The data focuses on our search for mechanisms that might contribute to the elevated risk for alcoholism in sons of alcoholic fathers. Consistent results corroborated by several additional groups indicate that the higher risk sons of alcoholics demonstrate less intense reactions to ethanol as measured by their subjective self-reports, measures of body sway, changes in several hormones after drinking, and the intensity or persistence of ethanol-related changes on two electrophysiological measures. The potential implications of these results as they might relate to an enhanced vulnerability to alcoholism, and some possible future research directions, are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Response of three hormones to diazepam challenge in sons of alcoholics and controls.

This study evaluates the hypothesis that the decreased reaction to ethanol reported for sons of alcoholics will also be observed following infusions of a benzodiazepine. The investigation compared 37 men who were family history positive for alcoholism with 37 family history negative controls on postinfusion levels of cortisol, prolactin, and growth hormone following 0.12 and 0.20 mg/kg of diazepam given IV over 7 minutes. The results demonstrated no evidence of a decreased response for the sons of alcoholics on the levels of these three hormones.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Tridimensional personality traits in sons of alcoholic and nonalcoholic fathers.

Sons of alcoholics (SOAs; n = 27) and sons of nonalcoholics (SONAs; n = 23) were compared across Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ) and Sensation Seeking scales and measures of plasma homovanillic acid and platelet monoamine oxidase activity. SOAs and SONAs did not differ significantly on any measure. The pattern of correlations between TPQ and Sensation Seeking scales provided some support for the construct validity of TPQ measures. Scores on the TPQ Novelty Seeking scale and platelet monoamine oxidase activity were significantly inversely associated (r = -0.52, p < 0.02) among SOAs, but not among SONAs (r = -0.06).

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Experience of father and later relations to men. A systematic study of women's relations to their father, their partner and their son.

Using data from a longitudinal, prospective study of 69 women, their partners and first-born children, the woman's description of her parents was compared with her report about her relationships to her partner and child. Information was independently collected from partner and child. The woman's way of relating both to her partner and to her son was more strongly connected with her report about her early paternal than with her report about her early maternal contact. The woman's experience of her father was related to her way of interacting with her child in the case of a son but not in the case of a daughter. Thus, the specific importance of a woman's image of her father for her way of relating to other significant males was emphasized.

Father-Child Relations↗