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PubMed1979

Changes in the values of dental students and dentists over a ten-year period.

This paper investigates value changes in dental students and dentists over a ten-year period through a cross-sectional study of all dental students at the University of Minnesota in 1966 and 1976, and a ten-year longitudinal study of a class of dental students who entered in 1967. Findings in both studies showed significant differences in values over the ten-year period, but they could not be attributed to the dental school experience. Findings also showed that the values of the dentists in the longitudinal study changed significantly over the ten years from 1967 to 1977, to resemble those of dental school freshmen in 1976. Comparisons of the two studies indicated that changes in social values and the social pressures of professional role development could have accounted for the findings.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Caring and not caring: the question of context.

The intent of this analysis, this placing of caring and not caring side by side to supportive and non-supportive contexts is to make more visible the policy implications for the social value of caring and to suggest a grounding for feminist social philosophy in the practical activities of carework. It is critical that we make more visible the expectations and indictments of women in their socially constructed roles of menders and tenders.

Choice Behavior↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Parenting and adolescents' accuracy in perceiving parental values.

What determines adolescents' accuracy in perceiving parental values? The current study examined potential predictors including parental value communication, family value agreement, and parenting styles. In the study, 547 Israeli adolescents (aged 16 to 18) of diverse socioeconomic backgrounds participated with their parents. Adolescents reported the values they perceive their parents want them to hold. Parents reported their socialization values. Accuracy in perceiving parents' overall value system correlated positively with parents' actual and perceived value agreement and perceived parental warmth and responsiveness, but negatively with perceived value conflict, indifferent parenting, and autocratic parenting in all gender compositions of parent-child dyads. Other associations varied by dyad type. Findings were similar for predicting accuracy in perceiving two specific values: tradition and hedonism. The article discusses implications for the processes that underlie accurate perception, gender differences, and other potential influences on accuracy in value perception.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Youth sexuality and social changes: the case of Portugal].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether the new generations are creating new social values in the current setting of deep social change. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Using the generations method (Mannheim), a survey was conducted in 1996, among 2,012 residents of Portugal, to collect data on values and generations of the Portuguese population. The SPAD statistical analysis program was used to perform a multiple correspondence factorial analysis, in addition to a cluster-type analysis. RESULTS: The main generational gaps were found in sexual attitudes and practices. Findings showed that groups and aggregates have overrepresentation indices for specific generations, e.g., hedonistic interviewees are characterized by a high index of overrepresentation of youngsters, in contrast to the moralistic or the inhibited subjects. CONCLUSIONS: Portuguese youngsters are depicted as a generation with hedonistic and experimental values regarding love and sex life. However, youngsters are at the same time characterized by both their vulnerability and risk behaviors.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1976

Potential partners: attitudes of family practice residents toward collaboration with social workers in their future practices.

The study examines attitudes of family practice residents toward social work collaboration in their practices. Residents valued social work services highly, and almost three-fourths want a social worker in practice with them. Residents valued the broad range of services offered by social workers, and over half could see no disadvantages to such collaboration.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2004

[The origins and foundations of social inequalities in health].

France presents the paradox of being the country where the health system has been ranked first in the world for its overall performance and where the inequalities of mortality among men are the highest in Western Europe. This reality is little known, in part because it is little studied. The authors show how the issue of health inequalities has been recently re-discovered by researchers and scientific institutions. They attempt to explain the reasons of the delay in comparison with neighbour countries, referring to its historical background. They explore how health inequalities, long considered as natural, have progressively been seen as social. The problem of definition and qualification is therefore of the utmost importance. Two conditions are necessary to speak of inequalities and not mere differences: the domain has to be socially valued (life or wellbeing, for instance) and the disparities must be hierarchical (social classes, occupational categories, etc.). Finally, the authors recall that the social inequalities in health are the result of structural inequalities which concerns all the fields of social activities and conditions and which reflects the level of social justice in a country at a specific moment of its history and economic development.

Europe↗
PubMed1989

Medical ethics education: coming of age.

Medical ethics education is instruction that endeavors to teach the examination of the role of values in the doctor's relationship with patients, colleagues, and society. It is one front of a broad curricular effort to develop physicians' values, social perspectives, and interpersonal skills for the practice of medicine. The authors define medical ethics education as more clinically centered than human values education and more inclusive of philosophical, social, and legal issues than is interpersonal skills training. The authors review the history of the emergence of medical ethics education over the last 20 years, examine the areas of consensus that have emerged concerning the general objectives and premises for designing medical ethics programs, and describe teaching objectives and methods, course content, and program evaluation used in such programs on both preclinical and clinical levels. The four interrelated requirements for successful institutionalization of medical ethics education programs are defined and discussed, and the paper ends with an overview of the uncertain future of medical ethics education, an accepted but still not fully mature part of physician training in the United States. An extensive reference list accompanies the article.

Bioethical Issues↗
PubMed2003

Death anxiety and attitudes toward the elderly among older adults: the role of gender and ethnicity.

The article investigated the relationship between death anxiety, attitudes toward older adults, and personal anxiety toward one's own aging in a group of 197 older men and women. As predicted, negative attitudes toward other older adults were predicted by personal anxieties about aging and death, and, more specifically, fear of the unknown. In addition, several distinctive anxieties were noted for particular subgroups of respondents. Older women scored higher on the Fear of the Dead subscale of the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (MFODS) than did men. Caucasian participants displayed higher Fear of the Dying Process than did older African American participants. Lastly, older African American participants reported higher levels of death anxiety on 3 of the subscales of the Multidimensional Fear of Death Scale (Fear of the Unknown, Fear of Conscious Death, and Fear for the Body after Death) when compared with older Caucasian participants and also tended to accord less social value to the elderly. These findings are interpreted in terms of patterns of socialization, and their implications for end-of-life care preferences are noted.

Black or African American↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Criteria and indicators of sustainable forest management.

Sustainable development is a term reflecting human, societal, and environmental values and in order to determine progress toward this goal; it is necessary to identify and define these values, and for governments or other institutions to establish the means to assess progress. Canada is directly involved in national and international processes to assess the sustainability of forest management processes using Criteria and Indicators. These consist of a group of broad core values (Criteria) and are supported by an number of measures (Indicators) to assess status or progress toward the realization of these values. Measuring and monitoring indicators is necessary to demonstrate progress toward sustainable development nationally and internationally. The criteria that have been identified include the traditional concepts of timber values, and include economics, environmental, social values, and national infrastructures. Each criterion is supported by a number of indicators to track progress. Countries in the international process also collaborate on defining terms, methods of reporting, and improving and enhancing indicators. C&I facilitate international reporting and provide a framework for international agreements while reflecting national differences in characteristics and descriptions of forests. The reporting process has stimulated the emergence of forest management issues that will influence forest science and forest ecosystem management in the future. For Canada, these include the development of a national system of forest ecosystem inventory, and ecological classification, the interpretation of the range of historic variation, and the adequacy and applicability of data sources.

Biomarkers↗
PubMed1992

Child and family factors that ameliorate risk between 4 and 13 years of age.

Protective processes in at-risk children between 4 and 13 years of age were examined in a longitudinal study. A multiple risk index was used at 4 years to identify 50 high-risk children and 102 who were at low risk. Cognitive and social-emotional status were measured at each time point. The following indicators of protective processes were related to positive change in cognitive and/or social-emotional function in the high-risk children between 4 and 13 years: mother-child interaction; child perceived competence, locus of control, life events, and social support; and maternal parenting values, social support, depression, and expressed emotion. Many of these factors were also related to improvement in the low-risk children. Some variables showed an interaction effect, where impact was substantially higher in the high-risk group compared with the low-risk group. The utility of multiple risk constructs and process oriented approaches to protective factors are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Cultural values and happiness: an East-West dialogue.

Happiness as a state of mind may be universal, but its meaning is complex and ambiguous. The authors directly examined the relationships between cultural values and experiences of happiness in 2 samples, by using a measurement of values derived from Chinese culture and a measurement of subjective well-being balanced for sources of happiness salient in both the East and the West. The participants were university students-439 from an Eastern culture (Taiwan) and 344 from a Western culture (the United Kingdom). Although general patterns were similar in the 2 samples, the relationships between values and happiness were stronger in the Taiwanese sample than in the British sample. The values social integration and human-heartedness had culture-dependent effects on happiness, whereas the value Confucian work dynamism had a culture-general effect on happiness.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Value differences between social workers and members of the working and middle classes.

Although significant differences in values between social workers and clients are widely understood to affect the efficacy of service provision, no studies have sought to examine how the values affirmed by social workers may differ from those held by members of the working and middle classes. Therefore, this study examines the degree of value similarity between social workers and consumers. Based on "new-class" theory, two hypotheses are proposed. First, graduate social workers affirm value positions to the left of working- and middle-class clients. Second, bachelor's-level social workers affirm value positions in between those of graduate workers and clients. Both hypotheses were supported. The implications for the divergence in value frameworks for advocacy, practice, and education are discussed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed2001

Private self-consciousness as a moderator of the relationship between value orientations and attitudes.

The author examined implications of private self-consciousness (PrivSC; Fenigstein, Scheier, & Buss, 1975) for the relationships between social values and issue attitudes. Indeed, the author expected that the value orientations of authoritarianism and individualism would shape attitudes toward physician-assisted suicide. Values and attitudes were consistent in the high-PrivSC participants, who tended to be more aware of different beliefs held simultaneously than were the low-PrivSC participants. However, for the low-PrivSC individuals, there was no relationship between values and attitudes. The results of 2 studies among U.S. undergraduate students confirmed these predictions.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1984

Assignment of personal values among adolescents.

Two groups of adolescents (N = 357) consisting of 212 tenth-grade students and 145 ninth-grade students were administered the Rokeach Value Survey (1960) to determine how adolescents identify with traditional values and with those values containing concrete or abstract components. The subjects ranked 18 terminal values according to their importance. Values that can be experienced to some extent by adolescents were ranked highest by both groups, but social values that seemed abstract or impersonal were ranked lower by both groups. Values dealing with the inner self were ranked higher by the 10th-grade group. Ninth-graders' modality for idealism seemed to influence their views of values such as a world of peace and pleasure. Tenth-graders' greater socialization toward adult roles seemed to influence their views of values relating to future events.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Development of prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations: theory and preliminary evidence.

The authors adopt an interdependence analysis of social value orientation, proposing that prosocial, individualistic, and competitive orientations are (a) partially rooted in different patterns of social interaction as experienced during the periods spanning early childhood to young adulthood and (b) further shaped by different patterns of social interaction as experienced during early adulthood, middle adulthood, and old age. Congruent with this analysis, results revealed that relative to individualists and competitors, prosocial individuals exhibited greater levels of secure attachment (Studies 1 and 2) and reported having more siblings, especially sisters (Study 3). Finally, the prevalence of prosocials increased--and the prevalence of individualists and competitors decreased--from early adulthood to middle adulthood and old age (Study 4).

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Value neutrality in genetic counseling: an unattained ideal.

Beginning with a discussion of why value neutrality on the part of the genetics counselor does not necessarily preserve autonomy of the counselee, the idea that social values unavoidably underlie the articulation of risks and benefits of genetic testing is made explicit. Despite the best efforts of a counselor to convey "value neutral" facts, risk assessment by the counselee and family is done according to normative analysis, experience with illness, and definitions of health. Each of these factors must be known by the genetic counselor in order to relate those facts which she acknowledges as relevant to the decisions that will be made by those people seeking the genetic information. Concisely, the scope of this paper includes the role of the genetic counselor in facilitating a family planning decision-making process. In the expression of genetic risks, the authority of medical language impacts a person's understanding of epidemiological data. By claiming that "value neutrality" is an ethos of genetic counselors, this implies that there exists a distinction between these scientific facts and personal values; this assumption is fallacious and should not be promoted to patients as a truth within the professional ethos statement of genetic counseling.

Decision Making↗
PubMed2005

Mother Teresa versus Ebenezer Scrooge: mortality salience leads proselfs to endorse self-transcendent values (unless proselfs are reassured).

Recently, Jonas, Schimel, Greenberg, and Pyszczynski demonstrated that mortality salience (MS) increased contributions to (an ingroup) charity (i.e., the Scrooge effect). The authors examined whether individual differences in social value orientations would moderate the Scrooge effect. In line with an Ebenezer shift hypothesis, proselfs were less likely than prosocials to endorse self-transcendent values in a dental pain control condition but were indistinguishable from prosocials in an MS condition as proselfs increased endorsement of self-transcendent values under MS (Experiments 1 and 2a). However, when participants gave their impressions of an unfavorable prosocial or a favorable proself prior to the MS manipulation, proselfs were again less likely than prosocials to endorse self-transcendent values (Experiments 2a and 2b), suggesting that proselfs are unlikely to transform into prosocials under conditions of MS when given reasons to disidentify with prosocial values or identify with proself values.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

[Psychological basis for self-regulation of behavior in sailors drafted into military service].

Valuable-and-semantic spheres of Navy servicemen called-up for military service were investigated. For the servicemen with "psychical discomfort" the behavior "disadaptation" strategy is characteristic: the unrealistic orientation towards the freedom and material security; the problem of difficult choice between the interest in unofficial contact and the necessity to defer to rank; the "internal vacuum" state connected with little value of cognitive orientations and their relative accessibility, and on the contrary, the "internal conflict" state conditioned by the inaccessibility of vital and social values. The most of investigated persons are not oriented towards the highest levels of behavior self-regulation that are connected with the search for sense and choice freedom. They are characterized by the regulation lowest levels connected with stereotype and comfort in observing the social standards (the group of "relative" psychical comfort) or by the non-adequate ways of behavior self-regulation that aggravate the disadaptation, morbidity and person's deformation (the group of "psychical discomfort").

Adaptation, Psychological↗