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PubMed1999

Comparison of the IV pharmacokinetics in sheep of miconazole-cyclodextrin solutions and a micellar solution.

The pharmacokinetics of miconazole were studied after intravenous administration to six sheep (4 mg/kg) of three aqueous solutions: a marketed micellar solution containing polyoxyl-35 castor oil (Daktarin IV(R)) was compared with two solutions both containing 50 mM lactic acid and a cyclodextrin derivative (100 mM HP-betaCD or 50 mM SBE7-betaCD). The aim of this work was to demonstrate that these cyclodextrin derivatives (CDs) have no effect on the pharmacokinetics of miconazole by comparison with the micellar solution. The plasma concentration time curves have shown that there is no significant difference between the three solutions.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Photocatalytic H2 evolution reaction from aqueous solutions over band structure-controlled (AgIn)xZn2(1-x)S2 solid solution photocatalysts with visible-light response and their surface nanostructures.

(AgIn)(x)Zn(2(1-x))S(2) solid solutions between ZnS photocatalyst with a wide band gap and AgInS(2) with a narrow band gap showed photocatalytic activities for H(2) evolution from aqueous solutions containing sacrificial reagents, SO(3)(2)(-) and S(2)(-), under visible-light irradiation (lambda >or= 420 nm) even without Pt cocatalysts. Loading of the Pt cocatalysts improved the photocatalytic activity. Pt (3 wt %)-loaded (AgIn)(0.22)Zn(1.56)S(2) with a 2.3 eV band gap showed the highest activity for H(2) evolution, and the apparent quantum yield at 420 nm amounted to 20%. H(2) gas evolved at a rate of 3.3 L m(-2) x h(-1) under irradiation using a solar simulator (AM 1.5). The diffuse reflection and the photoluminescence spectra of the solid solutions shifted monotonically to a long wavelength side as the ratio of AgInS(2) to ZnS increased in the solid solutions. The photocatalytic H(2) evolution depended on the compositions as well as the photophysical properties. The dependence of the photophysical and photocatalytic properties upon the composition was mainly due to the change in the band position caused by the contribution of the Ag 4d and In 5s5p orbitals to the valence and conduction bands, respectively. It was found from SEM and TEM observations that the solid solutions partially had nanostep structures on their surfaces. The Pt cocatalysts were selectively photodeposited on the edge of the surface nanosteps. It was suggested that the specific surface nanostructure was effective for the suppression of recombination between photogenerated electrons and holes and for the separation of H(2) evolution sites from oxidation reaction sites.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2005

Strong solute-solute dispersive interactions in a protein-ligand complex.

The contributions of solute-solute dispersion interactions to binding thermodynamics have generally been thought to be small, due to the surmised equality between solute-solvent dispersion interactions prior to the interaction versus solute-solute dispersion interactions following the interaction. The thermodynamics of binding of primary alcohols to the major urinary protein (MUP-I) indicate that this general assumption is not justified. The enthalpy of binding becomes more favorable with increasing chain length, whereas the entropy of binding becomes less favorable, both parameters showing a linear dependence. Despite the hydrophobicity of the interacting species, these data show that binding is not dominated by the classical hydrophobic effect, but can be attributed to favorable ligand-protein dispersion interactions.

Alcohols↗
PubMed2005

The influence of acoustic power on multibubble sonoluminescence in aqueous solution containing organic solutes.

The effect of varying the applied acoustic power on the extent to which the addition of water-soluble solutes affect the intensity of aqueous multibubble sonoluminescence (MBSL) has been investigated. Under most of the experimental conditions used, the addition of aliphatic alcohols to aqueous solutions was found to suppress the MBSL intensity, although an enhancement of the MBSL intensity was also observed under certain conditions. In contrast, the presence of an anionic surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in aqueous solutions generally enhanced the observed MBSL intensity. For a series of aliphatic alcohols and SDS, a strong dependence of the MBSL intensity on the applied acoustic power (in the range of 0.78-1.61 W/cm(2)) at 358 kHz was observed. The relative SL quenching was significantly higher at higher acoustic powers for the alcohol solutions, whereas the relative SL enhancement was lower at higher acoustic powers in SDS solutions. These observations have been interpreted in terms of a combination of material evaporation into the bubble, rectified diffusion, bubble clustering and bubble-bubble coalescence.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

Unified model of association-induced lower critical solution temperature phase separation and its application to solutions of telechelic poly(ethylene oxide) and of telechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) in water.

The authors present a model describing the coexistence of hydrophobic association and phase separation with lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in aqueous solutions of polymers carrying short hydrophobic chains at both chain ends (telechelic associating polymers). The LCST of these solutions is found to decrease along the sol/gel transition curve as a result of both end-chain association (association-induced phase separation) and direct hydrophobic interaction of the end chains with water. The authors relate the magnitude of the LCST decrease to a hydration cooperativity parameter sigma. The LCST decreases substantially (approximately 100 K) in the case of random hydration (sigma=1), whereas only a small shift (approximately 5-10 K) occurs in the case of cooperative hydration (sigma=0.3). The molecular weight dependence of the LCST drop is studied in detail in each case. The results are compared with experimental observations of the cloud points of telechelic poly(ethylene oxide) solutions, in which random hydration predominates, and of telechelic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) solutions, in which cooperative hydration prevails.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Reticular groove contraction in dairy cattle following drenching with an anti-bloat solution or a combination of anti-bloat solution and NaCl.

AIM: To determine whether the inclusion of NaCl in an antibloat drench increased the incidence of contraction of the reticular (oesophageal) groove in cattle. METHODS: Non-lactating Friesian dairy cows aged 3-10 years (n=30) were subjected to a 13C-octanoic-acid breath test after being drenched with either an anti-bloat solution alone or a mixture of anti-bloat solution and NaCl, to determine the incidence of reticular groove contraction. RESULTS: Drenching with an anti-bloat solution alone did not result in detectable by-pass of the reticulorumen in 27/29 cows; minor by-pass occurred in 2/29 cows. The inclusion of NaCl in the anti-bloat solution increased the incidence of reticulorumen by-pass; minor by-pass occurred in 12/30 cows and substantial by-pass was detected in 5/30 cows. The incidence of by-pass did not vary significantly with cow age. CONCLUSIONS: Drenching with an anti-bloat solution alone did not result in significant by-pass of the reticulorumen. The inclusion of NaCl in the anti-bloat drench increased the incidence of reticulorumen by-pass. The proportion of anti-bloat/ NaCl fluid by-passed was considered to be of no practical significance to the protection from bloat afforded in the majority of animals, but may significantly decrease protection from bloat afforded by drenching in 10-15% of cows. The proportion of animals at risk within a herd may vary with their physiological state and the method and frequency (number of doses per drench) of drenching.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1985

Flush solution 2, a new concept for one-to-three-day hypothermic renal storage preservation. Functional recovery after preservation in Euro-Collins, Collins' C2, hypertonic citrate, and F.2 solution.

Experiments were performed on the quality of renal functional recovery after 24, 48, or 72-hr hypothermic storage preservation of canine kidneys in Euro-Collins solution (EC), Collins' solution C2, hypertonic citrate solutions (HC, HC-D2O), or our new flush solution 2 (F.2). Clearance tests (inulin, paraaminohippuric acid, and creatinine) and resorption rates for sodium, potassium, and glucose indicated a high superiority in the early functional recovery of F.2-preserved kidneys after all preservation periods tested. The excellent function after preservation in F.2 contrasted especially with the poor or even absent function after 72-hr preservation in HC and HC-D2O or EC. Thus F.2--a hyperosmolar solution containing sucrose with a balanced Na-K relation on the basis of "heavy water" (D2O)--is especially suitable for preservation up to 72 hr if cyclosporine is used for immunosuppression in the recipient. The recipient can be supplied with an organ with immediate good functional recovery because cyclosporine banishes the higher risk for rejection of these well-functioning organs; simultaneously, the possibility for continuous functional supervision allows avoidance of nephrotoxic side effects from the immunosuppressant.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

A new cell for temperature-dependent X-ray absorption spectroscopy of liquid solutions: application to PbBr2 solutions in diethylene glycol.

An in situ cell has been constructed for temperature-dependent X-ray absorption experiments (EXAFS and XANES) of lead bromine (PbBr2) solutions in diethylene glycol in the temperature range from room temperature up to about 433 K. The solution is kept in a thermostated container made of carbon-reinforced teflon between two thin chemically inert quartz glass windows with a high transmission for hard X-rays. The construction of the cell ensures that these X-ray windows are thermalized so that any possible precipitation of solid products from the solution is inhibited. The cell consists mainly of two hermetically sealed teflon containers for the thermostating fluid (silicon oil) that were fitted together in such a way that a small and variable volume (approximately 2-4 cm3) for the liquid under investigation was achieved. A small thermocouple in a glass enclosure was placed in the solution to maintain temperature control and feedback to the thermostat. The cell design and its performance for temperature-dependent in situ investigations with X-rays are reported. Some preliminary results obtained for PbBr2 solutions in diethylene glycol are given.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

Development of low potassium solution (EP4 solution) for long-term preservation of a lung transplant: evaluation in primate and murine lung transplant model.

The results of recent studies on long-term preservation using low potassium flush solution, which was originally produced in our department, are presented and discussed. In the primate model, a lung preserved for 24 h with EP4 solution retained sufficient function in single lung allotransplantation. In the murine experiments, we have evaluated the ion transport properties across alveolar epithelial cells in the transplanted lung using the tools of alveolar fluid clearance tests. The alveolar fluid clearance rate, which can be inhibited by 10(-3) M ouabain, is also well preserved for the first 24 h, indicating that the alveolar epithelial Na-K-ATPase is still functioning and that the 72 h preservation decreases those function of Na-K-ATPase in a time-dependent manner. In conclusion, because 24 h hypothermic preservation with EP4 solution did not show any obvious disadvantage on primate lung allografts and the cellular and molecular viability of the preserved lung flushed with EP4 solution could be retained for 24 h, this kind of solution with extracellular electrolyte composition can be applicable in the clinical settings.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Experimental models for the investigation of water and solute transport in man. Implications for oral rehydration solutions.

For patients suffering from mild to moderate dehydration, oral rehydration therapy has proved a simple and efficacious treatment. There remains, however, a need to develop improved oral rehydration solutions (ORS), and suitable experimental models are required to develop and assess new formulations. The ideal model for such investigations would take into account rates of gastric emptying, influx and efflux of water and solutes in the intestine, and the consequent changes in body composition. As no such definitive model is currently available, a variety of techniques are used to examine parts of the process of intestinal absorption. Clinical studies which assess the recovery of dehydrated patients during therapy using different ORS will ultimately evaluate the efficacy of treatment. However, ethical considerations, the relative insensitivity of this technique and the exacting nature of such studies make this approach unsuitable for the development of specific ORS. Gastric emptying of solutions can be determined by a variety of techniques, among which the radioactive tracer method offers the advantage of having no direct effect on the emptying rate, giving almost continuous measurement and allowing the use of relatively small volumes of fluids. Perfusion techniques allow measurement of the net flux of water and solute in predetermined sections of the intact human intestine. Measurement of the rate of accumulation in the circulation of orally ingested tracer molecules for water and solutes can estimate unidirectional flux. This method allows for the rates of gastric emptying and intestinal absorption of the test substance, but the rate of efflux of the tracer from the vascular space must be known to calculate net uptake. Each of these models has limitations, and care must be taken in interpreting the results in a clinical context. However, their use in the development of improved formulations is well established.

Fluid Therapy↗
PubMed1991

Update on the physical-chemical compatibility of cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution: bronchodilator inhalant solution admixtures.

Cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution, 1% (wt/vol), is physically and chemically compatible (stable) for at least 90 minutes when mixed in vitro with a new formulation (metabisulfite-free) of metaproterenol sulfate solution, an inhalant solution of albuterol sulfate or an atropine sulfate inhalant solution. Similarly, cromolyn sodium does not adversely affect the stability of the individual bronchodilator drugs in the admixtures. Since cromolyn sodium is compatible in admixtures with these bronchodilator drugs, adding these agents to cromolyn sodium nebulizer solution should have no negative influence on the effectively administered dose of either active ingredient.

Albuterol↗
PubMed1990

Comparison between a glucose-fructose-xylitol solution and a sole glucose solution for surgical patients with glucose tolerance impairment.

The metabolic response to the postoperative delivery of a sole glucose solution or a glucose-fructose-xylitol solution, and their effects upon carbohydrate metabolism, in patients with glucose tolerance impairment, were evaluated. Twenty four patients who showed an abnormal 75g-OGTT or were noninsulin-dependent diabetics were divided in two groups. The GFX-B group (n = 11) received a 10.5% solution, containing glucose, fructose and xylitol at 4:2:1 ratio, and the PHY-3 group (n = 13) received a 10% glucose solution, both, continuously infused for 3 days postoperatively. The infusion of PHY-3 tended to produce a higher increase in blood glucose than the infusion of GFX-B, that was significantly different on the 3POD (P less than 0.05). The increase in IRI and CPR was also significantly greater in PHY-3 group than in GFX-B group on the 3POD (P less than 0.05). We concluded that it was not only the slight lower glucose load of the GFX-B solution, but also, the different infused carbohydrate substrate which had influenced the magnitude of insulin secretion and the blood glucose level. Then, its use in glucose intolerant patients may be of some benefit to partially minimize the postoperative hyperglycemic response.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Colonic lavage solution (polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution) as a treatment for chronic constipation: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate that polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (PEG-ELS), a colonic lavage solution presently used for gut cleansing in preparation for colonic procedures, can be an effective agent in the treatment of chronic constipation. Thirty-two patients with chronic constipation completed a controlled, double-blind, randomized, cross-over study. Each patient was given two containers, marked A and B, one containing PEG-ELS and the other a placebo. They drank a specified amount (8 or 16 oz) of solution A for five consecutive days. Daily number of bowel movements and stool consistency were recorded. Group I (patients 1-16) drank 8 oz of solution per day; group II (patients 17-32) drank 16 oz of solution per day. Mean stool frequency and mean stool consistency were calculated per 5-day testing period for each treatment group (8 oz placebo, 8 oz PEG-ELS, 16 oz placebo, 16 oz PEG-ELS). Two-factor analysis of variance results confirmed that PEG-ELS was superior to placebo with regard to mean stool frequency (7.75 +/- 4.55 vs. 4.88 +/- 2.62, p less than 0.01) and mean stool consistency (2.56 +/- 1.17 vs. 1.91 +/- 0.94, p less than 0.05). Furthermore, PEG-ELS 16 oz per day was superior to all other groups with regard to the measured variables. Side effects from the PEG-ELS were infrequent and tolerable. Our results indicate that PEG-ELS may be an effective alternative therapy in the treatment of chronic constipation. The proper dosage is probably between 8 and 16 oz per day.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The wet disc antimicrobial solution assay. An in vitro method to test efficacy of antimicrobial solutions for topical use.

The wet disc antimicrobial solution assay, an in vitro method to test susceptibility/resistance of burn wound-isolated microorganisms against antimicrobial solutions for topical use, is described. Where antibiotic discs for Kirby-Bauer testing were available for antibiotics contained in the topical solutions, Kirby-Bauer assays were done, and the results were compared with those derived using the wet disc assay. More microorganisms were susceptible using the wet disc method compared with the Kirby-Bauer method. The wet disc method could be used to test topical antimicrobial solutions that had no Kirby-Bauer disc equivalent. The wet disc method provided more reliable information for the clinician to use in choosing appropriate topical antimicrobial solutions for treating patients' wounds than the Kirby-Bauer method.

Anti-Infective Agents, Local↗
PubMed1993

University of Wisconsin preservation solution compared with Euro Collins preservation solution in pediatric liver transplantation.

Orthotopic liver transplantation has become the accepted treatment for end-stage liver disease in children. To evaluate the efficacy of the University of Wisconsin (UW) preservation solution in pediatric liver transplantation, a group of 34 livers preserved with UW solution was compared in a nonrandomized fashion with a historical control group of 34 livers preserved with Euro Collins (EC) solution. Primary graft nonfunction did not occur in either group. Both groups were similar with respect to age, sex, weight, diagnosis, severity of the recipient's condition, donor condition at harvest, donor/recipient blood type match, and immunosuppressive management. The UW group had a significantly higher bilirubin, AST, ALT, and GGT during the first week after transplantation when compared with the EC group but no significant differences were noted after the ninth post-transplant day. No differences were noted when the groups were compared as to surgery time (9.1 v 8.4 hours), blood volumes replaced (1.8 v 2.0), number of ICU days (5.0 v 6.5), total number of infections per graft (1.0 v 0.8), total hospital days (31 v 30), and hospital cost ($134,000 v $126,000). The total preservation time was improved from 7 hours (range, 3.2 to 9.9) in the EC group to 13.9 hours (range, 6.9 to 22.3) in the UW group (P < .001). UW solution allows a significant increase in cold ischemic time in liver transplantation when compared with EC. This increase in preservation time resulted in no detrimental effect when compared with EC and potentially led to milder episodes of rejection in the postoperative period.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2002

Are lactated Ringer's solution and normal saline solution equal with regard to coagulation?

UNLABELLED: Crystalloids represent an attractive strategy to alleviate intravascular volume deficits. Crystalloid hemodilution was associated with hypercoagulability in in vitro and in vivo studies. The influence of different crystalloids on coagulation in the surgical patient is not well studied. In a prospective, randomized study in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, we used either lactated Ringer's solution (RL) (n = 21) or 0.9% saline solution (SS) (n = 21) exclusively for intravascular volume replacement over 48 h to maintain central venous pressure between 8 and 12 mm Hg. Activated thrombelastography (TEG) using different activators (intrinsic TEG, extrinsic TEG, heparinase TEG, aprotinin TEG) was used to measure coagulation time, clot formation time, and maximum clot firmness. Measurements were performed after induction of anesthesia (T0), immediately after surgery (T1), 5 h after surgery (T2), and on the morning of the first (T3) and second (T4) postoperative days. RL 18,750 +/- 1890 mL and 17,990 +/- 1790 mL of SS were infused during the study period. Acidosis was seen only in the SS-treated group. Blood loss was not different between the groups. Fibrinogen and antithrombin III decreased similarly at T1 and T2 in both groups, most likely because of hemodilution. Differences in TEG data from normal baseline were seen only immediately after surgery and 5 h thereafter, indicating mild hypercoagulability in the intrinsic TEG (RL, from 147 +/- 130 s to 130 +/- 11 s; SS, from 146 +/- 12 s to 131 +/- 12 s). There were no differences in coagulation between RL- and SS-treated patients. We conclude that in major abdominal surgery intravascular volume replacement with crystalloids resulted in only moderate and abbreviated changes in coagulation. No differences in activated TEG and blood loss were seen between an RL- and an SS-based intravascular volume replacement regimen. IMPLICATIONS: In 42 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, either lactated Ringer's solution or 0.9% saline solution were exclusively used for volume therapy for 48 h. Activated thrombelastography revealed some mild hypercoagulability after surgery. No differences in coagulation were seen between the two intravascular volume replacement strategies.

Abdomen↗
PubMed1999

A comparison of the new preservation solution Celsior to Euro-Collins and University of Wisconsin solutions in lung reperfusion injury.

BACKGROUND: The lung is particularly susceptible to reperfusion injury, both experimentally and clinically after transplantation. The extracellular-type preservation solution Celsior, which has been predominantly studied in cardiac preservation, has components designed to prevent cell swelling, free radical injury, energy depletion, and calcium overload. Using an isolated blood-perfused rat lung model, we investigated whether Celsior would decrease preservation injury and improve lung function after cold ischemic storage and reperfusion compared to Euro-Collins (EC) and University of Wisconsin (UW) solutions. METHODS: Lewis rat lungs were isolated, flushed with the respective cold preservation solution, and then stored at 4 degrees C for 6 or 12 hr. After ischemic storage, the lung block was suspended from a force transducer, ventilated with 100% O2, and reperfused for 90 min with fresh blood via a cannula in the pulmonary artery. Lung compliance, alveolar-arterial oxygen difference, and outflow oxygen tension were all measured. The capillary filtration coefficient (Kf), a sensitive measure of changes in microvascular permeability, was determined. RESULTS: For 6 hr of cold storage, lungs stored in Celsior had lower Kf values than those stored in EC, indicating decreased microvascular permeability. No other significant differences were noted between Celsior and EC or UW. For 12 hr of cold storage, Celsior provided increased oxygenation, decreased alveolar-arterial O2 differences, increased compliance, and decreased Kf values as compared to both EC and UW. CONCLUSIONS: Celsior provides better lung preservation than EC or UW as demonstrated by increased oxygenation, decreased capillary permeability, and improved lung compliance, particularly at 12-hr storage times. These results are highly relevant, inasmuch as EC and UW are the most common clinically used lung preservation solutions. Further studies of Celsior in experimental and clinical lung transplantation, as well as in other solid organs, are indicated.

Adenosine↗
PubMed2000

Hemodynamic effects of hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch 6% solution and isotonic hydroxyethyl starch 6% solution after declamping during abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.

Fluid resuscitation with hypertonic hydroxyethyl starch solutions (HES) is effective in haemorrhagic shock due to the rapid mobilisation of fluids into the intravascular compartment. Declamping of the abdominal aorta with acute redistribution of blood into the vessels of the lower body half causes declamping-induced hypotension. Usually large amount of fluids or vasopressors are necessary to restore hemodynamic stability. Therefore, infusion of a hypertonic colloid solution may be an attractive option to achieve hemodynamic stability. This study was conducted to determine the amount of fluid of either hypertonic HES (HES 6%;7.2% NaCl) or isotonic HES (HES 6%;0.9% NaCl) needed to attain best wedge pressure (PCWP) cardiac index (CI) relation after declamping. Thirty-two high-risk patients undergoing elective abdominal aneurysm resection were enrolled in a prospective, randomised, double blinded study. The individual optimised PCWP/CI relation was determined after induction of anaesthesia. After declamping, both solutions were titrated in small boluses of 100 mL until the previously determined best wedge was reached. The amount of fluid after declamping was significantly reduced in the hypertonic HES- group 162 mL vs. 265 mL in the control group (P < 0.05). Resuscitation time was shortened, and cardiac index was slightly higher in the treatment group. The use of hypertonic HES-solution after aortic declamping led to a significant reduction of fluids necessary to attain optimised PCWP/CI relation. In this clinical trial with moderate blood loss in high-risk patients, hypertonic HES applied in a titrated fashion restored hemodynamic stability faster and without volume overload.

Aged↗